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PubMed1990

Demonstration of feline corona virus (FCV) antigen in organs of cats suspected of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) disease.

Cryosections of organs and smears from membrana nicitians from cats suspected of having spontaneous infection with feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), were investigated using an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIFA) in order to detect the presence of feline corona virus (FCV). In 113 cats, from each of which six organs were screened, virus antigen was found most often in membrana nicitians and lung. Out of these animals an additional six organs from a group of 30 cats were screened. In these cats membrana nicitians, parotid gland, thymus and apex of caecum had the highest incidence of virus antigen (90%). The lowest incidence of virus antigen was found in the spleen (60%). There was a clear demonstration of a higher incidence of antigen present in more than half of the total number of screened organs per cat (P less than 0.0005). No statistical difference was observed between sexes when comparing the incidence of virus antigen in different organs. Virus antigen was present in less organs in cats with no lesions suggestive of FIP disease compared to cats with such lesions (P less than 0.001). A similar distribution of the incidence of FCV antigen in the investigated organs was observed in these two groups.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of lymphatic tissues from cats with spontaneous feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), cats with FIP virus infection but no FIP, and cats with no infection.

Lymphatic tissues (spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, thymus) from 24 cats with spontaneous feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) were examined by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry for cellularity, cellular composition, and degree of cellular turnover. Additionally, the formation of granulomatous lesions in lymphatic tissues in cats with FIP was examined. For comparison, tissues from 14 specific pathogen-free (SPF) cats and seven cats infected with FIP virus (FIPV; as the result of long-term exposure) but free from FIP were examined. In cats with FIP, the precardial mediastinum (including site of the thymus) and mesenteric lymph node parenchyma were often affected by granulomatous-necrotizing processes. In general, lymphoid tissues showed T- and B-cell depletion, often including massive to complete thymic involution or atrophy. In some cases, the number of apoptotic lymphocytes was increased in lymphoid follicles as well as in T-cell zones. The number of macrophages was increased in the splenic red pulp. In contrast, the FIPV-exposed cats without FIP generally showed a distinct lymphoid hyperplasia. The findings indicated that the major difference in lymphatic tissues between FIPV-infected cats with FIP and those without FIP was the development of lymphocyte depletion in the first group and lymphocyte proliferation in the second.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Feline infectious peritonitis: a worldwide serosurvey.

Feline sera from 13 countries were assayed for coronavirus antibody, using a heterologous indirect immunofluorescence test. Significantly higher percentages of antibody carriers were obtained during testing randomly collected sera from mature males (greater than 1 year old) than in testing females of the same age. Antibodies were infrequently found in immature cats (less than 6 months old); at 1 year of age or older, a plateau was reached and little change in the percentage of seroconverted animals was observed. Differences were not detected between purebred cats vs mixed-breed cats or household vs stray cats. In animals showing clinical signs of feline infection peritonitis (FIP), antibodies were encountered with higher frequency than in clinically healthy cats. Significant differences in antibody incidence were found between countries, with a range between less than 10% and greater than 50% of seropositive individuals. Antibodies were detected in sera from an isolated cat population (Marion Island) and from wild-caught cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). The antibody specificity for FIP virus was confirmed by neutralization tests. The antibody pattern in randomly collected solitary cats, in catteries, and cats with clinical FIP showed characteristic differences in titer and incidence. The implications of these results for the epizootiology of FIP are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Evaluation of immunity to feline infectious peritonitis in cats with cutaneous viral-induced delayed hypersensitivity.

Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)-like reactions to feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus (FIPV) were induced in the skin of nine cats that were asymptomatic after a previous challenge-exposure with FIPV. Four of the nine previously challenge-exposed cats were negative for virus-neutralizing antibodies against FIPV at the time of intradermal (ID) testing for DTH. Two other cats tested for DTH when acutely ill with clinical FIP did not have cutaneous DTH responses to FIPV. Gross skin reactions to FIPV injected ID were observed in six of nine asymptomatic cats (67%) at postintradermal inoculation hours (PIH) 24, 48, and/or 72. The reactions consisted of focal, 1-5-mm to 2.5-cm diameter indurated or semi-firm, nonerythematous, slightly raised nodules. Microscopically, DTH-like reactions were observed in biopsies taken from the FIPV-inoculated skin of asymptomatic cats at PIH 24 to 72. The lesions consisted of perivascular and diffuse dermal infiltrations by macrophages, lymphocytes, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). The dermal infiltrates, which were maximal at PIH 48 or 72, were predominantly mixed inflammatory cells (five of nine cats) or PMN (four of nine cats) at PIH 24, but later were predominantly mononuclear cells (six of nine cats) or mixed inflammatory cells (two of nine cats) at PIH 72. Five of nine cats (56%) with positive DTH skin responses had increased survival times after lethal ID challenge-exposure with FIPV compared to mean survival times in FIPV-naive, non-immune control cats that were DTH-negative when ID challenge-exposed. Four of nine DTH-positive cats (44%) resisted an ID challenge-exposure dose of FIPV that was fatal in both control cats, and two of the four remaining DTH-positive cats survived a third challenge-exposure with highly lethal doses of FIPV given intraperitoneally. Four of the six DTH-positive cats (67%) that died after re-challenge and were necropsied had lesions of noneffusive FIP, suggesting that cellular immunity may also be involved in the pathogenesis of noneffusive disease, whereas both control cats and both DTH-negative cats with clinical disease succumbed to effusive FIP. Seemingly, DTH responses to FIPV can be associated with an increased level of resistance to disease; however, this state of immunity is variable and apparently can be lost with time in some cats.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Experimental inoculation of cats with canine coronavirus and subsequent challenge with feline infectious peritonitis virus.

Oronasal inoculation of minimal-disease cats with a virulent field isolate of canine coronavirus elicited a neutralizing antibody response that increased steadily over a two-month period, indicating in vivo amplification of the inoculated dose. A heterologous neutralizing antibody response to transmissible gastroenteritis virus could be detected three weeks after titers to canine coronavirus were first observed and was found to parallel the homologous response at a level approximately one log10 dilution lower. A modest anamnestic response detectable in both assays was observed after a second exposure to canine coronavirus. Cross-reacting antibodies to transmissible gastroenteritis virus were not detected by a kinetics-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (KELA), however, until after cats had received multiple daily doses of canine coronavirus (third exposure). No clinical signs attributable to canine coronavirus were seen in inoculated cats, and virus could not be isolated from fecal or rectal swabs nor identified in fecal specimens by electron microscopy. Both virus-neutralizing and KELA titers were boosted by aerosol challenge with feline infectious peritonitis virus. Antibodies produced in response to canine coronavirus did not sensitize cats to subsequent feline infectious peritonitis virus challenge, but neither did they protect cats against the challenge dose.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Immunogenicity of recombinant feline infectious peritonitis virus spike protein in mice and kittens.

The gene encoding the fusogenic spike protein of the coronavirus causing feline infectious peritonitis (FIPV) was recombined into the genome of vaccinia virus, strain WR. The recombinant induced spike protein specific, in vitro neutralizing antibodies in mice. When kittens were immunized with the recombinant, low titers of neutralizing antibodies were obtained. After challenge with FIPV, these animals succumbed earlier than the vWR-immunized control group ("early death syndrome").

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Protection against feline infectious peritonitis by intranasal inoculation of a temperature-sensitive FIPV vaccine.

Cats vaccinated intranasally (i.n.) with a temperature sensitive feline infectious peritonitis virus (ts-FIPV) vaccine were protected against an FIP-inducing challenge. Seventeen of 20 vaccinated cats (85%) survived a rigorous virulent FIPV challenge that caused FIP in 12 of 12 non-vaccinated cats (100%), 10 (83%) of which died. Intranasal vaccination stimulated serum IgG and serum and salivary IgA antibody responses (measured by ELISA), FIPV-neutralizing antibody (VN), and a cell-mediated immune (CMI) response as measured by lymphocyte proliferation. The serum antibody response to vaccination was not associated with protection. In fact, the IgG, IgA and VN titres were much higher in control cats than in vaccinated cats following challenge suggesting an immune-mediated pathogenesis. In contrast, stimulation of a mucosal IgA response to vaccination was related to protection. The in vitro proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes in response to virulent FIPV was observed in vaccinated cats, in vaccinated and challenged cats but not in non-vaccinated challenged cats.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1993

Detection of feline infectious peritonitis virus infection in cell cultures and peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes of experimentally infected cats using a biotinylated cDNA probe.

A dot blot hybridization assay, using a biotinylated cDNA probe, was able to detect feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) RNA in Felis catus whole fetus (fcwf-4) cells infected with the FIPV isolates DF2, 79-1146, UCD1, and UCD2. The probe cross-hybridized in the dot blot assay with nucleic acid of a closely related feline coronavirus, feline enteric coronavirus (FEVC)-79-1683. To construct the probe, a 2.5 kilobase cDNA, prepared from FIPV-DF2 genomic RNA, was molecularly cloned. The recombinant cDNA clone was digested with the restriction endonuclease Rsa I, and an 870 basepair Rsa I fragment was isolated from vector DNA by agarose electrophoresis and glass-milk purification. This fragment was complementary to the 3' three fourths of the nucleocapsid gene. The hybridization probe was prepared by random primed labeling in the presence of biotin-11-dUTP. Using an avidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate and chemiluminescent substrate detection system, virus could be detected in as few as 3000 infected cells. In an in vivo study, the probe was used to detect FIPV RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBML) isolated at various post-infection days (PID) from cats experimentally infected with the FIP-producing coronavirus isolate FIPV-79-1146 or FIPV-DF2. Viral RNA could be detected in as few as 12,000 PBML isolated from cats at PID 7 and in 50,000 PBML at PID 22. There was no consistent pattern, however, between hybridization results and prognosis or severity of disease at the time of sampling. Despite some cross-hybridization with FECV RNA, this probe should be useful for diagnosis of FIP, because cats infected with FECV most likely do not become viremic.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Antigenic relationship of the feline infectious peritonitis virus to coronaviruses of other species.

Utilizing the direct and indirect fluorescent antibody procedure, the antigenic relationship of the feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) to 7 other human and animal coronaviruses was studied. FIPV was found to be closely related to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) of swine. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus and FIPV were in turn antigenically related to human coronavirus 229E (HCV-229E) and canine coronavirus (CCV). An interesting finding in the study was that the 8 coronaviruses selected for this study fell into one of two antigenically distinct groups. Viruses in each group were antigenically related to each other to varying degrees, but were antigenically unrelated to coronaviruses of the second group. The first antigenically related group was comprised of mouse hepatitis virus, type 3 (MHV-3), hemeagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus 67N (HEV-67N) of swine, calf diarrhea coronavirus (CDCV), and human coronavirus 0C43 (HCV-OC43). The second antigenically related group was comprised of FIPV, TGEV, HCV-229E and CCV.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1990

Enhanced platelet reactivity in cats experimentally infected with feline infectious peritonitis virus.

Platelet function was evaluated in six specific-pathogen-free cats prior to and following intraperitoneal inoculation with feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). By 4 days post-inoculation, platelet samples from five of six cats responded with irreversible platelet aggregation to threshold concentrations of adenosine diphosphate (ADP). This was accompanied by enhanced platelet 14C-serotonin release (greater than 10%) in two cats. Compared to one of six baseline samples, five of five post-inoculation samples exhibited microaggregate formation in response to 20 microM epinephrine. Enhanced platelet 14C-serotonin release did not accompany these responses. Enhanced platelet responses to ADP and epinephrine were also observed on day 11 post-inoculation and day 16 (when one cat died) or 21 (the end of the study). Platelet 14C-serotonin release in response to 20 microM epinephrine increased markedly in three of five cats on day 21. Enhanced collagen-induced platelet responses were not demonstrated. Although the mechanism for the enhanced platelet responses observed on day 4 was unknown, a direct effect on the virus on platelets, mononuclear inflammatory cells, and endothelial cells must be considered.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1976

Morphologic and physical characteristics of feline infectious peritonitis virus and its growth in autochthonous peritoneal cell cultures.

Characteristic viral-type particles were seen in liver of kittens experimentally infected with the feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) agent. The particles were from 70 to 75 nm in diameter, with a central doughnut-shaped nucleoid 50 to 55 nm in diameter; numerous spikelike projections extended from their envelopes. Similar particles were seen by electron microscopy in peritoneal cell cultures derived from the peritoneal exudate of experimentally infected kittens, and viral antigens were identified in these cells by immunofluorescence. Cells and supernatant fluids from cultures containing these particles produced FIP when injected into the peritoneal cavity of kittens. The FIP agent is heat sensitive, ether labile, and relatively phenol resistant and is inactivated within 24 hours at room temperature. The FIP agent is inactivated by recommended viricidal concentrations of chlorhexidine and benzlkonium chloride.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Attempted immunisation of cats against feline infectious peritonitis using canine coronavirus.

Specific pathogen free kittens were vaccinated with an unattenuated field isolate of canine coronavirus (CCV) either by aerosol or subcutaneously, and received boosting vaccinations four weeks later. Aerosolisation elicited a homologous virus-neutralising (VN) antibody response that increased steadily over a four-week period and levelled off one to two weeks after revaccination. The initial aerosolised dose produced an asymptomatic infection with excretion of CCV from the oropharynx up to eight days after vaccination; virus shedding was not detected, however, after the second inoculation. Cats vaccinated subcutaneously developed low VN antibody titres after the first CCV dose and experienced a strong anamnestic response after the second dose. Neutralising antibody titres then levelled off one to two weeks after revaccination at mean values somewhat lower than in cats vaccinated by aerosol. CCV was not isolated from the oropharynx after either subcutaneous dose. Four weeks after CCV boosting inoculations, vaccinated cats and sham-vaccinated control cats were divided into three subgroups and challenged by aerosol with the virulent UCD1 strain of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV UCD1) at three different dosage levels. Five of six cats (including sham-vaccinated controls) given the lowest challenge dose showed no signs of disease, while all other cats developed lesions typical of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). The five surviving cats developed FIP after subsequent challenge with a fivefold higher dose of FIPV. Thus heterotypic vaccination of cats with CCV did not provide effective protection against FIPV challenge.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Concurrent toxoplasmosis and feline infectious peritonitis in a cat.

A 13-year-old, 4-kg, neutered male Maine coon presented with ascites. Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites were seen within neutrophils and macrophages, and free within the abdominal fluid. At necropsy, many abdominal organs were positive for feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) antigens using immunohistochemical staining. This apparently is the first report of concurrent toxoplasmosis and FIP in a domestic cat.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Enhancement of feline infectious peritonitis virus type I infection in cell cultures using low-speed centrifugation.

The effects of centrifugation on the ability of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) to infect cells in culture was investigated. The infectivity titer was the highest when the plates were centrifuged at 400 x g (1500 rpm) for 2 h. All five strains classified as FIPV Type I showed infectivity titers enhanced 10-100-fold by centrifugation at 400 x g for 2 h. The centrifugal enhancement of infection was obtained only by centrifugation immediately after inoculation of the virus, suggesting that the enhancement occurs during attachment or adsorption of viruses to the cells. This method may be useful for the culture of FIPV Type I strains.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Nucleotide sequence of the inter-structural gene region of feline infectious peritonitis virus.

The sequence of the region located between the S and M glycoprotein genes of the 79-1146 strain of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) is presented. The inter-structural gene region encodes 3 open reading frames (ORFs), termed ORFs 3a, 3b and 4, with nucleotide sequences conforming to the minimum conserved transcription signal upstream of each. An additional ORF, 3x, partially overlaps the 3' end of ORF 3a. The FIPV interstructural gene region is identical in length when compared to the Insavc-1 strain of canine coronavirus (CCV) but differs from various strains of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) by the presence of deletions and insertions. The sizes of ORF 3a and 4 are conserved in FIPV, TGEV and CCV. However, as with CCV, the FIPV ORF 3b is truncated in comparison with TGEV.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Evaluation of antithrombin-III activity as a coindicator of disseminated intravascular coagulation in cats with induced feline infectious peritonitis virus infection.

Six adult specific-pathogen-free cats were inoculated intraperitoneally with a cell culture-adapted strain of feline infectious peritonitis virus. Plasma samples were evaluated for antithrombin-III (AT-III) activities at post-inoculation days (PID) 0, 4, and 11 and at termination on PID 16 (1 cat) or 21 (5 cats). Other hemostatic values evaluated were activated partial thromboplastin times, prothrombin times, thrombin times, fibrinogen, platelet counts, and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products. Antithrombin-III activity remained within normal or above normal range (89 to 246%) in all cats, with the exception of one cat on PID 4 (AT-III, 70%). Mean baseline AT-III activity for 6 cats at PID 0 was 123%. Mean AT-III activity on PID 4, 11, and 16 or 21 was 98, 162, and 130%, respectively. On PID 4 and 16 or 21, results of coagulation screening tests indicated that all cats had disseminated intravascular coagulation. Histologically, cats also had severe fibrinonecrotizing thrombovasculitis.

Acute Disease↗