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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Passive leg movements and passive cycling do not alter arterial leg blood flow in subjects with spinal cord injury.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Subjects with a spinal cord injury (SCI) are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease-related secondary complications, such as pressure ulcers and attenuated wound healing. It has been suggested that passive exercise enhances blood flow via mechanical pump effects or reflex activation. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of passive leg movements and passive cycling on the arterial circulation in subjects with SCI. SUBJECTS: Eight men with motor complete SCI and 8 male control subjects participated. METHODS: Echo Doppler measurements were obtained to measure leg blood flow at rest, during and after 10 minutes of standardized passive leg movements, and during and after 20 minutes of passive leg cycling. Blood pressure was measured continuously, and total vascular resistance and leg vascular resistance were calculated. RESULTS: In both groups, no changes in leg blood flow, vascular resistance, or blood pressure were observed during or after the 2 interventions. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results of the study demonstrate that passive leg movements and passive cycling do not alter the arterial peripheral circulation in subjects with SCI or control subjects. Although the results do not support the use of passive movements or exercise for the prevention of cardiovascular disease-related secondary complications, physical therapists should not be dissuaded from using these techniques to address musculoskeletal concerns.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Brain-dependent movements and cerebral-spinal connections: key targets of cellular and behavioral enrichment in CNS injury models.

One of the most difficult problems in experimental and clinical neurology is how to facilitate recovery of the ability to walk voluntarily. Local spinal mechanisms, descending input from the brain, and ascending sensory feedback to the brain are required for non-treadmill, self-initiated stepping. In evaluating the integrity of axons connecting the brain and spinal cord in neural injury models, the selection of behavioral tests may be at least as important as the histological procedures, if not more so. A comprehensive and clinically meaningful test battery should include assessments of brain-dependent movement capacity. Behavioral enrichment procedures that prominently encourage self-initiation of stepping have been used to facilitate plasticity and motor function after brain or spinal cord injury. Progressive degeneration characteristic of parkinsonian models can be slowed or halted altogether by forced exercise and limb use. Behavioral interventions may work partly because the animal adopts alternative behavioral strategies to compensate for impaired performance. However, mounting evidence suggests that motor rehabilitation can also promote restoration of function or prevent slow degeneration of tissue by engaging constitutively available mechanisms that protect, repair, rewire, or reactivate cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Phase and amplitude analysis of exercise digital left ventriculograms in patients with coronary disease.

Phase and amplitude analysis was applied to intravenous digital left ventriculograms to avoid the artefacts associated with image subtraction. Eight controls and 40 patients with known coronary artery disease underwent digital left ventriculography before and after a symptom limited supine bicycle exercise test. The resultant images were subjected to phase and amplitude analyses. In the control group there was no deterioration in left ventricular wall motion after exercise. In 30 of the 40 patients there was a deterioration in wall motion on exercise. This group contained all eight patients with three vessel disease and 12 of the 17 patients with two vessel disease. Ten patients showed no change in wall motion--five with one vessel disease and five with two vessel disease. Phase and amplitude analysis of digital left ventriculograms is a method of detecting exercise induced myocardial ischaemia that may help in the assessment of patients with coronary artery disease.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed2005

Electromyography of selected lower-limb muscles fatigued by exercise at the intensity of soccer match-play.

Surface electromyography has been useful in comparing muscular activity among different sports movements and it is a valuable technique for evaluating muscle activation, co-ordination and fatigue. Since these important variables have not been investigated during the full game in soccer, the present study aimed to investigate the activity of major muscles of the lower extremity during a soccer-simulation fatiguing protocol. Ten amateur soccer players (age 21.40+/-3.13 years; height 1.77+/-0.06 m; mass 74.55+/-8.5 kg) were tested. The exercise protocol, performed on a programmable motorised treadmill, consisted of the different intensities observed during soccer match-play (walking, jogging, running, sprinting). Electromyographic activity was recorded from the rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius (GC) muscles before exercise, at half-time and immediately after the 90-min exercise protocol. The EMG data were analysed using custom-written software to compute the root mean square (RMS) value over ten gait cycles. With regard to RF, BF and TA, a significant main effect (P< 0.05) was found for condition (pre-game, half-time and post-game), speed (6, 12, 15 and 21 km h(-1)) (P<0.05) and interaction between condition and speed (P< 0.05). For GC, a significant effect was not found for condition or interaction between condition and speed, but a significant main effect (P< 0.001) was found for speed, with the RMS value increasing continually with increasing speed from 6 to 2 1km h(-1). The results indicated that after a simulation of the exercise intensity of soccer-play the EMG activity in major lower-limb muscles was less than before. This decrease indicated that prolonged intermittent exercise had an effect on muscle activity even when work-rate was sustained.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Natural and mechanical respiration therapy for chronic respiratory insufficiency (author's transl)].

Respiratory therapy of ventilation disorders involves a redistribution of the work of the respiratory musculature from above downwards, relieving the auxiliary musculature, increasing the excursion of the lower part of the thorax and relaxation of the diaphragm. It is pointless to provide respiratory techniques for use as exercises only when the body is in a state of rest; suitable respiratory techniques must rather be of the pattern of spontaneous respiratory movement which keeps control in stress situations also. The patient must learn to recognise the limit of his own pulmonary functional capacity, so that he can reduce the work load in good time before it is reached. Respiratory therapy is increased even more by passive positive pressure respiration which enables passive inspiration, sparing inspiratory respiratory work, with active exercise therapy in the expiratory phase, and which can be combined with inhalation treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Effects of drafting during short-track speed skating.

Short-track speed skating involves pack-style racing where five to seven skaters may be on the ice at once. Since average speed for a 3000-m event may exceed 35 km.h-1, drafting may be beneficial. However, the short (111 m) oval track could limit effective drafting space, and high forces required in cornering may compromise potential benefits. We evaluated heart rate (HR)-lactate (LA) responses and post-drafting 3-lap sprint performance using 18 National Team and developmental skaters. Two 4-min trials, one drafting and one leading at 8.8 m.s-1, were performed. In addition, six skaters performed three 3-lap sprints, rested, immediately after a 4-min drafting trial at 9.2 m.s-1, and immediately after an unaided 4-min trial at 9.2 m.s-1. Results demonstrated lower HR and LA responses during drafting (174.0 +/- 9.0 and 5.56 +/- 2.18 vs 180.4 +/- 8.7 and 7.75, P < 0.05) at 8.8 m.s-1. After 4-min trials at 9.2 m.s-1, HR deltas were 6 bpm, lactate values were 9.00 +/- 1.84 and 5.22 +/- 1.18 for unaided and drafting, respectively. Sprint performance was better following drafting (33.46 +/- 1.19 vs 34.03 s, P < 0.05). HR and LA deltas during the 8.8 m.s-1 trials ranged from 0.8 to 12.4 and -0.18 to 5.37, respectively, indicating that some skaters were more effective drafters than others. These results suggest that drafting could be an important strategy in short-track speed skating, and drafting technique should be emphasized in training.

Air Movements↗
PubMed1983

[Isoproterenol infusion stress two-dimensional echocardiography in detecting coronary artery disease].

Dynamic exercise two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiography has been utilized as a valuable method in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, there are some limitations in this technique including inability to apply for patients whose physical capacity is limited. Moreover, appropriate echocardiographic recordings are frequently difficult because of bodily movements and/or hyperventilation during exercise. In order to overcome these limitations, we examined whether isoproterenol (ISP) infusion stress 2-D echocardiography could detect transient LV asynergy or not. The subjects consisted of 19 cases with angina pectoris (AP), 16 with old myocardial infarction (OMI), nine with atypical chest pain syndrome and six with miscellaneous heart disease. ISP stress test was performed prospectively as follows: ISP was infused at a rate of 0.02 microgram/kg/min until anginal pain occurred or significant ST depression (elevation) developed. Real time 2-D echocardiograms were obtained in the short-axis or apical RAO views of the LV before and every one minute during ISP infusion test. Coronary artery stenosis was considered to be present if the narrowing was 50% or more in the luminal diameter. The results were as follows: Adequate echocardiographic recordings were obtained in 86.1% of LV segments at rest, and in 82.2% during ISP infusion. Echocardiographic recordings during ISP infusion were feasible in almost all cases. LV wall motion abnormalities were detected in 12 (86%) of the 14 subjects with OMI and two (29%) of the seven subjects with AP at rest, while induced or exaggerated in nine (64%) of the 14 subjects with OMI and all of the 7 subjects with AP during ISP infusion. On the other hand, LV wall motion remained entirely normal during ISP infusion in 11 (92%) of the 12 subjects without CAD. In 4 (40%) of these 10 subjects without CAD, electrocardiographic judgements were positive in the ISP stress test. None had hazardous arrhythmias or severe anginal pain. ISP infusion stress 2-D echocardiography possessed feasibility of detecting LV wall motion abnormalities because this method could exclude difficulty of recordings due to bodily movements and/or hyperventilation seen in exercise echocardiography. Compared with ISP stress electrocardiography, 2-D echocardiography seemed to be superior with respect to the specificity in detecting CAD. In conclusion, ISP stress echocardiography is a safe and useful method in the diagnosis of CAD.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The regulation of respiratory resistance in exercising horses.

Horses display remarkable aerobic capabilities, attaining during muscular exercise a maximal rate of oxygen consumption about 30-fold higher than the resting value, and 2.5-fold higher than that of other mammals of similar body mass. Under these circumstances an enormous mechanical burden is expected to impinge on the equine respiratory pump and regulatory mechanisms aiming to minimize this load may play an important role in determining the adequacy of the respiratory system to the metabolic requirements. The behaviour of the respiratory system has been investigated in horses at rest and during treadmill locomotion at different velocities and gaits. During exercise hyperpnoea, horses exhibit a significant reduction in the lung viscous resistance not observed in other mammals, such as dogs and humans. Therefore, the exercise-dependent increase in the rate of mechanical work of breathing is lower in the horse than in other mammals. This increase in the equine airway patency during exercise appeared to be mainly determined by the pattern of laryngeal movements. In fact, during exercise, the laryngeal cross-sectional area, determined with a video-endoscopic imaging technique at the level of rima glottidis (CSArg), undergoes during inspiration an increase averaging up to over 4 times the resting expiratory values. Although a significant linear correlation was found between CSArg and minute ventilation (VE), the laryngeal activation contributes to increase lung conductance only when CSArg is narrower than the tracheal section. It appears therefore that in exercising horses pulmonary resistive features are finely controlled to reduce the mechanical load supported by the respiratory muscles and to counterbalance the increase in the ventilatory energetic requirements inherent in the remarkably enhanced aerobic performance observed in this species.

Airway Resistance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Two exercise schemes in postoperative breast cancer: comparison of effects on shoulder movement and lymphatic disturbance.

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: We attempted to determine the best method of performing the exercises in rehabilitation after breast cancer surgery and their influence on postoperative complications. Currently, there are no guidelines for these exercises. The scope of this study was to evaluate the effect of two schemes of physiotherapy exercises (directed or free) on shoulder function and lymphatic disturbance in postoperative rehabilitation. SUBJECTS: Sixty women who underwent a modified radical mastectomy or quadrantectomy with axillary dissection were randomized into two groups. METHODS: The physiotherapy technique used was kinesiotherapy. The directed group performed physiotherapy following a regimen of 19 exercises. The free group performed the exercises following the biomechanical physiological movements of the shoulder without a previously defined sequence or number of repetitions. RESULTS: The averages of the flexion, abduction and external rotational movements of the shoulder showed better recovery with statistical significance in the directed group compared to the free group. There was no significant difference between the groups in lymphatic disturbance. CONCLUSION: At the end of 42 days of follow-up, the movements of flexion, extension, abduction and external rotation of the shoulder were better rehabilitated in the directed group. The two schemes of exercises were not different with regard to lymphatic disturbance.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Eastern movement therapies.

Tai chi, qigong, and yoga represent a class of exercise that differs from the routine strengthening and stretching programs currently employed in physical medicine. These techniques incorporate a "mind-body" approach to the rehabilitation of disorders commonly seen by physical medicine and rehabilitation clinicians. Research into the efficacy of these techniques clearly is in the beginning stages. What little has been conducted thus far is promising. These methods may serve to add valuable contributions to the continuity of care of ambulatory and non-ambulatory patients.

Asia↗
PubMed1993

Postsurgical temporomandibular joint hypomobility. Rehabilitation technique.

Specific techniques to treat temboromandibular joint (TMJ) hypomobility caused by capsular restriction are explained. Initially inflammation must be controlled. TMJ manipulation by condylar distraction during opening, protrusion, and lateral movements, and a simple stretching exercise to maintain increased mandibular range of motion, are described. Resistive opening and closing exercises at full opening to relax the lateral pterygoid muscles are prescribed. For all exercises five repetitions, repeated five times per day, are prescribed. These techniques are demonstrated in the successful treatment of a child with a presurgically and postsurgically hypomobile right TMJ.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of nonballistic active knee extension in neural slump position and static stretch techniques on hamstring flexibility.

Nonballistic, active range of motion exercises have been advocated as more effective than static stretching for increasing range of motion, yet no published data exist to support this claim. This study compared the effect of nonballistic, repetitive active knee extension movements performed in a neural slump sitting position with static stretching technique on hamstring flexibility. Forty healthy, adult volunteer subjects with limited right hamstring flexibility (i.e., minimum of 15 degrees loss of active knee extension measured with femur held at 90 degrees of hip flexion) were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Group 1 (static stretch) performed a 30-second stretch twice daily. Group 2 (active stretch) performed 30 repetitions of active knee extension while sitting in a neural slump position twice daily. Group 3 served as a control. Hamstring flexibility was determined by an active knee extension test before and after 6 weeks of stretching. Goniometric measurement of knee joint flexion angle was obtained from videotape recording of the active knee extension test. A 3 (group) x 2 (test) repeated measures analysis of variance and subsequent Tukey post hoc testing revealed no significant difference in knee joint range of motion gains between the static (mean = 8.9 degrees) and active stretch (mean = 10.2 degrees). Both stretch groups' knee joint range of motion improved significantly (p < .05) more than the control group. We conclude that 6 weeks of nonballistic, repetitive active knee extensions (30 repetitions, twice daily) performed in a neural slump sitting position improves hamstring flexibility in uninjured subjects, but is no different compared with static stretching (30 seconds, twice daily).

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Time-frequency methods applied to muscle fatigue assessment during dynamic contractions.

This paper discusses the assessment of the electrical manifestations of muscle fatigue during dynamic contractions. In the past, the study of muscle fatigue was restricted to isometric constant force contractions because, in this contraction paradigm, the myoelectric signal may be considered as wide sense stationary over epochs lasting up to two or three seconds, and hence classic spectral estimation techniques may be applied. Recently, the availability of spectral estimation techniques specifically designed for nonstationary signal analysis made it possible to extend the employment of muscle fatigue assessment to cyclic dynamic contractions, thus increasing noticeably its possible clinical applications. After presenting the basics of time-frequency distributions, we introduce instantaneous spectral parameters well suited to tracking spectral changes due to muscle fatigue, discuss the issues of quasi-stationarity and quasi-cyclostationarity, and present different strategies of signal analysis to be utilized with cyclic dynamic contractions. We present preliminary results obtained by analyzing data collected from paraspinal muscles during repetitive lift movements, from the first dorsal interosseus during abduction-adduction movements of the index finger, and from knee flexors and extensors during isokinetic exercise. In conclusion, data herein reported demonstrate that the described techniques allow for evidencing the electrical manifestations of muscle fatigue in different paradigms of cyclic dynamic contractions. We believe that the extension of the objective assessment of the electrical manifestations of muscle fatigue from static to dynamic contractions may increase considerably the interest of researchers and clinicians and open new application fields, as ergonomics and sports medicine.

Electromyography↗
PubMed1990

Epidural narcotics for postoperative pain: nursing implications.

The use of epidural narcotics is fast becoming an accepted technique for postoperative pain relief. Reduction of the patient's narcotic requirements, increased movement in bed and cooperation with postoperative exercises are the major advantages of this type of therapy for pain relief. Knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of pain transmission is essential in understanding how narcotics affect the central nervous system and provide pain relief. Nurses should also be knowledgeable about the technical aspects of the procedure for catheter insertion and the narcotics that might be used for postoperative pain relief. Nursing implications for patients receiving epidural narcotics for postoperative pain relief are presented.

Analgesia, Epidural↗
PubMed1991

Scientific, medical, and practical aspects of stretching.

This article addresses the medical, scientific, and practical aspects of stretching. Sections include information on the physiology of flexibility and stretching, stretching versus warm-up, and the clinical evaluation of flexibility. Detailed instructions for numerous stretching exercises for the major muscle groups are provided. Techniques for proper stretching are included.

Exercise↗
PubMed1996

Update on vestibular rehabilitation therapy.

Although the concept of using exercises as part of the treatment for patients with persistent vertigo was introduced several decades ago, organized vestibular rehabilitation therapy programs have only recently been introduced. These programs typically involve a three-pronged approach, customized to the needs of the individual patient: (1) habituation exercises designed to facilitate central nervous system compensation by extinguishing pathologic responses to head motion, (2) postural control exercises, and (3) general conditioning activities. This article provides an update regarding the status of vestibular rehabilitation, reviewing the concept of vestibular compensation and patient selection criteria for current rehabilitative techniques.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1992

Optical imaging of epileptiform and functional activity in human cerebral cortex.

Optical imaging of animal somatosensory, olfactory and visual cortices has revealed maps of functional activity. In non-human primates, high-resolution maps of the visual cortex have been obtained using only an intrinsic reflection signal. Although the time course of the signal is slower than membrane potential changes, the maximum optical changes correspond to the maximal neuronal activity. The intrinsic optical signal may represent the flow of ionic currents, oxygen delivery, changes in blood volume, potassium accumulation or glial swelling. Here we use similar techniques to obtain maps from human cortex during stimulation-evoked epileptiform afterdischarges and cognitively evoked functional activity. Optical changes increased in magnitude as the intensity and duration of the afterdischarges increased. In areas surrounding the afterdischarge activity, optical changes were in the opposite direction and possibly represent an inhibitory surround. Large optical changes were found in the sensory cortex during tongue movement and in Broca's and Wernicke's language areas during naming exercises. The adaptation of high-resolution optical imaging for use on human cortex provides a new technique for investigation of the organization of the sensory and motor cortices, language, and other cognitive processes.

Brain Mapping↗