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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Moving to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine efficacy trials: defining T cell responses as potential correlates of immunity.

There is evidence in both simian immunodeficiency virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection that class I major histocompatibility complex-restricted CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes play a pivotal role in controlling infection and, potentially, in protecting by immunization. Progress has been made in designing strategies to elicit these responses with HIV-1 vaccines, but methods to reproducibly quantify them have posed difficulties. An interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assay, using peptide pools spanning the HIV-1 genes, was developed and standardized. This method is rapid (2 days), sensitive (threshold of detection, > or =0.005%), quantitative, feasible using cryopreserved cells, and able to define epitope specificities. When this assay was applied to 36 HIV-1-seropositive and 10 HIV-1-seronegative subjects, it proved to be robust (specificity, 100%). When responses in natural infection were compared with vaccine-induced responses, vaccine recipient responses were > or =1 log lower, which confirms the importance of using this sensitive assay as an initial screen in vaccine protocols.

AIDS Vaccines↗
PubMed2003

Correlates of immune activation marker changes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive and high-risk HIV-seronegative women who use illicit drugs.

The majority of natural history studies of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have immune and viral parameters in men. Data demonstrating that women have lower HIV-1 RNA levels than men at the same CD4 cell counts have raised the question of immunologic differences in HIV-seropositive women. This study describes levels and changes in phenotypic markers of immune maturity, function, and activation in the CD4 and CD8 cell subsets in HIV-seropositive and high-risk HIV-seronegative women. Our primary hypothesis was that activation levels would be significantly higher among illicit drug users. However, results showed that HIV-1 RNA level was the strongest predictor of marker level and that both HIV-1 RNA level and CD4 cell count were independently associated with CD4 activation, but illicit drug use was not. In summary, this study demonstrated that immune activation was a significant pathogenic feature in women and that activation was driven by HIV infection and not illicit drug use.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed2001

Cavitary lung disease in AIDS: etiologies and correlation with immune status.

To investigate the etiology and differential features of cavitary lung disease in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), chest computed tomography (CT) records from a 2-year period were reviewed to identify all human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients with cavitary lung disease. Medical records were reviewed for the documentation of specific causes of lung cavitation and the CD4 count at the time of imaging. Of 25 HIV-positive patients with cavitary lung disease, 20 had specific diagnoses. Infection was the etiology in all the cases. Polymicrobial infection was found in 17 patients (85%) and unimicrobial in 3 (15%). Seventeen patients (85%) had bacterial organisms, 10 of whom had other pathogens as well. Mycobacteria were isolated in 8 patients (40%), fungi in 3 (15%), cytomegalovirus (CMV) in 3 (15%), and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in 1 (5%). Mediastinal or hilar lymphadenopathy and additional noncavitary ill-defined nodular opacities were found more frequently in patients with mycobacterial pathogens. Mean CD4 count in patients with cavitary disease because of bacterial pathogens alone was significantly higher than in patients with nonbacterial pathogens (alone or combined with bacterial pathogens) (203 vs. 42, p < 0.05). Four patients expired during the diagnostic hospital admission; 2 of them had pulmonary cavitary disease associated with Nocardia asteroides. Cavitary lung disease in patients with AIDS undergoing chest CT should be assumed infectious and is generally polymicrobial.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1975

Lymphocyte transformation in syphilis: an in vitro correlate of immune suppression in vivo?

Suppression of cellular immunity during primary and secondary infection may explain, in part, the unusual clinical evolution of syphilis. We have previously shown that lymphocytes from normal subjects undergo blastic transformation when exposed in vitro to Treponema refringens. This response was suppressed in patients with syphilis. the suppression being unrelated to serum factors. In the present paper we studied lymphocyte response in vitro to T. refringens, T. reiter, and T. pallidum as well as to monilia and trychophytins. The response to these antigens was suppressed in patients with syphilis although the response to phytohemagglutinin. pokeweed mitogen, and streptolysin was normal. These data support the hypothesis that human infection with T. pallidum is followed by a complex interaction between cellular and humoral immunity, the former being suppressed in primary and secondary stages.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed2005

Discerning an effective balance between equine infectious anemia virus attenuation and vaccine efficacy.

Among the diverse experimental vaccines evaluated in various animal lentivirus models, live attenuated vaccines have proven to be the most effective, thus providing an important model for examining critical immune correlates of protective vaccine immunity. We previously reported that an experimental live attenuated vaccine for equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), based on mutation of the viral S2 accessory gene, elicited protection from detectable infection by virulent virus challenge (F. Li et al., J. Virol. 77:7244-7253, 2003). To better understand the critical components of EIAV vaccine efficacy, we examine here the relationship between the extent of virus attenuation, the maturation of host immune responses, and vaccine efficacy in a comparative study of three related attenuated EIAV proviral vaccine strains: the previously described EIAV(UK)DeltaS2 derived from a virulent proviral clone, EIAV(UK)DeltaS2/DU containing a second gene mutation in the virulent proviral clone, and EIAV(PR)DeltaS2 derived from a reference avirulent proviral clone. Inoculations of parallel groups of eight horses resulted in relatively low levels of viral replication (average of 10(2) to 10(3) RNA copies/ml) and a similar maturation of EIAV envelope-specific antibody responses as determined in quantitative and qualitative serological assays. However, experimental challenge of the experimentally immunized horses by our standard virulent EIAV(PV) strain by using a low-dose multiple exposure protocol (three inoculations with 10 median horse infective doses, administered intravenously) revealed a marked difference in the protective efficacy of the various attenuated proviral vaccine strains that was evidently associated with the extent of vaccine virus attenuation, time of viral challenge, and the apparent maturation of virus-specific immunity.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Experimental studies of immunologically mediated enteropathy: IV. Correlation between immune effector mechanisms and type of enteropathy during a GvHR in neonatal mice of different ages.

We have used the intestinal phase of the graft-versus-host-reaction (GvHR) in unirradiated F1 mice as a model for enteropathy due to cell-mediated immunity (CMI). Injection of neonatal (CBA x BALB/c)F1 mice less than 48 h old with CBA spleen cells produced an acute GvHR, which was associated with runting and severe intestinal damage, characterized by villus atrophy. These animals developed specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity and invariably died. In contrast, 7-day-old F1 mice with GvHR developed a proliferative GvHR, characterized by intense splenomegaly, NK cell activation and intestinal crypt hyperplasia. These mice did not lose weight, had no villus atrophy or CTL activity and all recovered. A similar proliferative phase was also found to precede the established GvHR in 1-2-day-old hosts. Induction of a GvHR in 5-day-old hosts produced a disease with some characteristics of both proliferative and destructive GvHR, with some mice developing weight loss and villus atrophy, while others showed only crypt hyperplasia and NK cell activation. However, there was very little specific CTL activity in any of these animals. These results indicate that markedly different forms of GvHR can be induced in mice during the first week of life and that these are associated with different pathological effects. Although the immunological mechanisms which are activated may also differ between the types of GvHR, our findings support the hypothesis that intestinal damage which includes villus atrophy is merely a progressive form of the delayed type hypersensitivity responsible for a proliferative enteropathy.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

Correlation of immune and nutritional status with wound complications in patients undergoing abdominal surgery.

The present study indicates the need for close scrutiny of the immune and nutritional status of patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Simple anthropometric measurements (weight and triceps skin fold thickness MAC) serologic testing (serum albumin), ALC, and skin testing are useful to identify patients with immunocompromise caused by nutritional deficiency. Early recognition and correction of immune nutritional deficits in patients undergoing abdominal surgery should lead to reduction in postoperative morbidity due to wound complication.

Abdomen↗