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Formation of CaHPO4-2H2O in tooth enamel as an intermediate product in topical fluoride treatments.

Significant amounts of CaHPO4-2H2O (DCPD) were deposited in tooth enamel by pretreatment with a solution saturated with respect to DCPD. When these enamel samples were treated with a given fluoride solution, the fluoride uptake increased with increasing amounts of DCPD produced by the pretreatment. The interactions between enamel and acidic solutions to yield DCPD can be understood as dissolution-precipitation reactions and analyzed through the use of solubility phase diagrams.

Apatites↗
PubMed1980

In vivo remineralization using a sustained topical fluoride delivery system.

The efficacy of a new remineralization system was determined in vivo by maintaining a low concentration of approximately 1 ppm fluoride for 48 hrs against a demineralized human tooth. Human subjects were selected who wore removable partial dentures containing two or more of the demineralized teeth with film system. The findings indicate levels of fluoride uptake to 500 ppm at 50 micron depths in experimental sites.

Delayed-Action Preparations↗
PubMed1987

Topical fluorides: effects on physiologic and biochemical processes.

The ingestion of fluoride from dentifrices or mouthrinses can contribute substantially to the total daily intake of the ion, even in communities that provide optimally fluoridated drinking water. It is concluded that the frequent and unsupervised use of these products by children six years of age or younger, especially those living in areas with water fluoridation, places them at risk of dental fluorosis. Recommendations to reduce the risk are presented. The use of 1.23% (12,300 ppm) APF gels, particularly in the absence of suctioning during the application and expectoration after the application, is associated with the swallowing of relatively large quantities of fluoride. The resulting increases in plasma fluoride levels may be sufficient to cause dental fluorosis, as judged by studies with laboratory animals, and a reduction in the kidney's ability to concentrate the urine, as judged by studies with both laboratory animals and humans. The epigastric distress experienced by some patients during or after APF gel applications appears to be due, at least in part, to a direct toxic effect of fluoride on the gastric mucosa. Data from studies with humans and laboratory animals indicate that there may also be associated changes in plasma and tissue cAMP levels, glucose metabolism, and salivary amylase secretion. There is an immediate need for the dissemination to the dental profession of standardized methods for gel application that will minimize the quantities of fluoride available for ingestion and systemic absorption.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗