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PubMed1993

Activation, travel distance, and environmental change influence food carrying in rats with hippocampal, medial thalamic and septal lesions: implications for studies on hoarding and theories of hippocampal function.

Rats transport food from exposed areas to covered areas where they eat it or leave it. Although there is evidence that limbic structures play a role in food transport, their role is controversial. Here it was found that although many rats with large hippocampal, septal/diagonal band of Broca or dorsomedial thalamic lesions did not carry food but ate it where they found it, a few presentations of an auditory stimulus could restore food carrying. Once restored, most features of food carrying in hippocampal rats were normal in relation to food presentation schedules, deprivation levels, ambient illumination, circadian cycles, food size, and eating times. Nevertheless, food carrying impairments re-emerged when the testing environment was changed. Hippocampal rats were also excessively responsive to increases in travel distance and stopped carrying food at distances over which control rats would still carry large food pellets. Auditory stimulation did not restore food carrying over long travel distances. The findings that sensory stimulation, environmental change, and travel distance influence food carrying probabilities in rats with limbic system lesions is discussed in relation to research on limbic control of food hoarding and theories of limbic system function.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Hoarding and severe neglect. A case report].

Severe neglect of the living space due to excessive collection of unusable objects and refuse has been named "Vermuellung" (complete congestion with garbage) since 1985 in the German literature. The internationally used terms 'hoarding' or 'Diogenes syndrome' are in fact neither synonyms nor direct translations of the term. The condition is a problem mainly in social and geriatric psychiatry, yet it is seen also in young subjects without psychopathologic features. A frequent cause for the condition is obsessive-compulsive disorder, but several other disorders are associated with it. A 58-year-old female patient with severe Vermuellung due to obsessive-compulsive disorder is presented.

Aging↗
PubMed2003

Seasonality in daily body mass variation in a hoarding boreal passerine.

We studied the body mass variation from autumn to winter, in a free-living population of willow tits ( Parus montanus), a food-hoarding passerine living year-round in boreal forests. Our aim was to find out whether this population exhibits 'winter fattening' as part of the annual body mass cycle. 'True winter fattening' is considered to be a strategic response to winter conditions. The strategy includes an increase in both the morning mass and the daily mass increase, as winter approaches. A multivariate approach was used to find which predictors (year, date, age, sex, body size, temperature and snow depth) explained the mass variation in birds measured twice per day. Morning mass variation was explained by sex, age, wing length and snow depth. Independently, date explained morning mass variation only in adult males. None of the predictors explained the variation observed in daily mass increase in any age or sex class. Therefore, we failed to detect winter fattening in our study population of willow tits. Response to increasing night length is not due to higher absolute intake, but to higher energy acquisition rate and decreased night-time energy consumption. The results suggest that willow tits at high latitudes manage increasing energy demands on a short-term basis and respond flexibly to changing conditions by adjusting foraging efficiency and especially night-time energy expenditure.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1990

Psychophysical methods for study of sensory-motor behavior using a food-carrying (hoarding) task in rodents.

Rodents (rat, mouse, gerbil) display species-typical food-handling movements that are dependent upon features of the food they are given. They swallow small pieces of food directly, eat medium-sized pieces from their forepaws, and carry (hoard) large pieces of food to refugees for consumption or storage. Both food size and anticipated eating time influence the occurrence of a given movement. Response speeds are also influenced by food size. The latency to initiate food-carrying and travel-speed during food-carrying are inversely related to the size of food, while the latency to return to the food source for more food is directly related to the amount of food just eaten. Using menu-driven computer programs, event relays and photocells, and videorecording methods, the food handling movements can be both monitored and quantified. Use of the method is illustrated by showing how manipulations such as familiarity with the environment, environmental lighting, food pellet size and peripheral and central processes influence movements and response speeds. The procedure provides a useful way to study sensorimotor processes, motivation and reinforcement processes, and memory and cognitive processes used in foraging.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Two types of motivation revealed by ibotenic acid nucleus accumbens lesions: dissociation of food carrying and hoarding and the role of primary and incentive motivation.

Rats with dopamine-depleting lesions of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) no longer carry food and leave it in a refuge (carry-to-leave or hoard). The present study replicates this finding and extends it to rats with ibotenic acid lesions. The same rats, however, were found to carry food to a refuge to eat it (carry-to-eat). Thus, within a test session, control rats would first carry food to eat it, and when sated, carry the remaining food to leave it in the refuge. NAcc food-deprived rats carried food to eat it but when sated engaged mainly in exploratory behavior. When carrying-to-eat, NAcc rats modulated responses normally to food size and eating time, their movement speed and motor patterns were normal, and their eating times were normal. Nevertheless, they were slower to return for food after eating, and they did not show normal slowing of eating times with successively presented food pellets. The failure of NAcc rats to carry-to-leave when sated was not related to general inactivity. In activity tests, they were as active in the light, more active in the dark, and did not differ from control rats under amphetamine (1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg). Their impairments were also not related to damage to other forebrain related structures, as they displayed normal neocortical and hippocampal atropine-sensitive and atropine-resistant electroencephalograms (EEG). The finding that NAcc rats carry-to-eat when hungry but do not carry-to-leave when sated suggests two separate conclusions. First, food carrying can be dissociated into two separate actions with respect to neural control, carrying-to-eat and carrying-to-leave. Second, the selective involvement of the NAcc in only carrying-to-leave suggests that it is associated with recruiting actions in response to the secondary incentive features of food but is not required for behaviors associated with food consumption. Other structures are presumably activated by the primary drive-reducing features of food. The results are discussed in relation to two-factor theories of motivation.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Handling and isolation in three strains of rats affect open field, exploration, hoarding and predation.

Male albino (Al), brown hooded (Br) and black hooded (Bl) rats were raised in social isolation or in pairs, with or without systematic handling. At 90 and 180 days of age, the animals were individually tested for activity in an open field (Of), exploratory behavior in a complex environment, food hoarding (Hd) and insect predation (Pd). Multivariate analysis of the results showed significant influences of all three factors (strain, handling and social isolation) and interactions among them. Strain affected Of, Hd and Pd, with contrastingly high performances of Br in Of, Al in Hd and Bl in Pd. Handling increased Of and exploration scores in both test series. Isolation induced higher performances in all the four behaviors in the second test series. Accentuated and stable individual differences occurred in the performances off all the behaviors. The results emphasize the subtleness and complexity of the interplay of genetic and environmental influences and stress the independence of the regulatory processes of different behaviors.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Expression of immediate early genes in the hippocampal formation of the black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) during a food-hoarding task.

Black-capped chickadees store food in many different locations in their home range and are able to accurately remember these locations. We measured the number of cells immunopositive for three different Immediate Early Gene products (Fra-1, c-Fos and ZENK) to map neuronal activity in the chickadee Hippocampal Formation (HF) during food storing and retrieval. Fra-1-like immunoreactivity is downregulated in the dorsal HF of both storing and retrieving chickadees compared to controls. In retrieving birds, the number of Fos-like immunoreactive neurons relates to the number of items remembered, while the number of ZENK-like immunoreactive neurons in the HF may be related to the accuracy of cache retrieval. These results imply that the brain might process complex information by recruiting more neurons into the network of active neurons. Thus, our results could help explain why food-hoarding birds have more HF neurons than non-hoarders, and why this number increases in autumn when large numbers of food items are cached.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

Scatter-hoarding rodents and marsupials: convergent evolution on diverging continents.

Neotropical rainforests host a rich community of fruit-eating animals, among them neotropical scatter-hoarding rodents that bury seeds in soil. These animals perform an important community-building process because the seeds germinate and establish seedlings away from the parent plant. In three recent studies, researchers have demonstrated a comparable role for paleotropical rodents in southeast Asia. With the discovery that a frugivorous kangaroo behaves similarly to its neotropical rodent counterpart, a new level has been reached in our understanding of the evolution of tropical forests.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Effect of dexfenfluramine on body weight set-point: study in the rat with hoarding behaviour.

The food hoarding behaviour paradigm (HB) was used to evaluate the modification of the set-point of body weight (BW) regulation induced by dexfenfluramine (D-FF) in rats fed with chow or previously made obese by a cafeteria diet for 51 days. Daily injections of D-FF at a dose of 7 mg/kg (i.p.) induced a 58.5 g shift-down of the BW set-point in a group of chow fed rats submitted to HB measurement, and induced an equivalent weight reducing effect in a control-BW group always fed with chow ad libitum. In the rats fed ad libitum with the cafeteria diet, the BW reducing effect of D-FF(7 mg/kg/day) was about twice as great as in the lean rats. The HB measurement indicates that the vehicle-injected/cafeteria-obese rats had a BW set-point 54.6 g lower than the BW they reached when fed ad libitum with the cafeteria diet. It was concluded that the hyperphagia induced by the cafeteria diet was above that needed for BW regulation, and that D-FF may suppress this unregulated weight increase. In the cafeteria-obese rats submitted to HB measurement and D-FF injections a BW set-point 110.7 g lower than their initial ad libitum BW was observed. It is concluded that D-FF has induced a double effect in these rats: (1) a shift-down of the BW set-point and (2) the suppression of the unregulated weight increase induced by the cafeteria diet.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Evidence from catch-up growth and hoarding behavior of rats that exposure to hypobaric air lowers the body-mass set point.

The depression of body growth rate and the reduction of body mass for chronological age and gender in growing experimental animals exposed to hypobaric air (simulated high altitude = SHA) have been associated with hypophagia because of reduced appetite. Catch-up growth during protein recovery after a short period of protein restriction only occurs if food intake becomes super-normal, which should not be possible under hypoxic conditions if the set-point for appetite is adjusted by the level of SHA. The present investigation was designed to test the hypothesis that growth retardation during exposure to SHA is due to an alteration of the neural mechanism for setting body mass size rather than a primary alteration of the central set-point for appetite. One group of female rats aged 35 d were exposed to SHA (5460m) in a SHA chamber for 27 d (HX rats). Other group was maintained under local barometric pressure conditions (NX rats). One half of both NX and HX rats were fed a protein-free diet for the initial 9 d of the experimental period. From this time on, they were fed a diet containing 20% protein, as were the remaining rats of both groups during the entire experimental period. The growth rates of both mass and length of the body were significantly depressed in well-nourished rats exposed to SHA during the entire observation period when compared to normoxic ones. At its end, body mass and body length were 24% and 21% less in HX than in NX rats. Growth rates were negatively affected by protein restriction in both NX and HX rats. During protein recovery, they reached supernormal values in response to supernormal levels of energy intake that allowed a complete catch-up of both body mass and length. The finding that energy intake during the period of protein rehabilitation in HX rats previously stunted by protein restriction was markedly higher than in HX control ones at equal levels of hypoxia demonstrates that the degree of hypoxia does not determine directly the degree of appetite and energy intake. Furthermore, the finding that catch-up growth in the stunted HX rats returns the animal only to the stunted size appropriate for the hypoxic animal supports the hypothesis that hypoxia lowers the set-point for body mass size, which is reached by inhibition of appetite. Confirmation of the hypothesis was done by assessment of the set-point of body mass by the behavioral method of the weight threshold to hoard food. It was lowered by 17.0% in HX rats.

Altitude↗
PubMed1988

Dexfenfluramine and body weight regulation: experimental study with hoarding behavior.

At very low doses dexfenfluramine, a serotonin agonist, is a potent inhibitor of hoarding behavior. The dose able to suppress 40% of this food motivated response (ED 40) is approximately 0.3 mg/kg. The action of dexfenfluramine is mediated through serotoninergic receptors because it is suppressed by a pretreatment with metergoline, a selective serotonin-receptor blocker, but is not modified by haloperidol, a dopamine antagonist.

Animals↗