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PubMed1975

The relationship between personality and the symptoms of depressive illness.

The Maudsley Personality Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory, with additional items to assess depressive functional shift features and outlook on life values, were administered to 100 patients diagnosed as suffering from depressive illness. Patients' scores for questions eliciting information about symptoms assumed to be dependent on personality correlated at substantial and significant levels with N scale scores of the Maudsley Personality Inventory. Similar levels of correlation were found for the added items for assessing life values. Items believed to assess changes in functions independent of personality, such as the features of the Depressive Functional Shift, showed no correlation with either N or E scales of the Maudsley Personality Inventory, while demonstrating a substantial level of correlation with the depression scale. It is concluded that whereas changes in innate biological functions independent of environment are direct indications of the depressive illness process, psychological symptoms of the illness may reflect changes in personality dependent on upbringing, education and cultural background, thereby producing greater variation in this group of psychological symptoms.

Body Weight↗
PubMed2006

Influence of personality and health behaviors on fatigue in late and very late life.

There is limited understanding about variables associated with fatigue in late and very late life. The purpose of this study was to explore the longitudinal influences of personality and health behaviors on changes in fatigue. One hundred and seventy-eight participants of the Georgia Centenarian Study were part of this study. Multiple regression analyses were computed to assess the influence of personality, physical activity, stress management, and nutritional risk on fatigue after initial fatigue, self-reported health, and psychosocial variables were controlled for. Anxiety, physical activity, and nutritional risk had significant longitudinal effects on fatigue. Older adults who were anxious, less engaged in physical activity, and who had higher levels of nutritional risk were more likely to show increased fatigue levels. The results suggest that more clinical and research attention should be paid to changes of fatigue in older populations.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1995

Psychological factors related to the prevalence of temporomandibular joint sounds.

This study focuses on the association between psychological factors and TMJ sounds, and the most suitable research design to establish this relation. A traditional research design is simulated to demonstrate how self-report may bias findings. A refined design is presented to obtain unbiased estimates of the role of psychological variables. In the 'naïve' design the importance of psychological variables was overestimated and the role of physiological variables was underestimated. It was concluded that future studies in the aetiology of TMJ clicking should abandon the use of self-report as a proxy for objective findings. With the refined design it was found that psychological factors play only a minor role in the prevalence of TMJ sounds. Findings do not support speculation about mechanisms that relate psychological factors to the presence of TMJ sounds.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1984

Electrodermal characteristics in psychosomatic patient groups.

Specific autonomic reaction patterns in different psychosomatic patient groups have been observed by several authors. In our study 50 male hypertensive patients and 47 male duodenal ulcer patients both in the early mild reversible stage of disease were compared with 65 male control persons to determine distinguishing features of electrodermal activity in response to a sequence of verbal, acoustic and colour stimuli. The two patient groups show opposite characteristics in respect to the initial skin resistance level, response amplitude and non-specific responses. Slower recovery can be seen only in an emotionally disturbing situation in the duodenal ulcer group. On the contrary, in orienting situations the control persons tend to show slower electrodermal recovery. According to the results of factor analysis, the components of electrodermal activity belong to 3 different factors, underlining the relative independence of these parameters. The first factor contains the electrodermal amplitude values. The temporal characteristics of electrodermal responses belong to two different factors, the first being in connection with the orienting situation and the second with the emotionally disturbing situation. The longer recovery in orienting situations is associated positively with facilitating achievement anxiety and negatively with debilitating achievement anxiety. The anxiety and neurosis scores belong to the third factor in connection with the prolonged electrodermal responses in emotionally disturbing situations. Anxiety and depression scores are higher in both patient groups, in accordance with the results of earlier studies. The parameters of electrodermal responses were analyzed as a function of psychological characteristics.

Achievement↗
PubMed1990

Individual differences in entrainment of mood to the weekly calendar.

This study addressed two questions: Do daily fluctuations in mood exhibit a 7-day (circaseptum) cycle, and are there reliable individual differences in how entrained people's moods are to such a weekly cycle? Spectral analysis of daily mood over 84 occasions revealed a strong weekly rhythm in the temporal organization of mood in a sample of 74 undergraduates. A sine wave with a period of 7 days accounted for 40% of the variance in the daily mood data. Individual differences were also found in how entrained subjects' moods were to this weekly rhythm. We predicted that extraverts (compared with introverts) should be less entrained to a weekly cycle. Results suggest that the novelty- and sensation-seeking behavior of extraverts most likely serves to lessen the cyclical predictability of their day-to-day moods. The origin and psychological meaning of the 7-day week are discussed.

Affect↗
PubMed1979

An investigation of apparent mass psychogenic illness in an electronics plant.

An investigation of a case of apparent mass psychogenic illness was undertaken in a midwestern electronics assembly plant. The plant employed 500 workers, of whom 80% were female. The illness outbreak involved a total of 90 female first shift workers who reported a variety of nonspecific symptoms such as headache, dizziness, and lightheadedness in response to a strange odor in the workplace. Although environmental testing revealed some localized concentrations of a few airbone contaminants, no environmental toxins were discovered that could account for the continuing outbreaks of illness. An ad hoc sample of affected and nonaffected workers was surveyed to assess the influence of psychological, sociological, and work environment factors in the outbreak. Analysis of the data revealed that affected workers reported more physical discomfort (temperature variations, poor lighting) in the workplace as well as psychological job stress (increase in workload, conflicts with supervisors) than did nonaffected workers. Moreover, affected workers scored significantly higher than nonaffected workers on personality tests measuring extraversion and hysteria traits.

Electronics↗
PubMed2002

Age changes and differences in personality traits and states of the old and very old.

The purpose of this study was to examine stability and change in personality traits and states for 3 age groups: centenarians, octogenarians, and sexagenarians. One hundred seventy-nine older adults participated in the 2-wave study. Results concerning age-group differences indicated that centenarians scored higher in Suspiciousness but lower in Intelligence and Stress when compared with the other 2 age groups. Octogenarians were lower in the personality traits Intelligence, Dominance, and Conscientiousness when compared with sexagenarians. Octogenarians were lower in the personality state Arousal, but higher on Regression. Results from the longitudinal analyses for centenarians indicated lower scores for Sensitivity, but higher scores for Radicalism (both personality traits), as well as higher scores of Fatigue and Depression (personality states) at follow-up. For the younger 2 age groups, age changes included higher scores for Sensitivity and Suspiciousness (personality traits). Stability scores for traits and states were considerably lower for centenarians when compared with the younger age groups.

Activities of Daily Living↗