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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease: the lung as an additional portal of entry of the virus.

Donor cattle infected with foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus subtype O1 were used to expose experimental cattle. The pharyngeal virus growth and viraemia patterns after contact exposure were quite different from those obtained after intranasal inoculation and suggested that the lower respiratory tract might provide an additional portal of entry for the virus. A tracheotomy was performed on experimental cattle to let the respiration bypass the pharynx, followed by exposure to FMD virus by different routes. The results confirmed that FMD virus can enter the bloodstream via the lung, followed by haematogenic infection of the pharynx and other replication sites simultaneously. These observations led to further experiments in which the intravenous route of infection was used to study the interaction of virus growth in the phayrnx, in other sites, and in viraemia.

Aerosols↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Increased resistance to virus infections of mice inoculated with BCG (Bacillus calmette-guérin).

CD-1 or OF-1 mice were inoculated intravenously with 1 mg per mouse (i.e. about 10(6) live bacilli) of Pasteur Institute BCG and challenged 15 to 31 days later with the following viruses introduced by various routes: encephalomyocarditis, murine hepatitis, type 1 and 2 herpes simplex, foot-and-mouth disease and A0 and A2 influenza viruses. In most cases, BCG-inoculated mice exhibited a significantly higher resistance to these lethal infections than control mice (overall survival in control: 18%; in BCG-inoculated mice: 41%). Enhancement of resistance by BCG was especially marked in infections with encephalomyocarditis, herpes simplex type 1 and influenza A2 viruses. Intercurrent infection of BCG-inoculated mice with non lethal doses of viruses did not abrogate their resistance towards subsequent challenge with lethal doses of an unrelated virus. The possible mechanisms of this enhancing effect of BCG on host's resistance are discussed in the light of the known effects of this immunostimulating agent on the various facets of the immune response and of the respective roles the latter play in the defence against virus infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Use of indirect complement fixation test for studying foot and mouth disease virus].

The indirect complement-fixation test was used in experiments for the subtype differentiation, and with the agar gel diffusion and the serum neutralization test was studied the immunity in cattle that had already recovered from foot-and-mouth disease or were immunized against the disease. It was found that the indirect complement-fixation test is instrumental in the demonstration of the antigenic differences between the foot-and-mouth viruses. Comparative experiments have shown that the indirect test in this case is more expedient and of higher economic value than the direct CF reactions after Traub and Möhlmann and after Marucci. The assessment of the results of comparative investigations of sera carried out by the indirect complement-fixation test, the agar gel diffusion test, and the serum neutralization reaction revealed that the indirect reaction is a convenient, quick, and prompt method of work. Discussed is the sensitivity of the reaction and its advantages and its advantages in studies on a large scale on the immune status of animals immunized against F.M.D. or animals that have recovered from the disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Studies on the Relationship between immunity and the level of neutralizing antibodies in pigs vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease (author's transl)].

The statistical relationship between the titers of neutralizing antibodies and the immunity of 706 pigs vaccinated against FMD was studied. This was done for each of four virus strains separately. Whereas no correlation between both test systems could be detected in case of the strains A5 Westerwald, C Detmold and O1Santander, a significant correlation was ascertained for the strain O1Kaufbeuren. Becuase of the different findings depending on the virus strain under study it was concluded that the antibody titer alone does not provide a useful measure for potency testing of FMD-vaccines for pigs.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Effect of migillin on protein synthesis in intact and virally infected TKCE and FL cells].

The effect of migillin was studied with respect to protein synthesis in the cells of TKCE (transplantable line of cells of the kidneys of cow embryos) and FL--intact and infected with viruses of aphtous fever A22, strain 550 and poliomyelitis of type III, strain Saukett respectively. Simultaneously the effect of migillin on sensitivity of the cells to the above viruses was tested. The synthesis of protein was determined by incorporation of C14-glycine into the acid insoluble fraction of the cells. It was found that protein synthesis significantly increased under the effect of migillin in both the intact cells and the cells infected with the viruses. The viruses of aphtous fever and poliomyelitis inhibited the synthesis of proteins. The antibiotic increased the activity of dehydrogenases and respiration of HEp-2 cells. Migillin markedly suppressed reproduction of the poliomyelitis virus, the effect on the virus of aphtous fever was lower in the cell culture. In guinea pigs the antiviral effect of the antibiotic resulted in prolongation of the incubation period and retardation of the aphtous fever process generalization. The results of the experiments showed that migillin stimulated the activity of dehydrogenases, respiration, protein synthesis in the cell cultures and possessed antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo.

Amnion↗
PubMed1976

[Effect of chemical modifiers on the antigen-binding capacity of antibodies].

The effect was followed up of the chemical modifications "carbamylation" and "benzylation" on the antigen-fixing activity of the foot-and-mouth disease immunoglobulins G and M. The chemical agents used - potassium cyanate and 2-hydroxi-5-nitrobenzylbromide--modified a considerable number of side lysine chains and tryptophane radicals, however, had no effect on the precipitation activity of the foot-and-mouth disease antibodies IgG and IgM manifested with the respective antigens. The lowered ability of the modified (to a higher degree) antibodies to form precipitations with the homologous virus was due to secondary reactions between the two components of the system, the functional groups of the active center remaining intact. The higher affinity of the IgM antibody to the homologous antigen was due to its polyvalent capacity (as compared to the bivalent immunoglobulin G).

2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl Bromide↗
PubMed1975

The pathogenicity of bovine strains of foot and mouth disease virus for impala and wildebeest.

Impala (Aepyceros melampus) and wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) were infected with bovine strains of foot and mouth disease virus by intradermolingual inoculation. No clinical signs developed in the impala but mild atypical lesions developed in the tongues of the wildebeest with generalized spread to one foot in two of the eight animals exposed. All the impala but only some of the wildebeest developed viraemia. No virus could be isolated from any tissues in either species after the 7th day following virus inoculation. Immune response occurred in both species. A field survey revealed few animals of either species with significant antibody titers and no virus 'carriers' were found.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Recurring hemolytic anemia, babesiasis, and influenza A viruses in a yak at low altitude in Nepal.

Episodes of hemolysis and leukocytosis which were associated with Babesia bigemina followed each of 3 challenge exposures to influenza A viruses. It is possible that viral infection altered the immunologic host-parasite equilibrium. Acute thrombocytopenia and rouleaux formation were also observed. Death, attributed to liver flukes, occurred 168 days after the yak was transferred from high to low altitude. A 2nd yak died of foot-and-mouth disease, thus supporting the Nepali belief that yaks will not survive at the lower altitudes of Kathmandu.

Altitude↗
PubMed1978

Experiments on the preparations and testing of associated vaccine against foot and mouth disease and vesicular disease in swine.

Tests for associated immunization of swine against Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and Vesicular Disease (SVD) of swine were carried out. As a result of this investigation, it was established that the prepared and tested inactivated oil vaccine is harmless and immunogenic in sensitive animals. In investigating the course of immunity, the presence of antibody against both antigens was demonstrated in vaccinated animals. All once-vaccinated animals were defended against the virus of SVD during challenge, and 75% of them were defended against FMD. After revaccination, all immunized swine were defended against infection with both viruses. The question of the quality of the associated vaccine and the possibilities of its massive use in industrial swine rearing was discussed.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1976

Data on a FMD virus of type "A" isolated in Italy in 1975.

A strain of FMD virus type A was isolated in a disease outbreak in Alessandria, Italy, in December 1975. Affected animals were young unvaccinated bovines and pigs of a very restricted region. No further spread has been observed. The strain was compared with some subtype strains of type A, including the Italian vaccinal strain. This Italy 1975 strain differs from all the other viruses included in the performed tests.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Innocuity and toxicity testing of non-viral components of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines.

Some biological properties of 3 different adjuvants: saponin, DEAE-dextran and sodium azide applied in foot-and-mouth vaccines have been studied. As tested in guinea pigs, by dialysis of various batches of saponin, the author succeeded in reducing their toxicity by 80 to 90%, their hemolytic activity by 60 to 75% and their inflammatory capacity by 40 to 50%, whereas in cattle the inflammatory capacity of dialyzed saponin batches decreased by 80 to 90%. The inflammatory capacity of DEAE-dextran is about 50 to 60% less than that of the saponin. The effect of saponin and sodium azide has directly been studied in virus suspension also. Neither the saponin nor the sodium azide affected adversely the infectivity and immunogenicity of the antigen. The loss of potency due to the storage of the vaccine is not in relationship with the presence of the two above-named components.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗