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PubMed1975

Effect of maternal education and ethnic background on infant development.

We examined the influence of maternal education and ethnic background on the four main areas of development (as measured by the Brunet-Lezine adaptation of Gesell's developmental schedule) of their infants. 173 babies were examined at the ages 0f 3, 6, 9, and 12 months in the Kiryat Yovel area of Jerusalem, an area where Jew from North Africa, Asia, Europe, and Israel are represented at different educational levels but all share the saem maternal and child care services. The mean development quotients (dqs) of the infants of highly educated mothers were higher in all four areas of development that those of infants whose motherw were of low education. Further, North African infants of middle educated mothers had higher DQs than those of middle education European mothers, especially in motor and adaptive areas. It was concluded from this study that higher education of mothers will be expressed in higher DQs of their babies. This was true in all ethnic groups. However, where educational groups were comparable, North African babies have shown better development than all other groups, while European babies were the least developed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Impact of housing conditions of pregnant women on infant development under total mother deprivation].

It had been examined 896 inmates of Infant Homes whose mothers resided during pregnancy in different housing conditions. Comparative analysis revealed discrepancies in many medical social indicators. It was found that mothers' habitation lacking was the most pathogenic factor impacting children development. Typically, this factor is associated with lower education, lack of labour employment, toxicomania and socially significant infections. It wes revealed that children of homeless mothers had higher rate of antenatal and postnatal development delay, alcoholic and drug lesion of nervous system. The utterly low possibility of returning to their biological family had been also established

Child Development↗
PubMed1978

Medical correlates of infant development.

Attempts to correlate developmental outcome with medical complications affecting the fetus and infant have focused on the prenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal periods. The time beyond the newborn stage has not been explored in detail. The aim of this study was to relate events occurring during the gestational and neonatal periods as well as the infancy periods to later performance by the use of four medical scales. A total of 126 preterm infants were followed up prospectively from birth to 2 years of age. Medical complications occurring during the prenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal periods as well as the first nine months of life were recovered. No relationship was found between obstetric and neonatal events and developmental outcome. Significant correlations were seen between medical events of later infancy and development at 2 years of age.

Child Development↗
PubMed1993

Maternal employment, family functioning, and preterm infant development at 9 and 12 months.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of maternal employment on child development and family functioning for families with preterm infants. Data were collected in the family's home (N = 67) when the infant was 3, 9, and 12 months of age. Maternal employment at 3 months had little effect on 9- and 12-month child mental or psychomotor development or on family cohesion, adaptability, or satisfaction. Maternal employment attitude/behavior consistency was a significant predictor of psychomotor development. Choice in the employment decision at 3 months was positively related to both mental and psychomotor development at 9 and 12 months for nonemployed mothers.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2007

Lung function and exhaled nitric oxide levels in infants developing chronic lung disease.

Chronic lung disease (CLD) is a common outcome of neonatal intensive care. To determine whether the results of serial exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) measurements during the perinatal period differed between infants who did and did not develop CLD. In addition, we wished to assess whether eNO results were more predictive of CLD development than lung function test results or readily available clinical data (gestational age and birthweight). The patients were 24 infants with a median gestational age of 27 (range 25-31) weeks. Measurements of eNO levels, functional residual capacity (FRC), and compliance of the respiratory system (CRS) were attempted on postnatal days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28 days. The 12 infants who developed CLD were of significantly lower birthweight and gestational age than the rest of the cohort; in addition, they had lower median FRC (P < 0.02) and CRS (P < 0.02) results, but not higher eNO levels, in the first week after birth. Construction of receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves demonstrated that the CRS and FRC results on Day 3 were the best predictors of CLD development; the areas under the ROC curves were 0.94 and 0.91, respectively. Early lung function test results, but not eNO levels, are useful in predicting CLD development, but are not significantly better than birthweight.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed2004

Polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk: an essential role in infant development.

The n-6 and n-3 fatty acids are essential dietary nutrients required for optimal growth and development, particularly of the brain and retina. Large amounts of the n-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is accumulated in the brain grey matter and the visual elements of the retina during development, and reduced DHA in these tissues can result in decreased visual and psychomotor development. Although the possible importance of differences in n-6 and n-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA, between human milk and infant formulas has been the subject of intense clinical research, the variability in the essential fatty acid content of milk within and among different populations of women and implications of this to infant growth and development have received much less attention. Considerable research has shown that the DHA content of the maternal diet is the most important determinant of the amount of DHA secreted in milk, and thus the dietary intake of the breastfed infant. The DHA content of human milk varies over 10-fold, being lowest in women with no intake of DHA and highest in women with high intakes of DHA, which is found predominantly in fatty fish. The requirement for n-3 fatty acids, and the balance of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids for optimal growth and development of the brain and retina, and long-term minimization of risk of chronic disease remains as one of the most important questions in infant nutrition. Dietary recommendations to modifying dietary fat with the aim of reducing risk of chronic disease, including obesity and cardiovascular disease in adults, need to consider that when followed by pregnant women, these recommendations can have a marked effect on the amount and balance of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids secreted in milk.

Brain↗
PubMed1989

On the importance of fundamental frequency and other acoustic features in cry perception and infant development.

This study examined acoustic correlates of adults' ratings of infants' cries. Parents and nonparents rated 12 spontaneous cries from young infants on 8 items describing the cries' aversiveness and on 9 semantic differential items. The results indicated that the duration, the amount of dysphonation, and proportion of energy in various frequency bands were highly correlated with adults' ratings. Further, the pattern of correlations between each of the 17 rating scale items and the acoustic attributes was virtually the same, suggesting that the items represented a single underlying dimension of perceived aversiveness. Finally, no differences were found between the results for parents and nonparents. General issues in the study of cry perception are discussed.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1979

Infant development in father-absent families.

In a sample of 55 black infants (age 5-6 months) living in the inner city in lower socioeconomic circumstances, 27 infants were being reared by their mothers in single-parent families. Male infants who had experienced minimal interaction with their fathers were significantly lower on the Bayley Mental Developmental Index and in measures of social responsiveness, secondary circular reactions, and preferences for novel stimuli. Female infants in this sample appeared unaffected by the father's presence or absence. After weighing alternative interpretations of the findings, we conclude that the father is a significant component in the early environment and that both observational studies and conceptual development of the role of the father in infancy are needed.

Child Development↗
PubMed2003

Stability of serial assessments of motor and communication abilities in typically developing infants--implications for screening.

BACKGROUND: Neuromaturational theory and dynamic systems theory make different assumptions about the rate of development of motor and communication skills. AIMS: The stability of fine motor, gross motor, and communication scores of infants was evaluated to test these assumptions. STUDY DESIGN: This longitudinal descriptive study evaluated infants in their homes at 9, 11, 13, 16, and 21 months of age. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and two Canadian children of English-speaking parents classified as typically developing at 23 months of age using the Diagnostic Inventory for Screening Children Preschool Screen were included. OUTCOME MEASURES: The Peabody Developmental Motor Scales and the Communication Symbolic Behavior Scales-Developmental Profile were used to assess development at each time. Scores were stable if the 95% confidence intervals around the scores overlapped across all assessments. Correlations evaluated the relationship of scores in a domain over time (normative stability) as well as the relationship of scores between domains (ipsative stability). RESULTS: There was large variability in scores within an infant, among infants and across developmental domains. Typical development is nonlinear rather than occurring at a constant rate. Fine motor, gross motor, and communication skills appear to develop independently. CONCLUSIONS: These results have implications both for developmental screening policies and for early intervention programs. Screening should include multiple domains and multiple time points before referrals are made to early intervention programs.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Minute-by-minute association of heart rate variation with basal heart rate in developing infants.

Particular types of heart rate variation are enhanced during periods of slow heart rate and diminished when heart rate is high. We examined how the correlations between heart rate and various types of heart rate variation developed in normal infants. Polygraphic recordings were obtained from 25 infants at 1 week and at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 months of age. Median heart rate and the extents of heart rate variation at three distinct frequencies were determined for each 1-minute epoch. Pearson's r was used to assess the correlation of median heart rate in each epoch with each of three types of heart rate variation. For each recording, correlations were assessed separately for quiet sleep, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and waking. The maturational patterns of heart rate by heart rate variation correlations were strongly influenced by sleep-waking state and were dissimilar to those previously reported for correlations between cardiac and respiratory measures. The findings suggest dissimilar developmental patterns for autonomic and somatic motor systems, and include a discontinuity in autonomic development at approximately 1 month of age. We speculate that these trends reflect a change in the nature of sleep states as forebrain connections develop.

Aging↗