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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

The Canadian health care system: an overview.

Although health care is a provincial responsibility in Canada, universal hospital insurance was fully adopted by 1961; universal medical insurance followed 10 years later. Each province enacted universal insurance after the federal government offered to pay 50% of provincial hospital and medical care costs. Hospital insurance had wide public and provider support but universal medical care insurance was opposed by organized medicine. The federal government soon realized that it had no control over total expenditures and no mechanisms for controlling costs. In 1977 it enacted Bill C-37 which limited total federal contributions and made those contributions independent of provincial health care expenditures so that increased costs had to be met by the provinces. Since private health care insurance for universal benefits is prohibited by the federal terms of reference for health insurance, the provinces must raise the money by taxes and (in some provinces) premiums. Although prohibited by the terms of reference of the universal program, some provinces have adopted hospital user fees and are allowing their physicians to bill patients in excess of provincial fee schedules. The 1980s have seen increased confrontations between the federal and provincial governments and between the provinces and their providers. The issues are cost containment and control of the system. The provinces have two broad options. The first is more private funding through private insurance and user fees. The proposed new Canada Health Act will probably prohibit such charges. A second option involves greater control and management of the system by the provinces; this has already occurred in Quebec. Greater control is vigorously opposed by physicians and hospitals. The Canadian solution to health insurance problems in the past has been moderation. Extreme moves in either direction would represent a break with tradition, but they may prove to be unavoidable.

Canada↗
PubMed1991

Medicare program; Part A premium for 1992 for the uninsured aged and for certain disabled individuals who have exhausted other entitlement--HCFA. Notice.

This notice announces the hospital insurance premium for calendar year 1992 under Medicare's hospital insurance program (Part A) for the uninsured aged and for certain disabled individuals who have exhausted other entitlement. The monthly Medicare Part A premium for the 12 months beginning January 1, 1992 for individuals who are not insured under the Social Security or Railroad Retirement Acts and do not otherwise meet the requirements for entitlement to Medicare Part A is $192. Section 1818(d) of the Social Security Act specifies the method to be used to determine this amount.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Medicare program; Part A premium for 1993 for the uninsured aged and for certain disabled individuals who have exhausted other entitlement--HCFA. Notice.

This notice announces the hospital insurance premium for calendar year 1993 under Medicare's hospital insurance program (Part A) for the uninsured aged and for certain disabled individuals who have exhausted other entitlement. The monthly Medicare Part A premium for the 12 months beginning January 1, 1993 for these individuals is $221. Section 1818(d) of the Social Security Act specifies the method to be used to determine this amount.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1994

Medicare program; Part A premium for 1995 for the uninsured aged and for certain disabled individuals who have exhausted other entitlement--HCFA. Notice.

This notice announces the hospital insurance premium for calendar year 1995 under Medicare's hospital insurance program (Part A) for the uninsured aged and for certain disabled individuals who have exhausted other entitlement. The monthly Medicare Part A premium for the 12 months beginning January 1, 1995 for these individuals is $261. The reduced premium for certain other individuals as described in this notice is $183. Section 1818[d] of the Social Security Act specifies the method to be used to determine these amounts.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Medicare program; Part A premium for 1994 for the uninsured aged and for certain disabled individuals who have exhausted other entitlement--HCFA. Notice.

This notice announces the hospital insurance premium for calendar year 1994 under Medicare's hospital insurance program (Part A) for the uninsured aged and for certain disabled individuals who have exhausted other entitlement. The monthly Medicare Part A premium for the 12 months beginning January 1, 1994 for these individuals is $245. The reduced premium for certain other individuals as described in this notice is $184. Section 1818(d) of the Social Security Act specifies the method to be used to determine these amounts.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Medicare program; Part A premium for 1996 for the uninsured aged and for certain disabled individuals who have exhausted other entitlement--HCFA. Notice.

This notice announces the hospital insurance premium for calendar year 1996 under Medicare's hospital insurance program (Part A) for the uninsured aged and for certain disabled individuals who have exhausted other entitlement. The monthly Medicare Part A premium for the 12 months beginning January 1, 1996 for these individuals is $289. The reduced premium for certain other individuals as described in this notice is $188. Section 1818(d) of the Social Security Act specifies the method to be used to determine these amounts.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Medicare program; Part A premium for 1997 for the uninsured aged and for certain disabled individuals who have exhausted other entitlement--HCFA. Notice.

This notice announces the hospital insurance premium for calendar year 1997 under Medicare's hospital insurance program (Part A) for the uninsured aged and for certain disabled individuals who have exhausted other entitlement. The monthly Medicare Part A premium for the 12 months beginning January 1, 1997 for these individuals is $311. The reduced premium for certain other individuals as described in this notice is $187. Section 1818(d) of the Social Security Act specifies the method to be used to determine these amounts.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Medicare program; Part A premium for 1998 for the uninsured aged and for certain disabled individuals who have exhausted other entitlement--HCFA. Notice.

This notice announces the hospital insurance premium for calendar year 1998 under Medicare's hospital insurance program (Part A) for the uninsured aged and for certain disabled individuals who have exhausted other entitlement. The monthly Medicare Part A premium for the 12 months beginning January 1, 1998 for these individuals is $309. The reduced premium for certain other individuals as described in this notice is $170. Section 1818(d) of the Social Security Act specifies the method to be used to determine these amounts.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Medicare program; Part A premium for 1999 for the uninsured aged and for certain disabled individuals who have exhausted other entitlement--HCFA. Notice.

This notice announces the hospital insurance premium for calendar year 1999 under Medicare's hospital insurance program (Part A) for the uninsured aged and for certain disabled individuals who have exhausted other entitlement. The monthly Medicare Part A premium for the 12 months beginning January 1, 1999 for these individuals is $309, the same as in 1998. The reduced premium for certain other individuals as described in this notice is $170. Section 1818(d) of the Social Security Act specifies the method to be used to determine these amounts.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Effect of hospital type, insurance type, and gender on the treatment of cardiovascular disease in middle-aged adults.

The cost and duration of cardiovascular care was studied for 4,804 episodes of hospitalization in patients between 45 and 64 years of age. Men were more likely than women to be treated in urban medical centers for shorter, more expensive hospital care; women were more likely to be treated in rural hospitals for longer, less expensive care. Cost of treatment per day was not dependent on the type of insurance, but Medicaid claims (which represent low income patients) were associated with greater lengths of stay.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1989

The effect of prospective payment on Medicare expenditures.

Medicare's prospective payment system was introduced in 1983 to slow the growth of expenditures for hospital care, which from the bulk of Medicare costs. Instead of reimbursing hospitals for the actual costs of patient care, the system pays them at fixed rates for each admission. In this study, we estimated the savings to Medicare from the use of prospective payment. We analyzed the expenditure projections published in 10 successive annual reports (1979 to 1988) by the trustees of the federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund, which pays hospital bills for Medicare beneficiaries. To show the effect of prospective payment, these projections were adjusted to correct for the different assumptions about inflation and admissions made in each report. We also examined trends in expenditures from the Supplementary Medical Insurance Trust Fund, which pays for outpatient services, to see whether the savings in hospital expenses were offset by higher spending for out-of-hospital services. We found that prospective payment has reduced Medicare's hospital costs substantially. Expenditures from the Hospital Insurance Trust Fund for 1990 are expected to be +12 billion less in 1980 dollars, and +18 billion in 1990 dollars, than was expected shortly before prospective payment went into effect--the equivalent of a savings of approximately 20 percent. By contrast, the effect of prospective payment on the supplementary fund has not been great. We conclude that the prospective payment system is having a major impact on Medicare's hospital expenditures and that the savings is not offset by an increase in outpatient expenditures.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1998

[Requirements of mandatory accident insurance for hospitals, which participate in inpatient treatment of occupational accident patients: position of the National Reference Center for Hospital Hygiene].

Aseptic operations as well as operations on infected sites can be done in the same operating room. Two or more theatres can share common facilities such as X-ray equipment, scrub-up or anaesthesia areas. Sophisticated air locks with double doors, which separate the protective zone from the operating room are not necessary to maintain a good hygienic standard. Nevertheless the new requirements for theatre design by the German "Gesetzliche Unfallversicherungen" are much higher. In this commentary we try to summarize scientific evidence regarding design of a theatre and infection control.

Accidents, Occupational↗