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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Hypoglossal nerve transfer for laryngeal reinnervation: a preliminary study.

The hypoglossal nerve is a logical donor nerve for hemilaryngeal reinnervation because 1) its activity coincides with normal laryngeal adduction during speech and deglutition; 2) it is a large nerve with many axons; and 3) donor site morbidity is low. This method of laryngeal reinnervation has not been previously reported. Previous studies using the ansa cervicalis for reinnervation have failed to show spontaneous activity. Hypoglossal-to-recurrent laryngeal nerve anastomosis was performed on a series of 5 dogs. The vocal folds were viewed monthly, with the animals awake, by infraglottic examination through a permanent tracheostomy. One dog failed due to technical error. The remaining 4 dogs began to exhibit spontaneous vocal fold adduction within 2 to 4 months. Vocal fold motion was synchronous with spontaneous tongue motion. Complete glottic closure was seen during swallowing at 3 to 5 months. Intraglottic pressure measurements following reinnervation were normal. Hypoglossal nerve transfer appears to be capable of providing functional adduction to the paralyzed hemilarynx. The potential advantages and disadvantages of this new technique are discussed.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed1979

Early influx of horseradish peroxidase into axons of the hypoglossal nerve during Wallerian degeneration.

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was applied around mouse hypoglossal nerves which were damaged by a crush or a ligature. HRP was then visualized distal to the lesions by light- and electron microscopic histochemistry. At the injury the enzyme entered axons and could also be detected several millimetres down in the distal segment. By 24 h reaction product (r.p.) was either diffusely distributed in the axoplasm or present in various vesicular organelles. Our results indicate that there is a rapid influx of macromolecules into axons after a lesion to a nerve. A similar uptake of 'wound substances' into axons distal to an injury might well have some relation to the process by which axonal breakdown is initiated during Wallerian degeneration.

Absorption↗
PubMed1988

Effect on the rat hypoglossal nucleus of vinblastine and colchicine applied to the intact or transected hypoglossal nerve.

The possibility that interruption of axonal transport in otherwise intact axons induces retrograde neuronal and nonneuronal reactions was examined. In addition, the proposal that blockade of axonal transport proximal to nerve injury might inhibit or delay the axon reaction was examined. Cuffs containing various doses of vinblastine were applied to the intact hypoglossal nerve. Colchicine was applied in a similar way to the intact hypoglossal nerve, injected directly into the intact nerve, or administered proximal to the site of hypoglossal nerve transection. The effect on retrograde axonal transport in the nerve was evaluated in the vinblastine experiments by the retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique following injection of HRP or wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated HRP into the tongue. A dose of 0.01% caused an almost complete, but transient, blockade of the retrograde transport of the tracer, and induced a clearcut chromatolytic reaction in hypoglossal neurons. The chromatolytic changes were accompanied by a significant increase in the number of glial cells, many of which were identified as microglia. Similar results were obtained with colchicine alone or in combination with nerve transection. Signs of Wallerian degeneration after vinblastine treatment (0.01%) were observed only in a small number of myelinated fibers. The findings are compatible with the view that depletion of retrogradely transported factors from the peripheral innervation territory (including the distal nerve stump) to the perikaryon and/or a premature return of anterogradely transported substances at the site of drug exposure are factors inducing retrograde neuronal and nonneuronal changes.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Incorporation of plasma [14C]palmitate into the hypoglossal nucleus following unilateral axotomy of the hypoglossal nerve in adult rat, with and without regeneration.

Incorporation of plasma [14C]palmitate into the hypoglossal nucleus of the rat following transection, with and without regeneration of the hypoglossal nerve, was studied using quantitative autoradiography. The left hypoglossal nerve of 3-month-old, male Fischer-344 rats was transected using either: (1) an R-operation, which allowed nerve regeneration; or (2) a D-operation, in which regeneration was prevented. One to 84 days after axotomy, [14C]palmitate was injected intravenously and its rates of incorporation into stable structures of the left and right hypoglossal nuclei were measured at 4 h after injection. Following the R-operation, incorporation into the left hypoglossal nucleus was increased during and following axonal regeneration (up to 23% compared to control side), whereas incorporation was decreased 6-7% in the absence of regeneration, using the D-operation. The time courses of incorporation in both cases corresponded to histological changes, especially cell membrane changes following axotomy and suggest that [14C]palmitate incorporation reflects regenerative and degenerative neuronal changes associated with changes in lipid synthesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Hypoglossal nerve palsy after posterior screw placement on the C-1 lateral mass. Case report.

Atlantoaxial fixation in which C1-2 screw-rod fixation is performed is a relatively new method. Because reports about this technique are rather scant, little is known about its associated complications. In this report the authors introduce hypoglossal nerve palsy as a complication of this novel posterior atlantoaxial stabilization method. A 67-year-old man underwent a C1-2 screw-rod fixation for persistent neck pain resulting from a Type 2 odontoid fracture that involved disruption of the transverse atlantal ligament. Posterior instrumentation in which a C-1 lateral mass screw and C-2 pedicle screw were placed was performed. Postoperatively, the patient suffered dysphagia with deviation of the tongue to the left side. At the 4-month follow-up examination, bone fusion was noted on plain x-ray studies of the cervical spine. His hypoglossal nerve palsy resolved completely 2 months postoperatively. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report in the literature of hypoglossal nerve palsy following C1-2 screw-rod fixation. The hypoglossal nerve is one of the structures that can be damaged during C-1 lateral mass screw placement.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

[Course of the hypoglossal nerve in tongue musculature].

BACKGROUND: The main trunk of the hypoglossal nerve enters the tongue body anterior to the hypoglossal muscle and runs in a medial direction. RESULTS: Close to the lingual septum, the nerve changes its direction to a superior path and in a second change to an anterior path. The terminal branches disperse in the apical part of the tongue. To avoid injury of the hypoglossal nerve during surgical procedures within the body of the tongue, two fingerbreadth areas should be preserved. The first area lies in a vertical direction, from the entry of the nerve up to the longitudinal superior and inferior muscles. The second area extends from here in an anterior direction up to the lingual apex.

Glossectomy↗
PubMed2003

Solitary fibrous tumor of the hypoglossal nerve.

SUMMARY: We report a case of solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) causing isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy. The neuroimaging appearance of the tumor was indistinguishable from that of schwannoma or meningioma. Immunohistochemical tests demonstrated strong reactivity for CD34 but an absence of staining for S100 and epithelial membrane antigen; this profile is indicative of an SFT. SFTs are mesenchymal tumors that can affect the dura-covered segments of cranial nerves. They may be considered in the differential diagnosis of an isolated cranial nerve palsy.

Antigens, CD34↗
PubMed2003

[Isolated unilateral hypoglossal nerve paralysis: a report of two cases].

Two cases of unilateral isolated hypoglossal nerve paralysis are presented. One patient (aged 56 years, male) had a history of intubation during open cardiac surgery. Spontaneous clinical improvement was observed about 3.5 months after the onset of paralysis. In the other patient (aged 42 years, female), the onset of paralysis dated back 23 years before. Since no etiologic cause could be determined to be associated with hypoglossal nerve paralysis either at the time of onset or on final examinations, the case was thought to be idiopathic. No clinical improvement was observed during a six-month follow-up period.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bilateral hypoglossal nerve paralysis after irradiation therapy.

Cancericidal doses of irradiation therapy to be the head and neck may be followed by paralysis of cranial nerves due to fibrosis of tissue about the nerves and infiltration of the nerves with fibrous tissue. The hypoglossal nerve is particularly prone to this delayed effect of irradiation therapy and a case is presented here in which there was bilateral hypoglossal paresis appearing three years after therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Determination of the changes in the hypoglossal nerve function after suspension laryngoscopy with needle electromyography of the tongue.

The purpose of this study was to determine changes in the hypoglossal nerve function after suspension laryngoscopy with needle electromyography of the tongue. This study also attempted to determine the possible relationship between the predictive factors of intubation difficulty by using the intubation difficulty scale, which was introduced by Adnet et al., duration of suspension laryngoscopy and changes in hypoglossal nerve function after suspension laryngoscopy. The study was performed on 39 patients who underwent suspension laryngoscopy for benign glottic pathology. Pre-operative airway assessment was evaluated by the intubation difficulty scale and the duration of suspension laryngoscopy was recorded. Needle electromyography of the tongue was performed three or four weeks after the suspension laryngoscopy. After needle electromyography of the tongue, increased polyphasia was found in 13 patients (33 per cent), bilaterally in three of them. The interference pattern was reduced in two of these 13 patients. There was no statistically significant difference in predictive factors of intubation difficulty and the duration of the operation between these 13 patients with increased polyphasia and the remaining 26 patients with completely normal electromyography findings. These findings show that, in spite of normal clinical tongue function, subclinical changes can be detected by needle electromyography of the tongue after suspension laryngoscopy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy due to internal carotid artery dissection.

A case of an isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy is reported. The differential diagnosis is discussed, in the context of the requirement for careful scrutiny of the entire course of the hypoglossal nerve on imaging, to detect underlying pathology remote from the tongue, and to avoid unnecessary invasive diagnostic procedures prompted by the appearance of a 'pseudomass' of the weak tongue both clinically and radiologically.

Carotid Artery, Internal, Dissection↗
PubMed1999

The blood supply of the hypoglossal nerve and its relevance to carotid endarterectomy.

Since the hypoglossal nerve is liable to injury during carotid endarterectomy and similar procedures, its blood supply was examined in microinjection studies of human cadavers. The nerve is supplied by arteries that arise from the ascending pharyngeal artery as it exits from the hypoglossal canal, the occipital artery as the nerve passes under its branch to the sternomastoid muscle, direct branches from the external carotid artery, and branches from the ascending pharyngeal artery just near the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. Within and close to the tongue, the nerve is supplied by branches from the lingual artery. Damage to the vessels supplying the nerve may account for some cases of hypoglossal palsy after carotid endarterectomy. Possible mechanisms are ischaemia, thermal or electrical injury from diathermy current conducted to the nerve, or intraneural haematoma from rupturing one or more of these fine vessels.

Arteries↗
PubMed1987

Isolated unilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy due to a chondroid chordoma.

A case is described of an isolated unilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy due to a tumour which was removed surgically from the hypoglossal canal. The pathological findings showed the features of a chondroid chordoma. This case is unusual because intracranial causes of isolated unilateral hypoglossal nerve palsies are rare, and because the chondroid chordoma had arisen laterally, either close to or within the hypoglossal canal.

Chordoma↗
PubMed1999

Prevention of the death of the rat axotomized hypoglossal nerve and promotion of its regeneration by bovine brain gangliosides.

We have examined the time course of the neuronal death and regeneration of rat axotomized hypoglossal nerve with various conditions of the nerve resection, and established a useful system to measure neurotrophic activities of bioactive substances. In this system, neuronal death can be evaluated by counting surviving neurons in the nucleus of hypoglossal neuron at the brain stem, and the degree of the regeneration can be measured by counting horseradish peroxidase-positive cells at the same region after injection of horseradish peroxidase into tongue. Using this system, the effects of brain gangliosides on rat hypoglossal nerve regeneration following 5 mm transection were examined. The addition of a ganglioside mixture from bovine brain as well as the autograft strongly prevented the death of neurons and promoted the regeneration of the lesioned nerve at 10 weeks after the operation. Further analyses on the dose effects and injection sites of gangliosides were performed. Although the mechanisms of the neurotrophic effects of the gangliosides are unknown, the therapeutic application of gangliosides for neuronal degeneration is a promising approach.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Neuroimaging abnormalities with hypoglossal nerve palsies.

Seven patients with acute or chronic unilateral hypoglossal nerve lesions were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. In the patients with acute to subacute paralysis of the tongue, the base of the ipsilateral side of the tongue appeared expanded with increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images. This appearance suggested an infiltrative mass lesion within the tongue. These radiographic findings are due to the pathophysiological process of nerve injury and muscle denervation.

Adult↗