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PubMed1989

Irradiation and food processing.

After more than four decades of research and development, food irradiation has been demonstrated to be safe, effective and versatile as a process of food preservation, decontamination or disinfection. Its various applications cover: inhibition of sprouting of root crops; insect disinfestation of stored products, fresh and dried food; shelf-life extension of fresh fruits, vegetables, meat and fish; destruction of parasites and pathogenic micro-organisms in food of animal origin; decontamination of spices and food ingredients, etc. Such applications provide consumers with the increase in variety, volume and value of food. Although regulations on food irradiation in different countries are largely unharmonized, national authorities have shown increasing recognition and acceptance of this technology based on the Codex Standard for Irradiated Foods and its associated Code of Practice. Harmonization of national legislations represents an important prerequisite to international trade in irradiated food. Consumers at large are still not aware of the safety and benefits that food irradiation has to offer. Thus, national and international organizations, food industry, trade associations and consumer unions have important roles to play in introducing this technology based on its scientific values. Public acceptance of food irradiation may be slow at the beginning, but should increase at a faster rate in the foreseeable future when consumers are well informed of the safety and benefits of this technology in comparison with existing ones. Commercial applications of food irradiation has already started in 18 countries at present. The volume of food or ingredients treated on a commercial scale varies from country to country ranging from several tons of spices to hundreds of thousands of tons of grains per annum. With the increasing interest of national authorities and the food industry in applying the process, it is anticipated that some 25 countries will use some 55 commercial facilities to treat different foods on an industrial scale by 1990.

Food Irradiation↗
PubMed1987

Food irradiation.

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Food Irradiation↗
PubMed1987

Food irradiation.

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Food Irradiation↗
PubMed1986

Food irradiation.

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Food Irradiation↗
PubMed1988

Food irradiation.

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Food Irradiation↗
PubMed1972

[Food irradiation].

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Food Irradiation↗
PubMed1986

Dosimetry concepts and measurements in food irradiation processing.

The associations between the dosimetry concepts, Minimum absorbed dose (D min), maximum absorbed dose (D max), and average dose and median dose are investigated for the case of a large cobalt-60 plaque source irradiating homogeneous bulk product in a two-pass, two-sided irradiation. It is assumed that to a first approximation the intensity of radiation decreases exponentially with the depth, t, in the product. A series of mathematical relationships is derived for the average dose, the maximum and minimum dose, the median dose [defined as (D max/D min)/2], and the uniformity ratio (defined as U.R. = (D max/D min). The relationships are derived in terms of a constant D0 (the dose on the surface of the product in the pass close to the source) and the relaxation length (mu t) of the radiation in the product. Since the uniformity ratio and other dose parameters can be calculated for certain chosen values of mu t, the individual values of mu (the energy absorption coefficient) and t do not need to be known. By dividing the dose range from D min to D max into 10 equal fractions, the amount of product irradiated to each of the fractions is calculated, and it is shown that, independent of the value of U.R., about a third of the product receives a dose in the first fraction above D min. It is also shown that for a given median dose, the average dose decreases as U.R. increases. The calculated dose relationships are confirmed by measurements in homogeneous dummy product, using the lyoluminescence of glutamine to measure dose. The implications of these results for the regulation of the food irradiation process and for the design of irradiation facilities are discussed.

Cobalt Radioisotopes↗