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PubMed1999

Behaviours and expectations in relation to sexual intercourse among 18-20 year old Asians and non-Asians.

OBJECTIVES: To begin to map the reported behaviours and attitudes of young Britons of south Asian origin that may have implications for sexual health. "South Asian" refers to people able to trace their ancestry from the Indian subcontinent (that is, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh), henceforth referred to as "Asian". DESIGN: A cross sectional study of sexual behaviour using self report measures in a self complete section of a social survey administered by trained interviewers in 1996. SETTING: Greater Glasgow, Scotland. SUBJECTS: Sample (n = 824) originally recruited aged 14-15 in 1992 in secondary schools in Greater Glasgow and subsequently traced through general practitioner registration for 1996 survey. 492 Asians and non-Asians aged 18-20 years old eventually interviewed in their own homes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self reported experience of sexual intercourse, age at first intercourse, and contraceptive practice over year before interview. METHODS: Measures of sexual behaviour and attitudes were elicited through a self complete questionnaire filled out in the presence of, and returned to, a trained social interviewer. RESULTS: Asians, and particularly Asian women, were far less likely to report having had heterosexual intercourse. Those Asian women who had had intercourse were likely to do so for the first time at an older age, and with an older partner, than the non-Asian women. Asian women were less likely to report using the pill than non-Asian women, irrespective of their marital status, and Asian men were less likely than non-Asian men to report using condoms. Asian sexual abstinence was reported to be for religious reasons, which were not important for non-Asians. In contrast with non-Asians, Asians saw themselves as likely to be married with children within the next 5 years. Asian men considered the ideal age to marry for men and women to be younger than the non-Asian men's average estimate. Asian and non-Asian women suggested a similar ideal age for men to marry, but Asian women considered a younger age appropriate for women than did non-Asian women. CONCLUSIONS: The higher level of sexual abstinence among Asians, and particularly women, has implications for the delivery of sexual health services to the minority who are sexually active before marriage. The underreporting of condom use by Asian men compared with their non-Asian counterparts, suggests a failure of the existing sexual health education and health services to reach minority ethnic young men which may be remedied by collaborative work with institutions currently used by the Asian community.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Contraceptive use, pregnancy and fertility patterns among single American women in their 20s.

Eighty-two percent of never-married American women aged 20-29 have had sexual intercourse; black women are somewhat more likely than white women to have had intercourse. In all, 53 percent of never-married women in this age-group had intercourse at least once in the four weeks preceding the 1983 National Survey of Unmarried Women. Black women are more likely than white women to have done so (62 percent compared with 51 percent). Nearly all of the women who ever had intercourse have used a contraceptive method at some time; 78 percent practiced contraception at the time of their most recent intercourse. A high proportion did not start using birth control until some time after first intercourse, however: On average, the delay between first coitus and first contraceptive use was eight months, and one-fifth of the respondents said that they began using a method only after their first pregnancy. Most of the women who did use a method at the time of first intercourse relied on the condom or withdrawal; in contrast, about two-thirds of white women and three-quarters of black women now rely on the pill, IUD or sterilization. Eighty-six percent of the women who had intercourse in the four weeks before the interview were current users--88 percent of the white women and 77 percent of the black women. Catholic women are no less likely than others to have ever had intercourse, to be currently sexually active or to be using contraceptives. However, Catholic women who receive communion at least once a week are less likely to be sexually active and substantially less likely to use medical contraceptive methods. Women who consider themselves very religious are less likely to be sexually active, but the sexually active among them are about as likely as others to use contraceptives. Better-educated women are much more likely than less-educated women to practice contraception, and women who work outside of the home are more likely than those who do not to use contraceptives. Thirty-three percent of unmarried 20-29-year-olds have had at least one pregnancy (about 40 percent of those who have ever had intercourse). Thirty-two percent of sexually active white women have been pregnant, compared with 70 percent of comparable black women. Furthermore, whereas 14 percent of white 20-29-year-olds have had an out-of-wedlock birth, 62 percent of black women have done so.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMed1982

A cross-cultural examination of the relationship between ages at menarche, marriage, and first birth.

Recent work with samples of black and white urban American women showed a clear behavioral sequence relating age at menarche to age at first intercourse to age at first birth. This paper shows that the linking of ages at menarche, intercourse, marriage, and first birth is a pattern which occurs in very diverse cultures. We present confirmatory data from the United States, Belgium, and Pakistan, and from Malay and Chinese women in Malaysia. We interpret our findings as indicating a biological process leading to (a) social interpretations of readiness for reproduction, and (b) persisting biological differences between early and late maturing women.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Multiple partners and partner choice as risk factors for sexually transmitted disease among female college students.

Multiple sexual partners and partner choice are believed to increase the risk of sexually transmitted disease (STD), but these behaviors had not previously been assessed outside of clinical populations. In this study, a cross-sectional survey among single, white, female students in their senior year of college was conducted to measure the association between behavioral risk factors and the acquisition of self-reported STDs during college. The usable response rate was 47.2% (n = 467). The combined prevalence of chlamydial infection, gonorrhea, genital herpes, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, syphilis, and trichomoniasis during a 3.5-year period was 11.7%. There was a strong association between number of sexual partners and having an STD: those women with 5 or more sexual partners were 8 times more likely to report having an STD than those with only 1 partner, even after adjusting for age at first intercourse (odds ratio = 8.1; 95% confidence interval = 1.99, 32.64). The prevalence of a history of STDs increased with more causal partner choice and earlier age at first intercourse, but neither factor was independently associated with a history of STDs. Of the respondents, 23% always used condoms. Future research should focus on identifying ways of effectively changing high-risk sexual behavior.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Fertility, family planning, and women's health: new data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth.

OBJECTIVES: This report shows data on a wide range of topics from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), including: pregnancy and birth, marriage, divorce, cohabitation, sexual intercourse, contraception, infertility, use of family planning and other medical services, and health conditions and behavior. METHODS: The data in this report are based on in-person interviews with a national sample of 10,847 women 15-44 years of age. The interviews lasted an average of 103 minutes. The response rate was 79 percent. The sample data are adjusted for nonresponse and are national estimates. RESULTS: Following large increases in the 1970's and 1980's, the proportion of teenagers who have ever had sexual intercourse decreased slightly between 1990 and 1995; condom use, both at first intercourse and currently, has increased markedly since the 1970's. These changes may have contributed to the decreases in the teen birth rate observed in the 1990's. For all women 15-44 years of age, the number whose partner was currently using the condom (at the date of interview) increased from 3.6 million in 1982 to 5.1 million in 1988 and 7.9 million in 1995. About 8 percent of women reported that their first intercourse was not voluntary. This result is consistent with an earlier national survey. About 20 percent reported that they had been forced by a man to have intercourse at some time in their lives. About 10 percent of births in 1990-95 were unwanted by the mother compared with 12 percent in 1984-88. The decrease in unwanted births was particularly large for black women. It appears that the prevalence of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and vaginal douching have both decreased since 1988.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Case-control study of risk factors for cervical neoplasia in Denmark. II. Role of sexual activity, reproductive factors, and venereal infections.

Sexual, reproductive and venereal risk factors for cervical neoplasia were investigated in a population-based case-control study of 586 women with histologically verified, cervical squamous-cell carcinoma in situ, and 59 women with invasive squamous-cell cervical cancer, diagnosed from 1985 to 1986 in Copenhagen. Cases were identified from the computerized Danish Cancer Registry. An age-stratified control group (n = 614) was drawn at random from the female population in the study area by means of the Danish Central Population Register. A structured questionnaire was mailed to cases as well as controls. Increasing number of sexual partners exerted a significant effect on the risk both for carcinoma in situ, and invasive cancer, independently of age at first intercourse and other potential confounders. Conversely, the association with early age at first intercourse became statistically insignificant after allowance for other risk factors, although an increasing risk was still observed with decreasing age at sexual debut. Early age at first episode with genital warts was a significant risk factor for carcinoma in situ, perhaps indicating a possible increased susceptibility of the cervix epithelium during adolescence. A history of genital warts was a good predictor of risk for carcinoma in situ, whereas a history of previous gonorrhea was associated with an increased risk for invasive carcinoma. Women with multiple births had a significantly increased adjusted risk, especially for carcinoma in situ, although some association was also observed with invasive cervical cancer. The study supports the hypothesis of cervical neoplasia being a sexually transmitted disease, and that carcinoma in situ and invasive cervical carcinoma, to a high degree, have similar patterns of risk factors.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Adolescent health in the Caribbean: a regional portrait.

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed youth health in the Caribbean Community and Common Market countries and describes the prevalence of health-related factors. METHODS: We used a self-administered classroom questionnaire; questions addressed general health, health care, nutrition, sexual history, drug use, mental health, violence, family characteristics, and relationships with others. RESULTS: Most youths reported good health; however, 1 in 10 reported a limiting disability or significant health problems. Violence was a pervasive concern. Of those who reported history of sexual intercourse, many reported that their first intercourse was forced, and nearly half reported that they were aged 10 years or younger when they first had intercourse. CONCLUSIONS: Although most young people are healthy, problems indicate the importance of monitoring trends and designing effective youth health programs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection: a sexually transmitted infection of adolescence?

OBJECTIVES: To examine the factors associated with antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). DESIGN: Cross sectional study with HSV-1 antibody testing performed by University of Washington western blot assay. SETTING: Central London STD clinic (1990-1) and central London blood donation centre (1992). PARTICIPANTS: Representative sample of 869 new and rebooked GUM clinic attenders and 1494 consecutive blood donors. RESULTS: The prevalence of HSV-1 antibody among clinic attenders was 60.4% (95% CI 57.0 to 63.7) and among donors was 46.1% (95% CI 43.5 to 48.7). HSV-1 antibody was independently associated with increasing age in both populations (p<0.001). Among clinic attenders, HSV-1 was less common among heterosexual men than women and homosexual men (p<0.005), and was more common among black people (p=0.001) and those of lower socioeconomic status (p=0.05). Among blood donors, being single rather than married was independently associated with HSV-1 infection (p=0.03). Early age at first intercourse was strongly associated with presence of HSV-1 in both populations. The adjusted odds of HSV-1 among GUM clinic attenders was 0.37 (95% CI 0.21 to 0.65) for someone aged 20 at first intercourse compared with someone aged <or=15. Among blood donors, those aged 20 had an adjusted odds of 0.64 (95% CI 0.39 to 1.05) compared with someone aged 15. HSV-1 was not associated with increasing number of lifetime partners after adjustment for other factors. CONCLUSIONS: Genital herpes due to HSV-1 antibody is increasing in the United Kingdom, particularly among young people. In this study we found that HSV-1 was strongly associated with early age of first sexual intercourse, which may reflect the sexual practices of people initiating sex in this age group.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Reexamining factors predicting Afro-American and white American women's age at first coitus.

Research identifying factors associated with ethnic differences in first coitus has been limited by methodologies and samples used. This study reexamines ethnic differences in Afro-American and white American women's age of first coitus. Demographic, socialization, and decision-making factors were examined in a series of multiple regression analyses, with the prevalence of women's child sexual abuse incidents, in order to identify variables that best predicted age of first coitus. The subjects were a multiethnic community sample of 248 women, 18 to 36 years of age, residing in Los Angeles County. Their demographic characteristics were comparable on education, marital status, the prevalence of children, and income. The results indicated that women's perceptions of their parents as more influential than peers during adolescence, and being in love and ready for sex were predictors of an older age at first intercourse. Ethnicity was not significantly associated with the strongest predictors or with first coitus. Factors that best predicted first coitus were also similar for both ethnic groups. The findings suggest that in order to examine the role of ethnicity in first coitus, differences in demographic characteristics found between black and white samples need to be controlled. Similarly, multiethnic research should include variables that are relevant to both ethnic groups, as well as abusive sexual experiences, in order to understand the multiplicity of factors predicting age at first intercourse.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

The relation between sexual activity among children during preadolescence and/or early adolescence and sexual behavior and sexual adjustment in young adulthood.

This study examined whether current sexual behavior and sexual adjustment in a sample of 433 college students differed as a function of having engaged in sexual activity with other children during preadolescence (prior to age 13) and/or early adolescence (ages 13-15). Four groups were compared: subjects who only had an early adolescent sexual experience; subjects who had both preadolescent and early adolescent experiences; subjects who had no sexual experience with another child during either preadolescence or early adolescence. There were no significant differences between these groups on measures of incidence of premarital intercourse, age at first intercourse, number of different intercourse partners, sexual satisfaction, sexual arousal, or sexual dysfunctions. It was concluded that in general the simple occurrence or nonoccurrence of sexual activity among children during these developmental periods has little impact, either positive or negative, on later sexual adjustment during young adulthood. Some expections, depending on the specific types of childhood sexual activity involved, were noted.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1989

Long-term effects of sexual experiences with siblings and nonsiblings during childhood.

Long-term differences in young adults' sexual behavior and adjustment following preadolescent sibling and nonsibling peer childhood sexual experiences were investigated. Questionnaire data were collected from 526 undergraduate college students. Of this sample, 25 (5%) reported having had only a sibling sexual encounter, 61 (12%) reported having had both a sibling and a nonsibling childhood sexual experience, 236 (45%) reported having had only a nonsibling sexual experience, and 204 (39%) reported no sexual experience with another child prior to age 13. No differences were found between the sibling, nonsibling, and no-experience groups on a variety of adult sexual behavior and sexual adjustment measures, including incidence of premarital intercourse, age at first intercourse, number of intercourse partners, sexual satisfaction, sexual arousal, and sexual dysfunctions. It was concluded that adult sexual adjustment is not negatively or positively influenced by typical early childhood sexual experiences among similar-aged siblings.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1995

Sexual behavior in junior high school students.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between 14 demographic variables and the loss of virginity in a specific sample of junior high school students in Chicago. METHODS: Nine hundred seventy-six students in nine Chicago junior high schools, sixth through eighth grades, were given an anonymous behavior survey (the noncognitive assessment survey). Two separate logistic regression equations were used to determine the relative relationships of the demographic variables to self-reported virginity loss. RESULTS: Five variables were significantly associated with virginity loss in both regression equations. In rank order, they were gender, ethnic group, pubertal status, suicidal ideation, and sibling number (adjusted odds ratio 13.3, 4.57, 3.38, 1.93, and 1.24, respectively). Nine variables did not have a consistent relation with early sexual activity: church attendance, religious affiliation, grade average, housing status, marital status of natural parents, self-esteem, sex education knowledge, school attendance, and chronologic age. CONCLUSIONS: These results call into question two widely held assumptions that form the foundation of many teen pregnancy prevention efforts. First, although many believe that sex education courses can affect behavior, we found no link, either positive or negative, between knowledge of reproductive biology and age of first intercourse. Second, self-esteem level was not associated with age of first intercourse. The variables that did seem related to early sexual activity do not lend themselves to easy manipulation. Our findings suggest that current school-based efforts to alter teen pregnancy rates and sexual behavior are unlikely to succeed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Are Israeli women in a low risk group for developing squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix?

OBJECTIVE: Invasive cervical squamous cell carcinoma is not a common disease among Jewish women. In the present study an attempt was made to find what is the distribution of the known risk factors in this population. METHODS: Three hundred and ninety-one patients with various cervical cytological abnormalities comprised the study group. They were compared to 350 Israeli women with negative cytology. The risk factors were extracted from an anonymous questionnaire. The results were statistically analyzed and compared to the equivalent figures published in the literature pertaining to non-Jewish women. RESULTS: The prevalence of abnormal cytology among the Israeli women was almost the same as that of the non-Jewish group: 24/1000 and 26/1000, respectively. Significant statistical differences were found between the following risk factors: number of sexual partners, age at first intercourse, age at first pregnancy. Women in the study group were younger when they became sexually active and at first pregnancy, they had a larger number of sexual partners, fewer of them were married and fewer of them were observant of Jewish ritual practices. In addition, they had achieved higher academic levels than the women in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that the distribution of the known risk factors among the study group was practically the same as those in the non-Jewish population. Moreover, it was found that there was an increase of 29.2% (from 17/1000 to 24/1000) in the prevalence of cervical premalignant lesions among the Israeli women. We believe that this population can no longer be considered as being at low risk for this disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiologic study of prostatic cancer: preliminary report.

In a preliminary report on a small fraction of the projected subject population, some evidence in support of both sexual activity and venereal transmission hypotheses is accumulating. Prostatic cancer cases, in contrast to hospitalized and/or neighborhood controls, are beginning to show greater proportions of selected sexual activities compatible with venereal transmission of an infectious agent, such as number of sexual partners, use of prostitutes, prior venereal disease, and genital infections in the spouse. Patients with prostatic cancer also appear to have had higher fertility and more prostatic cancer in blood relatives than controls. Age at first intercourse and at first marriage are lower among the cancer patients than among the controls. Antibody titrations for herpesvirus and cytomegalic virus, although currently not revealing striking disparities in positivity, tend to show higher titers among the cancer cases.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Adolescent patterns of communication about the menstrual cycle, sex, and contraception.

For this investigation, a sample survey of 179 black women representing 53 family units provided data to examine familial patterns in the amounts of information received about the menstrual cycle, sex, and contraception among adolescent daughters, mothers, and grandmothers; the major source of information about these three topic areas; and the impact of that information on the sexual behavior of adolescent women. Significant relationships were found within the triads (of daughter, mothers, and grandmothers) in the amount of information received about the three topic areas, suggesting familial patterns in the amount of information transmitted intergenerationally. This sample was more likely to report mothers as the source of information on the three topics under study. A significant negative relationship existed between the amount of information received about sex and the experience of a pregnancy before age 18 years among the sample group mothers only. Although this sample received large amounts of information about the menstrual cycle, sex, and contraception from their mothers, the information was ascertained through qualitative responses about the lack of information necessary for sexual health and informed decision-making. The very young mean age (12.3 years) at first intercourse and the low proportion (24.2%) of teenagers using a method of birth control at first intercourse suggested that, intergenerationally, communication about sex and contraception may not be meeting adolescent needs. Consequently, attention should be focused on mothers as agents of sexual socialization of teenagers, and concern must be generated among family planning educators and practitioners for the quality of the information mothers are disseminating about sexually related matters and the impact of that information on the sexual health of teenagers.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Adolescent patterns of communication about sexually related topics.

For this investigation, a sample survey of 179 black females, representing 53 family units, provided data for examining familial patterns in the amounts of information received about the menstrual cycle, sex, and contraception among adolescent daughters, mothers, and grandmothers, and the major source of information about these three topic areas. Significant relationships were found within the triads in the amount of information received about the three topic areas, suggesting familial patterns in the amount of information transmitted intergenerationally. This sample was more likely to report mothers as the source of information, suggesting their importance as formal agents of sexual socialization. Although this sample received large amounts of information about the menstrual cycle, sex, and contraception from their mothers, much information that is necessary for sexual health and informed decision making was neglected. The very young mean age (12.3 years) at first intercourse and the low proportion (24.2%) of teenagers using a method of birth control at first intercourse suggested that intergenerational communication about sex and contraception may not be meeting adolescents' needs. Consequently, attention should be focused not only on mothers as agents of sexual socialization of teenagers, but also the quality and impact of that information on the sexual health of teenagers.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

The relationship among demographics, reproductive characteristics, and intimate partner violence.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to examine the associations between demographics and reproductive characteristics on the occurrence of intimate partner violence (IPV) in young women. STUDY DESIGN: An anonymous questionnaire was completed by 727 women between 14 and 26 years old who were seen in the family planning clinics in southeast Texas between March 1997 and February 1998 and who reported a current spouse or partner. Subjects completed a standardized measure of violence perpetrated by a partner and provided information on demographics and reproductive characteristics. Separate logistic regression analyses were used to analyze factors associated with physical and verbal violence. RESULTS: Significant and positive associations with physical violence were found for race, employment, and parity (> or =1); risk of verbal abuse included employment, history of sexual abuse, and inconsistent condom and prescription contraceptive use. Protective factors for physical violence included education level, use of hormonal methods of contraception or condoms at last intercourse, and older age at first intercourse and at first childbirth; protection from verbal assault included dual contraceptive use, as well as barrier and hormonal contraception at last intercourse. CONCLUSION: Different patterns of risk emerge between physical and verbal assault among young women seen in a publicly funded family planning clinic. Minority parous women with limited education, early onset of sexual activity, and who report no contraception use at last intercourse appear to be at highest risk for reporting physical violence, whereas history of sexual victimization, early sexual activity, and younger age at first child birth elevates risk for verbal abuse.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: an exploratory case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of genital bacterial infection among women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome and to evaluate the association of several potential risk factors with the occurrence of the syndrome. METHODS: Fifty-seven women referred for dyspareunia who satisfied Friedrich's criteria and had symptoms for at least 6 months were recruited as cases. Controls included 173 patients without dyspareunia seen at a private clinic. Cases and controls were aged 18-35 years and were not pregnant. RESULTS: Among cases, the prevalences were low for genital infection with gonorrhea (0%), Chlamydia (0%), Trichomonas (0%), Mycoplasma (0%), Gardnerella (14%), and Candida (8.8%). Ureaplasma was detected in the Bartholin glands of ten affected women (17.5%). Human papillomavirus DNA was detected in only three cases (5.3%) based on polymerase chain reaction assays on vestibular biopsies. The relative risk (RR) of the syndrome was related to some aspects of sexual and reproductive history. In particular, the RR in women who had used oral contraceptives (OCs) early (before age 17) reached 11.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-97.1) relative to those who had never used OCs. Women who had first intercourse at age 15 or earlier had a 3.3-fold increase in RR (95% CI 1.4-8.0) compared to those who had first intercourse at age 16 or later. CONCLUSION: Our data provide little support for the idea that infection causes the vulvar vestibulitis syndrome. Hormonal factors such as early OC use may be involved in the etiology of this condition.

Adolescent↗