Sports-related problems in reproductive function.
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Adolescent↗
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Results for “Human Reproductive Indexes”
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Hirsutism in women of reproductive age: relations between hormonal and clinical parameters.
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Adolescent↗
Maternal body mass index: the functional significance during reproduction.
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Adolescent↗
Association between infant birth weight and maternal cardiovascular risk factors in the health, aging, and body composition study.
PURPOSE: Mothers who deliver a low-birth-weight (LBW) infant may themselves be at excess risk for cardiovascular disease. We investigated whether older women who bore LBW infants had higher blood pressure, lipid, glucose, insulin, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein concentrations, and pulse wave velocity compared to women with normal-weight births. METHODS: Participants were 446 women with a mean age of 80 years and 47% black. Women reported birth weight and complications for each pregnancy. Analysis was limited to first births not complicated by hypertension or preeclampsia. RESULTS: Women who had delivered a first-birth infant weighing less than 2500 g had a lower body mass index (BMI) compared with women with a normal-weight (>or=2500 g) infant (26.7 versus 28.4 kg/m2; p=0.02), but they had a larger abdominal circumference for BMI (97.9 versus 95.5 cm; p=0.05). They also were marginally more likely to be administered antihypertensive medication (p=0.06). After adjustment for BMI, race, and age, women with a history of a small infant had elevations in systolic blood pressure (p=0.05) and greater IL-6 levels (p=0.02) and were more insulin resistant (p=0.05) compared with women with a normal-weight infant. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that a history of LBW delivery identifies women with elevated cardiovascular risk factors.
Black or African American↗
Implementation of the NICE guideline - recommendations from the British Fertility Society for national criteria for NHS funding of assisted conception.
Assisted conception providers in England were surveyed to establish the uptake of NICE guideline for infertility particularly in respect of assisted conception and the criteria used to accept patients for NHS funded treatment. Detailed information on selection criteria was obtained from a group of commissioning consortia at an advanced stage in their arrangements. While there was an overall increase in the number of NHS IVF cycles purchased in England, implementation is stalled at one fresh cycle in the vast majority of Primary Care Trusts (PCTs). There is little consensus about the criteria used for acceptance into an NHS programme. This is particularly so in respect of social criteria which are often arbitrary and used as a rationing tool. This information complements that provided by the survey of Primary Care Trusts performed in March 2005 by the All Party Parliamentary Group on Infertility (APPGI) in partnership with the National Infertility Awareness Campaign (NIAC) which together provide a basis for recommendations for NHS funding. The recommendations presented should be applied across England and Wales to ensure consistency, fairness and equity of access.
Adult↗
A risk index for sexually transmitted diseases.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The basic reproductive ratio, RO, is a useful measure to compare the potential for spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) between populations. But RO is a population risk measure; and individual risk index is needed. STUDY DESIGN: An individual, STD-specific potential risk index was developed based on the basic reproductive ratio formula. The index was estimated for 10,643 subjects aged 18 to 60 years taking part in surveys of sexual behavior conducted in 1987 and 1992, using human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and chlamydial infections as examples. RESULTS: Of the total population, 2.8% were at potential risk for HIV infection, and 5.2% for chlamydial infection. The two groups overlapped only partially. There where more than 15 times as many at potential risk among single subjects as among married/cohabiting subjects for both infections. CONCLUSIONS: The risk index developed measures STD-specific potential risk. It can be used to estimate the size of risk groups in populations, and the association between risk and sociodemographic and behavioral variables. Further research is needed to include the effects of partner mixing in the index.
Adolescent↗
Lifetime socioeconomic position in relation to onset of perimenopause.
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between lifetime socioeconomic position and onset of perimenopause. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Boston, Massachusetts. PARTICIPANTS: 603 premenopausal women aged 36-45 years at baseline who completed a cross sectional survey on childhood and adult socioeconomic position. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Time to perimenopause, defined as time in months from baseline interview to a woman's report of (1) an absolute change of at least seven days in menstrual cycle length from baseline or subjective report of menstrual irregularity; (2) a change in menstrual flow amount or duration; or (3) cessation of periods for at least three months, whichever came first. MAIN RESULTS: Incidence of perimenopause was 1.75 times higher (95%CI 1.10 to 2.79) and median age at onset was 1.2 years younger (44.7 v 45.9 years) for women reporting childhood and adult economic distress compared with women reporting no lifetime economic distress. After adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, age at menarche, parity, oral contraceptive use, family history of early menopause, depression, smoking, and body mass index, the association weakened (incidence rate ratio (IRR)=1.59; 95%CI 0.97 to 2.61). Inverse associations were observed for most, but not all, measures of educational level. Measures of current household income were not associated with risk of perimenopause. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that adverse socioeconomic conditions across the lifespan, when measured in terms of economic hardship and low educational attainment, may be associated with an increased rate of entry into perimenopause.
Adult↗
[The coexistence of endometrial cancer with second primary malignant neoplasms].
OBJECTIVE: An epidemiologic study of multiple primary malignant neoplasms with endometrial cancer patients is presented. Coexistence of endometrial carcinoma with second primary malignant neoplasms was evaluated and controlled for age, residence, civil status, education, parity, menarche age, last menstruation age, length of reproductive period, blood group, hypertension, diabetes, body mass index, sterility, histological subtype, grading, staging. DESIGN: From 1984-1998 136 endometrial carcinomas have been evaluated in the Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics in Hospital of Słupsk retrospectively. All double and triple neoplasms have been histologically recorded, doubtful cases have been excluded. MATERIAL & METHODS: Of 136 endometrial carcinomas 16 (11.6%) were multiple malignant neoplasms. Of these neoplasms 9 (6.6%) occur together with breast cancer, 3 (2.2%) with ovarian carcinoma, 1 (0.7%) with stomach carcinoma, 1 (0.7%) with rectum carcinoma, 1 (0.7%) with carcinoma in focus of endometriosis and 1 (0.7%) coexists with double neoplasms (bowel and endometriosis carcinoma) During the 14-year period of study, 15 patients (11.0%) out of 136 patients diagnosed as having endometrial cancer had double and 1 (0.6%) had triple primary malignant neoplasms. There was not significant difference in age rate (p = 0.72), residence rate (p = 0.93), civil status rate (p = 0.76), education rate (p = 0.70), parity rate (p = 0.76), menarche age rate (p = 0.46), blood group rate (p = 0.45), hypertension rate (p = 0.94), diabetes rate (p = 1.0), not overweight status rate (BMI < 29) (p = 0.55), sterility rate (p = 0.45), histological subtype rate (p = 0.39), grading rate (p = 0.67), staging rate (p = 0.26) between both patients group (with and without second primary malignant neoplasma). We observed statistically significant difference in body mass index (BMI > 32) rate (p = 0.03), last menstruation age rate (p = 0.04), length of reproductive period rate (p = 0.04) between both patients group (with and without second primary malignant neoplasma). CONCLUSION: Patients with endometrial cancer should be carefully and regularly followed up by monitoring et every anatomic site, especially the breast, stomach, and colon, in order that the development of a second primary carcinoma can be detected as early as possible, and not be overlooked in examinations. Additional risk factors for endometrial carcinoma with multiple malignant neoplasma include: menopause occurring after age fifty-one; obese women with body mass index (BMI) higher than 32; reproductive period longer than 37 years.
Adult↗
[Indexes of male reproductive gonadal function (II). 17 beta-Estradiol levels in seminal plasma].
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Estradiol↗
Lag in endometrial morphology in artificially reproduced cycles (ARC).
To observe if endometrial artificially reproduced cycles were identical to the natural spontaneous ones, we have matched for the endometria of 22 assessed spontaneous ovulating women and 16 postmenopausal ones sequentially treated with exogenous ovarian steroid hormones. The endometrial samples were drawn in the middle luteal phase (20th-22nd of an ideal cycle, 6-8 days from ultrasound assessed ovulation or progesterone exposure), because this is the "implantation window" period. These results can be particularly interesting in the FIV-OD technique that implyes the implantation of the zygote in a fully matured endometrium. Adversely to previous reports there was always an endometrial hystologic lag (2 min.-4 max. days) in all the artificially reproduced cycles observed, while no other endometrial anomalies were found in these last ones. Probably the contrasting results of the previous studies agree with the later timing of endometrial biopsy, because in the late luteal artificially reproduced or spontaneous endometrium there is no hystological difference.
Adult↗
[Voluntary surgical sterilization by laparoscopy in cases of cardiovascular diseases. Prospective study of 19 cases].
Nineteen women with cardiovascular disease underwent voluntary per-celioscopic sterilisation under local anesthesia at the La Rabta Maternity and Neonatology Centre, Tunis, Tunisia, between 1 July 1988 and 31 March 1989. There were 8 cases of hypertension, 1 of mitral insufficiency and 10 cases of surgically treated valve disease (6 cases of commissurotomy for mitral stenosis and 4 valve replacements). Mean parity of the women was 5 and mean age 35.4. Their educational level was low. Thirteen of them had never used contraception and 4 had had at least 2 therapeutic abortions. Local anesthesia with analgesia was well appreciated since 15 women remained calm and experienced no pain. The procedure involved minimal pneumoperitoneum and Trendelenburg. Recourse to minilaparotomy under general anesthesia was necessary in only one case. The authors stress the importance of counselling patients at the onset and of cooperation with cardiologists and anesthesiologists, and discuss peri-operative treatment protocols (anticoagulants, antibiotics) in particular.
Adult↗
Energy requirements of women of reproductive age.
BACKGROUND: The energy requirements of women have been based on total energy expenditure (TEE) derived from the factorial approach or as multiples of basal metabolic rate (BMR). OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to reevaluate the energy requirements of healthy, moderately active underweight, normal-weight, and overweight women of reproductive age. DESIGN: The energy requirements of 116 women [n = 13 with a low body mass index (BMI), n = 70 with a normal BMI, and n = 33 with a high BMI] were estimated from TEE measured by the doubly labeled water method. Twenty-four-hour EE and BMR were measured by room respiration calorimetry, activity EE was estimated from nonbasal EE as TEE - BMR, and physical activity level was calculated as TEE/BMR. Body composition was derived from a multicomponent model. Fitness, strength, and physical activity level were assessed, and fasting serum indexes were measured. RESULTS: Energy requirements differed among the low-BMI (8.9 +/- 0.9 MJ/d), normal-BMI (10.1 +/- 1.4 MJ/d), and high-BMI (11.5 +/- 1.9 MJ/d) groups (P = 0.02-0.001, all pairwise comparisons). Major predictors of BMR, 24-h EE, and TEE were weight, height, and body composition; minor predictors were fasting metabolic profile and fitness. Fat-free mass and fat mass accounted for the differences in EE seen between the BMI groups. The mean physical activity level of 1.86 suggested that the multiples of BMR used to estimate energy requirements have been underestimated. CONCLUSION: Recommended energy intakes for healthy, moderately active women of reproductive age living in industrialized societies should be revised on the basis of TEE.
Adult↗
Reproductive performance, pain recurrence and disease relapse after conservative surgical treatment for endometriosis: the predictive value of the current classification system.
BACKGROUND: To assess the predictive value of the current classification of endometriosis in terms of response to surgical treatment, we studied to what extent disease stage, lesion type and lesion site were associated with post-operative pregnancy rate, symptom recurrence and disease relapse. METHODS: A total of 729 women with endometriosis undergoing first-line conservative laparoscopic surgery were included. Data on age at surgery, disease stage according to the revised American Fertility Society (AFS) classification, anatomical characteristics of endometriotic lesions, fertility status and types and severity of pain symptoms were collected. RESULTS: Minimal endometriosis was present in 222 patients, mild in 106, moderate in 197 and severe in 204. The cumulative probability of pregnancy at 3 years from surgery in 537 infertile women was 47% (51% at stage I, 45% at stage II, 46% at stage III and 44% at stage IV; log-rank test, chi(2)3=1.50, P=0.68). The cumulative probability of moderate or severe dysmenorrhoea recurrence in 425 symptomatic subjects was 24% (32% at stage I, 24% at stage II, 21% at stage III and 19% at stage IV; log-rank test, chi2(3)=6.39, P=0.094). The cumulative probability of disease relapse was 12% (3% at stage I, 11% at stage II, 11% at stage III and 23% at stage IV; log-rank test, chi(2)3=24.95, P=0.0001). Using Cox's multivariate proportional hazards regression analysis, no association was observed between endometriosis stage or lesion type and lesion site and any of the considered study outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The current classification of endometriosis has an inadequate predictive value with regard to the major clinical outcomes.
Adult↗
[Determinants of the age at natural menopause].
The age at natural menopause (ANM) varies due to environmental and genetic factors. Smoking accelerates ANM by about 1.5-2 years. Other factors which accelerate ANM are: nulliparity, short-length menstrual cycles and unilateral oophorectomy. In contrast, factors such as irregular menstrual cycles, height socioeconomic status, parity and giving birth before the age 25 all delay ANM. Nutritional factors also affect ANM. For example, vegetarian diet accelerates ANM by about 2 years; a high intake of fat, cholesterol, coffee also accelerate menopause, while moderate alcohol consumption delays it. However, the influence of dietary factors has not been adequately documented due to a relatively small number of studies. Moreover, genetic factors seem to influence ANM: for example, early menopausal age of the mother correlates with early menopausal age of her daughter. Factors such as the age at menarche, spontaneous abortions, passive smoking, weight and height, breast feeding, using of oral contraceptives, employment and depression, have all been suggested to influence menopausal age, but their impact needs to be established. Therefore, there is a need for longterm, follow-up studies which would allow to evaluate the impact of life style factors, including dietary factors on ANM. The knowledge of factors influencing ANM is crucial for medical practice, public health and reproductive biology. Menopause is the period during which serious health problems such as cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis occur with increasing frequency. Knowing the factors which determine menopausal age may lead to lifestyle changes (such as not smoking), which would result in delaying menopause, and therefore prolonging natural estrogen protection.
Age of Onset↗
[Fertility and its intra-urban differentials of human development, São Paulo, Brazil, 1997].
OBJECTIVE: To assess potential discrepancies in reproductive patterns of women living in areas at different levels of human development by analyzing their total fertility rates and age-specific rates. METHODS: Ninety-six districts of the city of São Paulo (Brazil) were grouped in 5 areas according to their human development index (HDI). Women aged 15 to 49 years were included in the study and data was obtained from live birth certificates during the year of 1997. Data was collected from live birth certificates and population census for the year 1996. The following variables were analyzed: HDI; district of mother's residence and mother's age. RESULTS: The total fertility rate (TFR) for women living in the lowest HDI area was 2.62, and the highest specific fertility rate (SFR of 151/1,000) was found for the age group 20-24 years. For the area of highest HDI, the TFR was 1.67, and the age group of 25-29 showed the highest SFR (93/1,000). CONCLUSIONS: Women living in higher HDI areas showed a lower TFR and they tended to begin their reproductive life later in life, which suggests the coexistence of different reproductive patterns in the city of São Paulo.
Adolescent↗
Reproductive and dietary determinants of the age at menopause in EPIC-Heidelberg.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to explore the influence of reproductive and dietary factors on the age at menopause. METHODS: During follow-up of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort in Heidelberg (median duration 5.8 years), 1009 women experienced natural menopause. They were compared to 3798 women who did not experience menopause. Baseline dietary intake was obtained by means of validated food frequency questionnaires. Data on reproductive history and medication was collected by means of questionnaires. Cox' proportional hazard models were applied in order to identify determinants of the age at natural menopause. RESULTS: Increasing age at first full term pregnancy and a longer time interval until occurrences of regular menses are associated with later onset of natural menopause. Compared to never smokers, current smokers have the risk of younger age at menopause. High carbohydrate consumption and high intake of vegetable, fibre and cereal products are inversely related to the age at natural menopause. Women with higher intake of total fat, protein and meat experienced a delayed onset of natural menopause. CONCLUSION: Age at natural menopause is influenced by lifestyle and dietary factors. Further studies including biological markers are needed to clarify these associations.
Adult↗
From sequencing to annotating: extending the metaphor of the book of life from genetics to genomics.
The article discusses how the metaphor of the Book of Life was extended over time to cover the life cycle of the Human Genome Project from genetics to genomics. In particular, the focus is on the role of extendable metaphors in the debate on the Human Genome Project in three European newspapers, popular scientific journals and scientific and scholarly articles from 1990 to 2002. In these different domains of use, various parts of the metaphor were highlighted. The metaphor of Book of Life was mainly used to justify the continuation of the gene research from gene sequencing to comparative genomics. Readily extendable metaphors, such as the Book of Life, function as useful communicative tools both over time and across domains of use.
Abstracting and Indexing↗
Is inhibin B involved in the toxic effect of lead on male reproduction?
Human studies indicate exposure to lead is associated with decreased sperm quality with modest, if any, effects on conventional reproductive endocrine profile. Inhibin B is a marker of Sertoli cell function and spermatogenesis. The present study evaluates possible effects of lead exposure on serum levels of inhibin B in a group of lead workers as compared with a non-exposed group of hospital personnel. The study population included 68 healthy Belgian workers from a lead smelter (Hoboken, Belgium) and for comparison a control group of 91 hospital personnel (University Hospital Ghent, Belgium). Semen analysis and measurement of current blood lead levels and serum levels of inhibin B, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol (E2). Lead workers had significantly lower sperm concentration (35 vs. 51 million/mL) and higher serum inhibin B (259 vs. 177 pg/mL) as well as lead blood levels 30.9 vs. 3.4 mug/dL) compared with the hospital personnel (all p < 0.05). Serum FSH and E2 levels were similar in both groups. Overall, inhibin B levels correlated significantly positively with blood lead levels and sperm concentration while it was negatively correlated with serum FSH. In multiple regression analysis of data from all participants, blood lead and serum FSH (p < 0.0001 for both) followed by sperm count (p = 0.007) were selected as the only independent variables for inhibin B with an R-adjusted coefficient of determination of 0.3714. The results of the present study suggest that the exposure of the cells of Sertoli to excessive amounts of lead results in inappropriate inhibin B overproduction that may be involved in the impairment of spermatogenesis.
Adult↗