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PubMed2000

Development of neuronal responsiveness in the mediorostral neostriatum/hyperstriatum ventrale during auditory filial imprinting in domestic chicks.

Chronic electrophysiological recordings of slow field potentials from tone-imprinted chicks show significantly enhanced fast Fourier transform (FFT) power during playback of rhythmic 400-Hz imprinting tone stimuli in the presence of a surrogate mother. The FFT power was already significantly higher during the very first imprinting session, when the chick was exposed to the imprinting tone stimuli in the presence of the surrogate mother compared to spontaneous activity (EEG recordings). During discrimination tests, where individual chicks were exposed to the imprinting tone stimuli in alternation to rhythmic 700-Hz tone stimuli (discrimination tone stimuli), the FFT power was significantly higher during playback of the imprinting tone stimuli than the FFT power during playback of the discrimination tone stimuli. Chicks which were imprinted in the absence of the surrogate mother also show enhanced FFT power in the course of the imprinting sessions; however, in contrast to the first group, they did not show significant differences in the FFT power during playback of either the imprinting or discrimination tone stimuli in the discrimination tests. Our results suggest that the high FFT power of a potential imprinting stimulus or situation, which is expressed in newborn (still naive) chicks, is maintained only when the chicks form an association between the tone stimuli and a positive emotional situation (represented by the surrogate mother).

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1975

A forebrain lesion preventing imprinting in domestic chicks.

Newly hatched domestic chicks were subjected to bilateral aspiration lesions of the anterior, dorsal, posterior or lateral regions of the forebrain and then were reared separately with one of two types of imprinting object. Between 3 and 10 days later they were tested for imprinting, pecking accuracy, visual looming and auditory startle responses. Lateral and dorsal lesion groups differed from a control group in the number of successful discriminations of their imprinting object and the lateral group was not significantly different from a random expectancy. All groups were impaired in pecking accuracy but the lateral group was the most severely affected. Looming responses and post startle freezing behaviour were reduced only in the posterior and dorsal groups which were also the least responsive in the imprinting tests. It was concluded that the lateral forebrain area is critically and specifically involved in the visual learning of imprinting being necessary for the discrimination of, but not for approach responsiveness to, imprinting objects.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Forebrain lesions and retention of imprinting in domestic chicks.

Newly-hatched domestic chicks were reared separately with one of two types of imprinting object hanging in their cages. On the 5th day discrimination tests demonstrated strong preferences for the familiar object. On the 6th day the chicks were subjected to bilateral aspiration lesions of either the anterior or the lateral forebrain and their imprinting objects removed from the cage. Discrimination tests were made on the 9th and 12th days, the imprinting objects replaced, and a final relearning test given on the 14th day. The anterior lesion group was slightly impaired in the retention and relearning tests while the lateral lesion group was drastically affected, being significantly worse than the anterior group and with choices only just significantly above random expectation in the retention tests and no different from random choice in the relearning test. It was concluded that a lateral forebrain region is necessary for retention and relearning of a previously acquired imprinted preference.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Imprinting. An electron microscopic study of chick hyperstriatum ventrale.

Fourteen chicks were hatched and reared in darkness to approximately equal to 21 h when they were exposed to overhead illumination for 0.5 h and then to an imprinting stimulus (a pulsing red light) for 20 min. The chicks were then matched in pairs on the basis of their activity. One member of each pair was returned to the dark and the other was trained for a further 120 min. All chicks were killed approximately equal to 6.5 h after the onset of training and perfused with fixative. Blocks were removed bilaterally from a restricted part of the hyperstriatum ventrale and prepared for electron-microscopy. Various synaptic features were measured, all counts being performed 'blind'. In undertrained chicks the length of the synaptic apposition zone in this part of the left hemisphere was shorter than that in the right by a mean value of 35 +/- 11.4 (SEM) nm. Further training eliminated this difference. No other synaptic measurements were affected by prolonging the period of training.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Imprinting. A study of cholinergic receptor sites in parts of the chick brain.

The distribution of cholinergic receptor binding sites was studied in certain areas of the chick brain, especially that part (IMHV) of hyperstriatum ventrale which has previously been implicated in the imprinting process. There was relatively little binding of [125I]-alpha-bungarotoxin in this region, as shown using an autoradiographic technique. In contrast muscarinic receptor sites, with an affinity for [3H]-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB), are present in relatively high concentration in a medial forebrain sample containing IMHV and also in a visual projection area, the hyperstriatum accessorium (HA). To assess the effects of imprinting on the concentration of QNB binding sites 26 young chicks were exposed to an imprinting stimulus (a pulsing red light) for 20 min. Thirteen of the chicks were returned to the dark and the other 13 were trained for a further 100 min. There was no effect of further training on specific QNB binding in HA or in the medial forebrain sample. In undertrained chicks there was a positive correlation between QNB binding in the medial forebrain sample of the left hemisphere and that in the right; there was no such relationship in overtrained birds. Mean QNB binding in the right medial forebrain sample was greater than in the left by 21%. There was no such hemispheric asymmetry in HA.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Imprinting in the domestic chick: the role of each side of the hyperstriatum ventrale in acquisition and retention.

Previous experiments have shown that the acquisition of a preference through imprinting is impaired if part (IMHV) of the hyperstriatum ventrale is destroyed bilaterally before chicks are exposed to a visually conspicuous (training) object. The present experiments were undertaken to determine (i) whether the acquisition of a preference for the training object is possible with only one IMHV intact and, if acquisition is possible, (ii) whether destruction of this IMHV impairs retention. Chicks were hatched and reared in darkness to congruent to 12 h posthatch. The chicks were then anaesthetised and a lesion placed in (i) the left IMHV (N = 12 chicks), (ii) the right IMHV (N = 12), (iii) the left hyperstriatum accessorium (HA) (N = 12) or (iv) the right HA (N = 12). There were 48 sham operated controls. Approximately 24 h after the operation chicks were exposed to the training stimulus. Their approach to this stimulus and to a second, novel stimulus were then measured and a preference score calculated. All five groups of chicks preferred the training stimulus and the magnitude of the preference was similar in all groups. To determine whether the IMHV region which had been intact during training was essential for retention, all chicks were anaesthetised for a second time, congruent to 20 h after the end of training. The remaining IMHV region was then destroyed. Approximately 28 h later the chicks' preferences were again measured. The sham operated and HA lesioned chicks continued strongly to prefer the training stimulus, but the birds lesioned in IMHV showed no such retention, the preference score of the IMHV chicks being significantly lower than that of the sham operated and HA lesioned chicks. The order in which the right and left sides were destroyed did not significantly influence the preference score; this result was true both for IMHV and for HA chicks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Cytochemical investigation into the Ca-dependence of positive and negative hormonal imprinting in Tetrahymena.

Insulin gives rise to positive imprinting in Tetrahymena pyriformis, but to negative imprinting in T. thermophila, as revealed by the respective increases and decreases in the insulin-binding capacity of these organisms observed during later interactions with this hormone. We found that changes in insulin-binding capacity exhibited parallelism with fluctuations of the levels of free, intracellular Ca2+ detectable by Quin-2 labeling. An exception was the second interaction of T. thermophila with insulin, which although showing a positive trend, produced a relatively small increase in the level of intracellular Ca2+. These observations suggest an interrelationship between hormone-binding capacity and the fluctuation of intracellular Ca2+ levels. Either hormone binding depends on the availability of Ca2+, or, alternatively, the latter depends on the binding capacity. Further studies are required to elucidate the true nature of this interdependence.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Sources of behavioral deviation modeled by early color preferences in quail. III. Developmental stability and normative canalization.

Successful artificial selection of quail (C. coturnix japonica) for divergent early approach preferences for, and imprintabilities to, the wavelength characteristics of otherwise identical visual stimuli decreased the trait's developmental stability. The developmental error that resulted from selecting for extreme initial preferences was associated with enhanced imprintabilities. Conversely, the developmental error that resulted from selecting for extreme imprintabilities was associated with enhanced expression of directional gene effects in extreme initial preferences. The data are attributed to selectively relaxed normative canalization of trait development, and to related enhanced expression of genetic, environmental, and stochastic influences in trait deviations.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Nonspecific imprintability of quail to colors: response to artificial selection.

Eleven generations of bidirectionally selecting quail (C. coturnix japonica) for nonspecific imprintability to blue or red stimuli resulted in unexpectedly slow yet reliable differentiation of "Hi" and "Lo" imprintability lines. Correlated changes were observed in the variances of unconditional color choices in subjects belonging to these genetic lines. Implications of the data for understanding the interrelated expression of gene effects and environment effects in the development of behavior are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Sources of behavioral deviation modeled by early color preferences in quail. I. Behavioral synergism and systemic instability.

Differences between population-typical norms of individual variability were studied in five genetic lines of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica); two (BL and RL) were bidirectionally selected for early approach preference between blue and red stimuli, two (Hi and Lo) for high and low imprintabilities to the same stimuli, and the fifth (CL) was an unselected genetic control line. Selection resulted in reliably divergent extreme choice performances and imprintabilities and in progressively increasing choice variances in the BL x RL hybrids and the Hi imprintability line. Experimentation tested and rejected the hypotheses that correlated selection of synergistically acting but otherwise extraneous stimulus influences, social interaction effects, or phototactic and short-term learning effects may have been responsible for the observed large variance increases. An alternative interpretation is discussed, according to which directional selection relaxes the genetic buffering and the variance increases reflect the resulting developmental instability of the trait.

Animals↗