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PubMed1976

The effect of gastrointestinal hormones on the gastric microcirculation.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of several gastrointestinal hormones on the gastric submucosal arterioles using an in vivo microscopy technique. Alteration in diameter of submucosal arterioles, 40 to 90 mu in diameter, in response to infusion of different agents into the celiac axis, was measured in the anesthetized cat. Pentagastrin, the octapeptide of cholecystokinin, natural secretin, and histamine produced arteriolar dilation. Only with histamine and the octapeptide of cholecystokinin did this occur with doses that might be considered physiological. Synthetic secretin had no vasodilator activity, suggesting the presence of a contaminating agent in natural secretin. Glucagon had no effect on the submucosal arterioles. In addition, the effect of glucagon on the smaller (10 to 30 mu) terminal and subterminal submucosal arterioles was studied in the rat by in vivo microscopy. Again no effect was observed with glucagon, but norepinephrine in small doses produced vasoconstriction.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effect of ileal perfusion of carbohydrates and amylase inhibitor on gastrointestinal hormones and emptying.

To determine if carbohydrates perfused into the ileum affect gastric emptying and circulating levels of gastrointestinal hormones, 18 healthy subjects were intubated with an oroileal tube. A 400-cal (60% carbohydrate, 20% protein, 20% fat) homogenized meal labeled with 111In-DTPA was then infused into the stomach over 10 min. Simultaneously, a test solution of normal saline (n = 6) or 12.5 (n = 4), 25 (n = 4), 50 (n = 2), or 100 (n = 2) mg/min of carbohydrates (75% rice starch, 25% glucose) containing a nonabsorbable marker, polyethylene glycol, was continuously perfused into the terminal ileum at 3 ml/min for 7 h. In one-half of the subjects the perfusate contained an amylase inhibitor (3.3 mg/ml) that reduced starch digestion and carbohydrate absorption. Gastric emptying was measured by a dual-headed gamma-camera. Plasma concentrations of hormones and the amount of carbohydrates passing the ileum were measured every 10 min. The amylase inhibitor significantly reduced the absorption of complex carbohydrates from the terminal ileum (p less than 0.05). Gastric emptying was significantly slowed by ileal perfusion of carbohydrates (p less than 0.01). This effect was enhanced by the amylase inhibitor (p = 0.06). Plasma concentrations of C-peptide, glucagon, motilin, gastrin, and human pancreatic polypeptide were not related to gastric emptying or ileal perfusates, but decreased concentrations of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and neurotensin and increased concentrations of peptide YY were significantly associated (p less than 0.05) with slowing of gastric emptying. Perfusing carbohydrates into the ileum was associated with nausea, abdominal pain, and vomiting, but we could detect no direct relationship between the onset of these symptoms and gastric emptying. Slowing of gastric emptying of a homogenized mixed meal by the entry of complex carbohydrates into the ileum may be partly mediated by peptide YY or nonvagally mediated neural mechanisms.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2005

The role of electrogastrography and gastrointestinal hormones in chemotherapy-related dyspeptic symptoms.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among motility disorders, dyspeptic symptoms, and plasma levels of gastrointestinal hormones in cancer patients who were well controlled for post-chemotherapy emesis. METHODS: Twenty-five cancer patients treated with standard dosages of antiemetics and chemotherapies completed the study. Gastrointestinal symptoms were investigated by detailed questionnaire and visual analog score. Motility was investigated by cutaneous electrogastrography, and by blood levels of gastrin, serotonin, vasopressin, and substance P, before and 7 days after chemotherapy. RESULTS: Before chemotherapy, no patient complained of dyspeptic symptoms, and no differences in electrogastrography (EGG) or in circulating peptide levels were found between patients who developed dyspepsia and those who did not. After chemotherapy, 13 patients suffered from dysmotility-like symptoms (total symptom score, 11.5 [2.5-37.9]; median value and 5th-95th percentiles), with susceptibility to nausea, early satiety, and postprandial fullness being the major complaints. As regards EGG parameters, a significant reduction (P = 0.04; Mann-Whitney test) in the normal slow-wave percentage and significantly increased tachygastria percentage were found in dyspeptic patients compared with symptom-free patients. The tachygastria percentage was significantly associated with susceptibility to nausea score, in a non-linear fashion (R2 = 0.37). Dyspeptic patients showed lower levels of substance P and gastrin than patients who were not dyspeptic, but this difference had no clinical significance for dyspepsia. CONCLUSIONS: Chemotherapy may induce upper gastrointestinal symptoms suggestive of motility disorders. These dyspeptic symptoms were associated with EGG alterations, but not with variations in circulating peptides. Other hormones or pathophysiological factors, not considered in the present work, could be actively involved in these dyspeptic symptoms.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Effects of acute and chronic ethanol administration on the gastrointestinal hormones gastrin, enteroglucagon, pancreatic glucagon and peptide YY in the rat.

The effect of acute and chronic ethanol administration on the gastrointestinal hormones gastrin, enteroglucagon (EG), pancreatic glucagon (PG) and peptide YY (PYY) was studied in the rat alcohol model. Plasma levels of gastrin and PYY were not significantly changed under chronic and/or acute alcohol, while PG was stimulated by acute intraperitoneal ethanol injections in control animals as well as in chronically ethanol-fed rats (8 +/- 1 vs. 28 +/- 6 pmol/l, p less than or equal to 0.05, and 7 +/- 1 vs. 21 +/- 4 pmol/l, p less than or equal to 0.05). EG levels were significantly raised after chronic ethanol feeding (45 +/- 5 vs. 73 +/- 8 pmol/l, p less than or equal to 0.01) and even further elevated if an acute dose of alcohol was given to chronically ethanol-fed rats (73 +/- 8 vs. 168 +/- 29 pmol/l, p less than or equal to 0.05). The immunohistologically evaluated numbers of the respective hormone-producing cells were not significantly changed by alcohol feeding. The ethanol-dependent elevations of EG and PG may contribute, at least in part, to the intestinal hyper-regeneration, motility disturbances and altered glucose metabolism observed after alcohol consumption.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Reduced reactivity of pancreatic exocrine secretion in response to gastrointestinal hormone in WBN/Kob rats.

We compared pancreatic exocrine secretion in 5-month-old WBN/Kob rats, a model of chronic pancreatitis, with that in Wistar rats of the same age in a conscious state. Basal pancreatic secretion and pancreatic wet weight in WBN/Kob rats were lower than the values for Wistar rats. There was no difference in plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) concentration between the two types of rats. When CCK-8 was intravenously administered, the stimulation of pancreatic protein secretion in WBN/Kob rats was weaker than that in Wistar rats. When bile and pancreatic juice were diverted from the duodenum, the resulting increase in the plasma CCK concentration was similar in both types of rats, but stimulation of the volume and protein output of pancreatic juice in WBN/Kob rats was weaker than that in Wistar rats. In addition, WBN/Kob rats exhibited little increase in pancreatic wet weight because of this diversion. When secretin was intravenously administered, the stimulation of fluid secretion in WBN/ Kob rats was also weaker than that in Wistar rats. The binding of CCK-8 to pancreatic membrane fractions in WBN/Kob rats was much weaker than that in Wistar rats. Histological findings in WBN/Kob rat pancreas showed proliferation of fibrous tissue and atrophy of acinar cells. In conclusion, pancreatic exocrine secretion in response to the gastrointestinal hormones, CCK and secretin, was lower in WBN/Kob rats than in Wistar rats. These findings suggest that the hyposecretion of pancreas in WBN/Kob rats is hyporeaction of pancreatic membrane to gastrointestinal hormones.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Hepatotrophic effects of pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormones in the rat in vivo and in vitro.

The role of gastrointestinal and pancreatic hormones in regulating liver growth was evaluated by measuring their effect on DNA synthesis in the normal and regenerating liver of rats in vivo and in maintenance cultures of adult rat hepatocytes in vitro. After partial liver resection DNA synthesis reached peak levels after 24 hours while serum concentrations of immunoreactive insulin in portal and peripheral blood at this time were still suppressed. Increase of endogenous insulin levels by intravenous glucose infusion or portal infusion of insulin, glucagon or both together with glucose did not change DNA synthesis in normal or regenerating rat liver. After acute carbon tetrachloride poisoning of rats, survival rate and degree of liver necrosis was not changed by intraperitoneal infusion of glucagon and insulin with glucose. In vitro, insulin, glucagon and somatostatin synergistically stimulated the specific thymidine uptake in seven-day-old maintenance cultures of rat hepatocytes. The hormones did not cause cell multiplication but enhanced cell survival, probably by improving the uptake and utilization of nutrients. Gastrin G-17, secretin and cholecystokinin (contaminated with gastric inhibitory polypeptide) had no effect. It is concluded that the results do not support the contention that liver regeneration is regulated by the known pancreatic hormones. However, a trophic effect of pancreatic hormones on liver cells in vitro could be demonstrated. Gastrointestinal hormones had no such effect.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Gastrointestinal hormones in anorexia nervosa.

A study was undertaken of fasting and post-prandial blood levels of glucose and a number of gastrointestinal hormones in patients with anorexia nervosa. After an overnight fast their blood levels of glucose, insulin and pancreatic glucagon were significantly lower than those of age-sex matched healthy volunteers. There were no significant differences in the levels of gastrin, total glucagon-like immunoreactivity, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, pancreatic polypeptide, secretin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide. Serial blood samples were taken for up to two hours after the ingestion of a standard mixed meal (450 kcal) and these showed a significant glucose intolerance, a reduced and delayed insulin response, and a reduced release of gastric inhibitory polypeptide, as compared with the controls. There was an increased release of pancreatic polypeptide but the difference in the post-prandial hormone profile between patients and controls for gastrin did not reach statistical significance.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Effect of gastrointestinal hormones on duodenal motility in acute experiments].

In this study was observed the influence of Pancreozymin, Secretin, Glucagon, Pentagastrin and Somatostatin on the motility of duodenum in 256 seances in acute experiments on 12 dogs before and after truncal vagotomy and on 20 Wistar rats. As a control we used the return of the parameters of electrical and motor activity to their original levels. The reaction was registered with the help of electromyography, using bipolar electrodes and with measurement of intraluminal pressure, using open-tip catheter technique. Spike-activity was graphically presented and statistically performed. It was shown, that Secretin and Glucagon caused relaxation of duodenum, but Pentagastrin, Pancreozymin and Somatostatin stimulated duodenal motility with spastic component and gradual phasic character of a process. After truncular vagotomy the reaction to Pancreozymin and Pentagastrin was slowly, to Glucagon strongly reduced, but the reaction to Secretin was extended. We observed after TV either no reaction or a diminished reaction to Somatostatin. This study serves as experimental basis for use of gastrointestinal hormones and electromyography for diagnosis and therapy of motility disorders of duodenum in surgical practice.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Human colonic myoelectric activity in response to prostigmin and the gastrointestinal hormones.

Colonic myoelectric activity was determined using a mucosal clip electrode in normal human subjects, in the basal state and following the administration of prostigmin, pentagastrin, cholecystokinin, or secretin. Slow-wave activity was present 49 +/- 3.0% of the recording time and occurred at two frequencies, 6.5 +/- 0.1 cycles/min and 3.5 +/- 0.1 cycles/min, in the rectum. Spike potentials were infrequent in the basal state. Prostigmin, pentagastrin, or cholecystokinin did not affect the slow-wave activity or frequency, but these agents significantly increased the number of spike potentials (P less than 0.05). Secretin had no effect on myoelectric activity. The electrode system was tested in the cat and showed excellent correlation of the myoelectric activity between the mucosal clip electrode and a serosal electrode. These studies indicate: (1) a mucosal clip electrode provides an accurate method of recording colonic myoelectric activity when compared to a serosal electrode in the cat; (2) in man, slow-wave activity is present only intermittently and exists at two frequencies, approximately 6 cycles/min and 3 cycles/min; (3) gastrointestinal hormones and prostigmin increase spike potential discharge without altering slow-wave activity or frequency.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gastrointestinal hormones and short-term nutritional schedules in critically ill patients.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the gastrointestinal hormone response in critically ill patients under different nutritional schedule (enteral vs. total parenteral) of short duration. METHODOLOGY: Twenty-one sedated and mechanically ventilated patients were nourished with continuous nasogastric schedule (Group A, 11 patients), or with total parenteral nutrition (Group B, 10 patients). Serum concentrations of gastrin, cholecystokinin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, neurotensin, and bombesin, were measured on the 2nd, 3rd and the 5th day of patients' admission, with radioimmunoassay methods. RESULTS: Changes of hormones concentrations were not significant either between the three measurements in each group or between the two groups at the same hospitalization day. CONCLUSIONS: The short-term parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients does not exert a different influence on the serum concentrations of gastrin, cholecystokinin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, neurotensin, and bombesin, compared to enteral nutrition. This conclusion is of clinical interest since the short-term administration of total parenteral nutrition is very often necessary during hospitalization in the intensive care unit.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Effect of vagotomy on gastrointestinal hormones.

Different types of vagotomy have been widely used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. A close relationship between the vagus nerve and the release or action of gastrointestinal hormones is necessary for the optimal activation of the gastrointestinal tract. The serum concentrations of the antral hormone gastrin are elevated after all types of vagotomy. The postvagotomy hypergastrinemia is due to the change in pH in the antral lumen or the gastric motility changes, both of which may lead to a proliferation of G cells. The reduction in pancreatic secretion after vagotomy is not due to changes in intestinal hormone release, but may be caused by the interruption of a postulated enteropancreatic reflex. Postprandial GIP release and serum insulin levels are not affected by vagotomy, but basal GIP levels are increased after vagotomy. Postprandial pancreatic polypeptide release is nearly abolished by vagotomy, but seems to normalize in the later postoperative course. These findings may be important for the interpretation of pathophysiologic changes after vagotomy.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Gastrointestinal hormone responses to meals before and after gastric bypass and vertical banded gastroplasty.

The purpose of the study was to examine the gastrointestinal hormone responses to meals in morbidly obese patients before and after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (GBP; n = 9) or vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG; n = 7). On consecutive days before and after operation, we measured changes in peripheral blood levels of glucose, insulin, enteroglucagon, serotonin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and cholecystokinin (CCK) in response to a standardized glucose or protein-fat meal. The percentage of excess weight lost at 6 months after operation was 66.3% +/- 4% and 41.8% +/- 5% for GBP and VBG, respectively (p less than 0.01). The 3-hour integrated glucose response to a glucose meal decreased from 145.3 +/- 33.7 to 75.8 +/- 15.7 g min/L (p less than 0.02) after GBP. This was associated with a decrease in 3-hour integrated insulin response from 22.8 +/- 8.2 to 10.5 +/- 4.9 mU min/L. Vertical banded gastroplasty patients had lesser reductions of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Neither the CCK, serotonin, nor VIP responses to meals were altered by either operation. The 3-hour integrated enteroglucagon response to glucose increased markedly in GBP patients after operation from 11.8 +/- 6 to 133.4 +/- 38 nmol min/mL (p less than 0.02). This increase in enteroglucagon occurred at the same time as development of dumping symptoms, which occurred exclusively in GBP patients after glucose but not protein. We conclude that (1) GBP surgery for morbid obesity results in amelioration of glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia, (2) CCK does not mediate an endocrine satiety effect of surgery, (3) GBP is associated with an exaggerated enteroglucagon response to glucose, and (4) enteroglucagon appears to be a marker of the dumping syndrome in GBP patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Possible role of PEPT1 in gastrointestinal hormone secretion.

Oligopeptides originating from ingested meal stimulate the secretion of various gastrointestinal hormones, but the mechanism is unknown. In this study, we show that transfection of oligopeptide transporter 1 (PEPT1) in STC-1 cells, a murine enteroendocrine cell line, evokes di-peptide-stimulated hormone secretion in a pH-dependent manner. Measurement of membrane potentials shows that PEPT1- transfected STC-1 cells are depolarized by di-peptide glycyl-glycine but not by glycine monomer. Glycyl-glycine stimulation induces a rise in the intracellular calcium concentration in PEPT1-transfected STC-1 cells. The secretion induced by glycyl-glycine in PEPT1-transfected STC-1 cells was blocked by nifedipine, a Ca(2+) channel blocker, suggesting that the secretion is triggered by Ca(2+) influx through L-type voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels. These data suggest that PEPT1 mediates oligopeptide-induced hormone secretion in enteroendocrine cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Recent advances in gastrointestinal hormones].

Recent advances in the field of peptide chemistry and gene technology have resulted in an explosive accumulation of information on the chemical structures of gastrointestinal hormones. Based on the information, chemical syntheses of these peptides or their shorter fragments and analogs have been performed. Synthetic peptides related to the hormones have now become important tools in searching for functions of peptides and in producing region-specific antisera to the respective peptides. Using these antisera, hormone-producing cells were clearly identified and the post-translational biosynthetic processings in the cells were demonstrated. Recent immunohistochemical studies have also revealed that cells contain and can release a variety of peptides or amines that are capable of influencing target cells and acting as hormone, neurotransmitter or neuromodulator. In addition, recent studies on galanin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are described.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1983

[Effect of various reconstructions of biliary tract upon secretion of gastric acid and gastrointestinal hormones in dogs].

Experimental studies were carried out to investigate the effect of various biliary tract reconstructions upon the secretion of gastric acid and gastrointestinal hormones. Jejunal interposition cholecystoduodenostomy with a short jejunal segment (Group-I), jejunal interposition cholecystoduodenostomy with a long jejunal segment (Group-II), and Roux-en-Y cholecystojejunostomy (Group-III) were constructed in seventeen Heidenhain pouch dogs. Peptic ulcer was only observed in 2 out of 7 dogs of Group-III. Although food-stimulated gastric acid output did not differ significantly in all the groups, the amount of gastric acid reached a peak much later and remained elevated in Group-III compared with that in other groups. The changes in plasma gastrin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide and total glucagon are regarded to be affected by the length of the jejunum excluded from the stream of chyme and the direct contact of the jejunum with bile. It is concluded that the pattern of acid secretion is more important than its volume for the mechanism of peptic ulceration in Roux-en-Y cholecystojejunostomy.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effects of multiple dose infections with Ascaris suum on blood gastrointestinal hormone levels in pigs.

Ten consecutive daily doses of infective Ascaris suum eggs were administered to pigs in two experiments and the levels of gastrointestinal hormones in their blood were measured. The piglets in each experiment were divided into low-dose (LDI) and high-dose (HDI) infections and control groups. Infected pigs had lower feed consumption, lower weight gains, and lower feed efficiency than control pigs. Serum gastrin levels in infected pigs were significantly lower than the controls from Days 7 to 17 post first inoculation (PFI), and so were their serum glucagon levels from Days 12 to 24 PFI. Serum insulin levels in infected animals were sometimes lower than those in controls. These differences were usually more intense in the LDI pigs than in HDI pigs. The plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) levels in the LDI group were significantly higher than those in controls from Day 10 PFI to the end of the experiment, while the CCK levels in the HDI group did not differ significantly from the controls. Increased plasma CCK levels could be a satiety factor in A. suum infection since the time of occurrence of high levels of CCK matched the period of reduced feed consumption.

Animals↗