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PubMed1986

Isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae from apparently healthy pigs reared under intensive and free range systems of management.

The carriage of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae by pigs reared under free range and intensive systems of management was compared. Large white (exotic) breeds kept under an intensive system and local (native) breeds kept under a free range system were studied. Of the 29 pigs kept under the intensive system, 44.8% carried E. rhusiopathiae in their tonsils while 51.7% of pigs kept under free range system also carried the organism in their tonsils. In each of the systems 6.9% of the pigs carried E. rhusiopathiae in their bile and muscles. Blood samples from all the animals surveyed were negative for the organism. There was no significant difference in the carriage of E. rhusiopathiae in pigs reared under the two systems of management. The ubiquity of E. rhusiopathiae in the environment, its resistance to environmental influences, poor standards of hygiene and the problem of detecting apparently healthy animals, are possible epidemiological factors which may have increased the carrier rate in the intensive system where E. rhusiopathiae was supposed to be less. The total number of carrier-pigs in the intensive system was 44.8% while in the free range system it was 51.7%.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1987

Cross protection of mice and swine given live-organism vaccine against challenge exposure with strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae representing ten serovars.

Mice and swine vaccinated (subcutaneous inoculation) with live acriflavine-fast attenuated Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, strain Koganei 65-0.15 (serovar 2), were challenge exposed with 10 strains of E rhusiopathiae pathogenic for swine; the latter strains comprised serovars 9 and 10 and other previously undetermined. Vaccinated mice did not die after they were challenge exposed (subcutaneous inoculation) with serovars 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, or N, but vaccinated mice challenge exposed with strain 2553 (serovar 20) had 30% mortality. Nonvaccinated control mice died after they were challenge exposed with all serovars tested. One of 2 vaccinated swine challenge exposed (intradermal inoculation) with each of strains 911 (serovar 8), 2179 (serovar 10), or 2553 developed localized urticarial lesion at the site of intradermal inoculation. Vaccinated swine challenge exposed with serovars 4, 6, 7, 9, 15, 16, or N did not have clinical signs of acute swine erysipelas. Nonvaccinated control swine developed localized lesions at the site of intradermal challenge inoculation.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Cross protection of mice and swine inoculated with culture filtrate of attenuated Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and challenge exposed to strains of various serovars.

Mice and swine inoculated subcutaneously with culture filtrate vaccine prepared from acriflavine-fast attenuated Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strain Koganei 65-0.15 (serovar 2), were challenge exposed to 20 pathogenic strains of E rhusiopathiae of 18 serovars and type N. Vaccinated mice survived after challenge exposure to serovars 1b, 2, 8 (strain Goda), and type N, but mortality occurred in vaccinated mice challenge exposed to other strains: 20% to 30% mortality in mice challenge exposed to serovars 1a, 11, 12, 15, 16, or 21; 40% to 50% mortality in mice challenge exposed to serovars 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 (strain 911); and 60% to 80% mortality in mice challenge exposed to serovars 9, 10, 18, or 19. All vaccinated mice died after challenge exposure with strain 2553 (serovar 20). Non-vaccinated control mice died after challenge exposure to all strains. Of 2 vaccinated swine challenge exposed to strain 2553, 1 developed a local urticarial lesion at the site of intradermal exposure. Vaccinated swine challenge exposed to serovars 1a, 1b, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, or type N did not have clinical signs of acute erysipelas. Nonvaccinated control swine developed acute generalized erysipelas or localized urticarial lesions at the site of intradermal exposure.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1981

Susceptibility of vaccinated swine and mice to generalized infection with specific serotypes of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.

Swine were vaccinated with adsorbate bacterin made from Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae of serotype 2 and were subsequently allotted to 4 exposure groups, each of which was exposed to 1 of the strains of E rhusiopathiae of serotypes 1, 2, 9, or 10. Mice were vaccinated with the same bacterin and were subsequently allotted to 60 exposure groups which were exposed to 60 strains of E rhusiopathiae, comprising 10 strains each of serotypes 1, 2, 4, 9, 10, and 11. Response to challenge of immunity in swine was determined by the presence of clinical signs of acute generalized erysipelas; response in mice was determined by the quantal (live-dead) method. Vaccinated swine were as susceptible to the strain of serotype 10 as were nonvaccinated control swine, whereas vaccinated swine were immune and control swine were susceptible to the strains of serotypes 1 and 2. The strain of serotype 9 was not sufficiently virulent to induce acute generalized erysipelas, even in control swine. Arthritis was not prevented by vaccination, but its frequency and severity were less in vaccinated swine exposed to strains of serotype 1 or 2 than in those exposed to strains of serotype 9 or 10. Vaccinated mice were significantly (P less than 0.05) more susceptible to the strains of serotype 10 than to those of any other serotype tested.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Cross protection in mice and swine immunized with live erysipelas vaccine to challenge exposure with strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae of various serotypes.

Mice and swine immunized subcutaneously with live vaccine prepared from acriflavine-fast attenuated Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, strain Koganei (serotype 2), were challenge exposed to virulent strains of E rhusiopathiae of various serotypes. Vaccinated mice did not die after challenge exposure to serotypes 1a, 1b, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, or N, but 20% to 30% mortality occurred in vaccinated mice challenge exposed to serotypes 10, 14, 20, or 22. Nonvaccinated control mice died after challenge exposure to all serotypes tested. Vaccinated swine challenge exposed to strain 14B (serotype 9) or strain 2179 (serotype 10) developed localized urticarial lesions at the site of intradermal exposure. Vaccinated swine challenge exposed to serotypes 1a, 1b, 2, 5, 8, 11, 12, 18, 19, or 21 did not have clinical signs of acute erysipelas. Nonvaccinated control swine developed acute generalized erysipelas or localized lesions at the site of intradermal exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Serotypes of previously unclassified isolates of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae from swine in the United States and Puerto Rico.

Serotypes of 46 previously unclassified isolates of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae from porcine tissues in the United States and serotypes of 31 isolates of the organism from porcine tissues received from Puerto Rico were determined. The 46 isolates from the United States were classified in serotype 21. Four isolates (from Georgia, Minnesota, Ohio, and Oklahoma) were tested and found to be pathogenic for swine. Serotypes 1 (subtypes 1a and 1b), 2, 5, 6, and 21 were found in porcine tissues from Puerto Rico. The relative frequency of the various serotypes was similar to that previously reported in the United States.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Ultrastructural characterization of stable L-form cells from Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and of accompanying artifacts.

The stable L-form of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a typical protoplast type L-form. Cells are surrounded by a trilamellar cytoplasmic membrane only. They grow in form of aggregations in liquid media and their diameters vary between 0.1 and 2 micrometer. Always a large portion of cells undergoes lysis. It seems to be characteristic for L-form cultures of E. rhusiopathiae that always many artifact structures are formed. The artifacts are spherical particles with diameters of 0.1 micrometer to more than 3 micrometer. They can be differentiated from L-form cells only by electron microscopy. The artifacts consist of electron dense amorphous material and their surface is irregular without a clear boundary line. Obviously, these artifacts are produced from protein components of the medium and from cytoplasmatic components of the lysing L-form cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Isolation of previously unreported serotypes of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae from swine.

Serologic, biochemical, and pathogenic characteristics of 11 porcine isolants of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae that could not be placed in any of 16 established serotypes, were examined. On the basis of double-diffusion percipitin reactions, isolants were divided into 4 serologic variants, given serotype designations 17, 18, 19, and 20. Biochemical activity of the isolants was typical of E rhusiopathiae. One or more isolants of each serologic variant were pathogenic for both mice and swine.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Endocarditis from Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae].

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae only seldom causes cases of endocarditis. Contact with infectious animals leads to endocarditis of the left heart with high lethality. Vancomycin and aminoglycosides, which are often used in gram-positive endocarditis, show no effect.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Septicaemic Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection in the Little Swift (Apus affinis).

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was found to be the causal organism of high mortality in a colony of Little Swifts (Apus affinis (Gray), occupying the vertical walls of high-rise buildings. The mortality continued for a period of about 4 weeks. Negative post-mortem findings necessitated a diagnosis based on bacterial examination during which the causal organism was isolated in pure culture from the liver, spleen and heart blood of affected birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Fatal Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae septicemia in a captive Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhyncus obliquidens).

One male of a group of seven Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) died after a brief period of nonspecific clinical signs. Four beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) and four harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) were managed in the same water system. Gross examination of the dolphin revealed only moderately enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes. Histopathology revealed small to massive numbers of gram-positive bacilli, usually intravascular, in all tissues. Bacteria were both extracellular and present in macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils. Aerobic bacterial culture of lung, liver, kidney, and spleen yielded pure cultures of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Based on clinical course, histopathology, and bacteriology, a diagnosis of acute erysipelas septicemia was made. None of the other cetaceans or pinnipeds exhibited clinical signs.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of the protein composition of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains of subtype 1A isolated from ducks and pigs.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains isolated from duck carcasses and pigs were examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and the results were evaluated by a computerised method in order to compare the strains for protein composition according to molecular mass. To characterise the similarity of the strains, Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated. The degree of similarity between duck strains originating from the same flock was 980-991, while that of strains isolated from ducks and pigs varied between 836 and 991 on a scale of 0 to 1000. The method gives highly reproducible results and can be utilised in epidemiological investigations. Its use may provide new data on E. rhusiopathiae strains, complementing the results of methods recommended for this purpose earlier and increasing the efficiency of epidemiological investigations.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Light microscopic investigations on lysozyme- and penicillin-induced morphological changes in Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and on propagation of its protoplast type L-form.

Although lysozyme and penicillin are different in their molecular action on cell wall murein they produce similar morphological changes in Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae grown on agar media. 2,000--5,000 micrograms/ml lysozyme and 0.1--2 IU/ml penicillin induce filament formation. Filaments are able to divide in rods, which shows that only cross wall formation and separation are inhibited. Higher doses of lysozyme (10,000 micrograms/ml) and penicillin (less than 1 IU/ml) inhibit cell wall synthesis and induce L-form growth. The propagation of this protoplast type L-form was investigated by microphotographic series in phase contrast microscope during L-form induction and in the stable L-form state. In both cases L-form cells propagate by formation and growth of small granular elements of about 0.2--0.6 micrometers in diameter, which spread in different directions in the agar medium. The multiplication process may be explained by the plasticity and flexibility of the L-form cell and its cytoplasmic membrane and by the structural and functional interaction between the "folded chromosome" and the surrounding cytoplasm.

Erysipelothrix↗
PubMed1998

Properties of repeat domain found in a novel protective antigen, SpaA, of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a small gram-positive rod bacterium that causes erysipelas in swine and a variety of diseases in other animals and humans. Although live-attenuated or bacterin vaccines are effective in protecting against erysipelas, the genetic construction of their active antigen has not been identified. To clarify the surface antigen(s) involved in protective and arthritic response, using monoclonal antibody I2A against the surface proteins of E. rhusiopathiae, we identified a protective antigen, which consists of 606 amino acids. Analysis of deletion derivatives of the gene, spaA(surface protective antigen), showed that the SpaA protein binds tightly to the bacterial cell surface via eight repeat units with a GW-module consisting of 20 amino acids at the C-terminus. Although DeltaSpaA lacking their repeat units lost its ability to induce protection against E. rhusiopathiae infection, intact SpaA protein showed the protection. We conclude that the presence of repeat units is essential both for the binding of SpaA to the bacterial cell surface and for protection. We believe that the repeat region at the C-terminus should be a candidate for a subunit vaccine against erysipelas.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1978

Effect of experimentally induced trichinellosis on the infection with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in rats.

Infection with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in rats infested 20 days earlier with Trichinella spiralis developed more slowly, the clinical and pathoanatomic changes in the joints were expressed to a less extend, and the mortality rate was lower. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate, the precipitin formation and the phagocytic activity of the macrophages did not considerably change. Experiments carried out to elucidate this fact did not reveal any antigenic or antagonistic relationships between parasite and bacterium nor any protective effect of the host's serum. The inhibitory influence of corticosteroids on the defence forces was not completely manifested in the rats infested. This fact might be explained by interrelations depending both on the cycle of helminth development and on the non-specific immunological reactivity of the organism, the latter being stimulated by the helminth invasion.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1990

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae endocarditis.

A case of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae endocarditis involving the aortic and mitral valves in a 70-year-old male farmer is reported. The onset of infection was insidious, with a five-month history of low grade fever, malaise and a 20 kg weight loss. The patient eventually developed severe heart failure requiring surgery and died postoperatively of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. In vitro studies showed the isolate to be highly susceptible to penicillin, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, and resistant to vancomycin.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae endocarditis: a preventable zoonosis?

BACKGROUND: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a bacterium ubiquitous in the environment. It can cause a variety of diseases and the risk of infection is closely related to the level of occupational exposure to infected or colonised animals. AIMS: To discuss the clinical features and treatment of this zoonosis, to increase awareness of this pathogen and to emphasise the need for meticulous attention to hygienic work practices in reducing the risk of infection. METHOD: A case report of a farmer with E. rhusiopathiae endocarditis and the management of the infection. RESULTS: The patient was successfully treated with valve replacement surgery and antimicrobial therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Early identification of this microorganism is essential for appropriate treatment of endocarditis. Greater awareness and safe work practices can help reduce the risk of human infection by this microorganism.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗