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Results for “Intelligent Systems”

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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources

PubMed1994

Use of artificial intelligence to analyze clinical database reduces workload on surgical house staff.

BACKGROUND: The current quantity and diversity of hospital clinical, laboratory, and pharmacy records have resulted in a glut of information, which can be overwhelming to house staff. This study was performed to measure the impact of artificial intelligence analysis of such data on the junior surgical house staff's workload, time for direct patient care, and quality of life. METHODS: A personal computer was interfaced with the hospital computerized patient data system. Artificial intelligence algorithms were applied to retrieve and condense laboratory values, microbiology reports, and medication orders. Unusual laboratory tests were reported without artificial intelligence filtering. RESULTS: A survey of 23 junior house staff showed a requirement for a total of 30.75 man-hours per day, an average of 184.5 minutes per service twice a day for five surgical services each with an average of 40.7 patients, to manually produce a report in contrast to a total of 3.4 man-hours, an average of 20.5 minutes on the same basis (88.9% reduction, p < 0.001), to computer generate and distribute a similarly useful report. Two thirds of the residents reported an increased ability to perform patient care. CONCLUSIONS: Current medical practice has created an explosion of information, which is a burden for surgical house staff. Artificial intelligence preprocessing of the hospital database information focuses attention, eliminates superfluous data, and significantly reduces surgical house staff clerical work, allowing more time for education, research, and patient care.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed1993

Basics of robotics and manipulators in endoscopic surgery.

The experience with sophisticated remote handling systems for nuclear operations in inaccessible rooms can to a large extent be transferred to the development of robotics and telemanipulators for endoscopic surgery. A telemanipulator system is described consisting of manipulator, endeffector and tools, 3-D video-endoscope, sensors, intelligent control system, modeling and graphic simulation and man-machine interfaces as the main components or subsystems. Such a telemanipulator seems to be medically worthwhile and technically feasible, but needs a lot of effort from different scientific disciplines to become a safe and reliable instrument for future endoscopic surgery.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed1991

A multimedia Anatomy Browser incorporating a knowledge base and 3D images.

We describe a multimedia program for teaching anatomy. The program, called the Anatomy Browser, displays cross-sectional and topographical images, with outlines around structures and regions of interest. The user may point to these structures and retrieve text descriptions, view symbolic relationships between structures, or view spatial relationships by accessing 3-D graphics animations from videodiscs produced specifically for this program. The software also helps students exercise what they have learned by asking them to identify structures by name and location. The program is implemented in a client-server architecture, with the user interface residing on a Macintosh, while images, data, and a growing symbolic knowledge base of anatomy are stored on a fileserver. This architecture allows us to develop practical tutorial modules that are in current use, while at the same time developing the knowledge base that will lead to more intelligent tutorial systems.

Anatomy↗

PubMed1995

Chaotic behavior of hemodynamics with ventricular assist system.

In order to analyze hemodynamic parameters during left ventricular assistance as an entity and not as decomposed parts, non-linear mathematical techniques were utilized. Pneumatically actuated ventricular assist systems (VAS) were implanted as left heart bypasses in acute animal experiments, using healthy adult mongrel dogs. By the use of the non-linear mathematical technique, the arterial blood pressure waveform (AP) was embedded into the four-dimensional phase space and projected into the three-dimensional phase space. The Lyapunov numerical method was used as an adjunct to the graphical analysis of the state space. The phase portrait of the attractor showed a complex structure; a three dimensional solid torus with a screw type structure as a part, suggesting deterministic chaos in the AP without left ventricular assistance. Positive lyapunov exponents confirmed the existence of chaos. During counterpulsation mode left ventricular assistance, the phase portrait of the attractor showed a more complex structure, and positive Lyapunov exponents suggested a greater dimensional deterministic chaos. However, non-structured patterns were seen in the phase space during internal mode VAS driving, suggesting the possibility of dissipative dynamics in the four dimensional phase space. These results suggest that the cardiovascular system with counterpulsation mode VAS driving is in a homeochaotic state, which is thought to be a flexible and intelligent control system. And there is greater dimensional complex dynamics in the circulatory regulatory system with VAD during internal mode assistance.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Knowledge-based educational systems.

In knowledge-based educational systems, the key concept is that information and procedures are represented in the same data structure. These structures can search for each other in flexible and, consequently, very robust ways. At the Air Force Human Resources Laboratory (AFHRL), our researchers are building computer environments that know what they know, know how people can best use them, and know how to draw inferences about their state--self-referential electronic tutors. In September 1986, artificial intelligence researchers participated in AFHRL's Research Planning Forum for Intelligent Tutorial Systems (ITS). This essay reviews the state of the philosophy, art, and science of artificial intelligence (AI) approaches to education. Then it summarizes the research issues which were presented, discussed, and better defined in this Forum--namely the nature and representation of 1) expertise modules, 2) student diagnostic modules, 3) adaptive instructional and curriculum modules, 4) instructional environments, and 5) man-machine interfaces. Advances in artificial intelligence, cognitive science, and instructional discourse have provided a means for investigating human learning, for representing an individual's own "knowledge processing." Research and development in knowledge-based educational systems seems promising, not only for helping people learn how to perform complex tasks, but also for explicitly expressing how people learn to learn. Therefore, would it not be wise to establish a scientific legacy for the development of effective knowledge-based tutorial systems which is informed by the best studies of mind and meaning, language and thought, purpose and paradox?

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed1987

Wechsler Intelligence Scale profiles, the cholinergic system, and Alzheimer's disease.

Forty-one patients with putative Alzheimer's Disease (AD) were evaluated to determine the diagnostic utility of a profile of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) subtests which has been proposed by Fuld (1984) to identify cholinergic dysfunction. Only nine (21.9%) of these patients had positive Wechsler profiles. Half (n = 21) of the AD patients had been given the WAIS, and the other half (n = 20) the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). Positive profiles occurred more often in the AD subgroup given the WAIS-R, but this difference was not statistically significant. Specificity of the formula was evaluated using Wechsler results of 42 older normals and 30 patients who were being evaluated for dementia but who did not have AD. One of the 42 normals (2.4%) and five of the patient controls (16.7%) showed a positive Wechsler profile. Because of the Fuld formula's low sensitivity, a negative Wechsler profile cannot be used to help rule out AD. Although specificity of the formula is high, the diagnostic value of a positive Wechsler profile is modest even under the most favorable AD baserate conditions.

Aged↗

PubMed1986

Future programs at the National Library of Medicine.

The future of the National Library of Medicine will be shaped by a number of scientific, technical, and social influences. Among these are the continuing rapid development of computer technology and storage systems. Artificial intelligence techniques, factual databases, the emergence of medical informatics as a formal discipline, and the development of Integrated Academic Information Management Systems (IAIMS) are also important influences on the direction of the library. Public policy issues will influence the future of NLM--among them, sharing of scientific information between nations and the role of federal agencies in dissemination of information domestically. The formal, long-range plan now being prepared for the library by panels of expert advisers will be a guide for future programs and goals.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed1988

Intelligent computer-based assessment and psychotherapy. An expert system for sexual dysfunction.

New and converging developments in the areas of artificial intelligence, intelligent tutoring systems, and cognitive therapy have made possible a new approach to computer-assisted assessment and psychotherapy. This new approach combines the capacity for intelligent therapeutic dialogue with the presentation of individualized therapeutic interventions. Previous attempts at computerized psychotherapy are reviewed to highlight a newly developed rule-based expert system, Sexpert, which assesses and treats sexual dysfunction. Preliminary observations concerning couples' reaction to and acceptance of Sexpert are presented.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed1994

Expert systems in the control of animal cell culture processes: potentials, functions, and perspectives.

In recent years, the development of advanced systems for bioprocess monitoring and control has become an area of intensive research. Along with traditional techniques, there are several new approaches which are increasingly being applied to bioprocess operations. Among these, of special note is expert system technology, which provides possibilities for the design of efficient bioprocess control systems with new functional capabilities. This technology has been successfully applied to variety of microbial processes at laboratory and industrial scale. The present paper analyzes the possibility for application of expert systems to animal cell cultures processes whose high complexity is well suited to expert control. The discussion focuses on the organization and the functionality of the intelligent control systems, and covers some practical aspects of their design.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Technical intuition in system diagnosis, or accessing the libraries of the mind.

Expert diagnosticians draw upon rich, integrated structures of knowledge and associated action rules to achieve their prodigious performances. Studies in both medical diagnosis and electronic troubleshooting have revealed that it is particularized knowledge that plays a vital role for experts in both domains, not inexplicable powers of intuition. Advanced knowledge engineering methods have been developed and applied in a number of Air Force technical domains so that experts' mental databases and procedural libraries can be made explicit enough to serve as targets of instruction. Instructional principles have been derived from this knowledge engineering work and are guiding the development of a new generation of Air Force technical training systems. The training dictum is to teach from realistic cases so that theory of system operation and specialized solution methods are taught in tandem. The learning environments will further foster the welding of factual knowledge to action rules by providing "assisted laboratory" experiences via intelligent tutoring systems. In these environments, trainees can practice carrying out diagnoses on increasingly complex problems with the help of an articulate expert coach.

Expert Systems↗

PubMed2026

CAUSAL artificial intelligence and data-driven decision intelligence in personalized medicine: a review of healthcare informatics systems.

This review examines the integration of causal artificial intelligence (AI) and data-driven decision intelligence within healthcare informatics systems to advance personalized medicine and clinical decision-making. A narrative review methodology was employed, synthesizing interdisciplinary literature from major databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and ScienceDirect. Studies focusing on causal inference, decision intelligence, and healthcare informatics applications in personalized medicine were included. Data were extracted on methodological approaches, healthcare settings, analytical techniques, and clinical applications, followed by thematic synthesis. Findings indicate that causal AI enhances clinical decision support by enabling estimation of treatment effects and simulation of intervention outcomes at the individual patient level. Integration of multimodal health data such as electronic health records, genomic data, and real-time monitoring improves prediction accuracy and supports tailored treatment strategies. Additionally, causal models improve interpretability, fostering clinician trust and facilitating transparent decision-making. Robust healthcare informatics infrastructures, including interoperable systems and data warehouses, were identified as critical enablers of causal analytics. Overall, causal AI represents a transformative advancement in healthcare analytics, supporting more informed, individualized, and evidence-based clinical decisions. Its integration within healthcare informatics systems has significant potential to improve patient outcomes and guide the future of intelligent, personalized healthcare delivery.

Precision Medicine↗

PubMed1983

A system for the analysis of long-term electrocardiographic studies in clinical research and training.

A computer system has been developed for the analysis of data from long-term electrocardiographic studies in the context of an institution committed to clinical research and training. The major characteristics required of such a system are intelligence, flexibility, friendliness, and maintainability. These attributes are achieved by a user interface which consists of menus and interactive graphics, and by the use of highly modular software developed in a high-level programming language. The system has been used in studies of the effects of drugs on cardiac arrhythmias and has been easy to learn and convenient to use.

Academies and Institutes↗

PubMed1987

Visual memory and motor programmes: their use by idiot-savant artists and controls.

Artistically gifted children of normal intelligence and idiot-savant artists as well as two groups of IQ-matched controls were tested for their perception of and recognition memory for shapes. They were also tested for their capacity to graphically reproduce the shapes on sight (copying) or from memory. The material consisted of designs of two levels of complexity and structure. Results showed that while IQ was the determining factor in matching and recognition performance, copying and reproduction ability depended on artistic ability and was independent of level of intelligence. These results are interpreted in terms of access to an intelligence-independent system of graphic representations which can evoke appropriate motor programmes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2026

Agentic AI for Spatial Omics.

This highlight summarises recent advances in agentic artificial intelligence (AI) systems for spatial omics analysis. These systems are compared along two central tensions: autonomy versus accountability, and adaptability versus reproducibility. We argue that progress will depend not on maximising automation, but on defining where autonomy is appropriate.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed1976

Origins of anthropoid intelligence. III. Role of prefrontal system in delayed-alternation and spatial-reversal learning in a prosimian (Galago senegalensis).

A species of prosimian (bush baby, Galago senegalensis) was tested on delayed-alternation and spatial-reversal learning before and after ablation of prefrontal cortex. The results show that normal performance on the two behavioral tasks depend on different subdivisions of the MD-prefrontal system. Delayed alternation is disrupted by prefrontal lesions which cause degeneration in the lateral division of MD while spatial-reversal learning is disrupted by lesions causing degeneration of the medial division of MD. Therefore, the bush baby prefrontal system can be subdivided either on behavioral or anatomical grounds into at least two chief parts. Because of several similarities in the MD-prefrontal system of bush baby and monkey despite their remote common ancestry, it can be concluded that the differentiation of the MD-prefrontal system into distinct divisions and the involvement of this system in delayed alternation and spatial reversal are features probably as old as the order Primates itself. It can be further concluded that the further evolution of the anthropoid variety of prefrontal system beyond this common primate stage probably depended on selective pressure on abilities other than those measured here.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Multimicrophone adaptive beamforming for interference reduction in hearing aids.

To reduce interference in monaural hearing aids from sound sources that are spatially separated from a target source, we are investigating methods for combining information from multiple microphones. In this paper, we describe an adaptive beamforming method that functions to preserve target signals arriving from straight-ahead of a microphone array while minimizing output power from off-axis interference sources. In a preliminary evaluation of a two-microphone system, sentence intelligibility tests were administered to normal-hearing subjects using processed and unprocessed materials from simulated environments in which the target was on-axis, the interference (speech babble) was 45 degrees off-axis, and the reverberation mimicked that of a living room, a conference room, and anechoic space. Compared to listening through a single microphone, the two-microphone beamformer reduced the target-to-interference ratio required to achieve 50 percent keyword intelligibility by 30, 14, and 0 dB in the anechoic, living-room, and conference-room conditions, respectively. The corresponding improvements over binaural listening (one microphone to each ear) were 24, 9, and 0 dB. Further tests in the living-room environment using the same beam-forming system but with filter impulse responses shortened by a factor of four (which would decrease the adaptation time by a factor of four) decreased the improvement by 5 dB. These results are sufficiently encouraging to warrant further tests involving more realistic reverberant conditions, multiple sources of interference, and time-varying acoustic environments.

Acoustics↗

PubMed1989

Creation of realistic appearing simulated patient cases using the INTERNIST-1/QMR knowledge base and interrelationship properties of manifestations.

The Internist-1/Quick Medical Reference (QMR) knowledge base (KB) describes the clinical manifestations of some 600 diseases in the domain of internal medicine. This KB, while not representing deep causal modelling of disease processes, is nonetheless effective in providing medical diagnostic assistance through the QMR medical decision support system. One potential application of this extensive KB is the generation of simulated patient cases for use in educating health professionals. However, the "flat" KB is not adequate for this because the clinical manifestations used in the disease descriptions are not mutually independent. While it is theoretically possible to construct disease descriptions which embody pathophysiologic mechanisms of disease causality, it is not practical from the standpoint of resource utilization. Short of constructing a causal knowledge base, the authors herein describe the generation of realistic appearing simulated patient case data using existing information in the knowledge base. This existing information in the KB is in the form of properties which represent a shallow form of interrelationships of the manifestations. The authors conclude that this ability to generate simulated cases represents another view in which to look at an extensive knowledge base, as well as having application to constructing intelligent tutoring systems for health professionals in training.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed1990

Computer-aided intelligence: application of an expert system to brachial plexus injuries.

When confronted with a patient with a brachial plexus injury, how often as neurosurgeons do we consult an atlas to confirm the anatomy of the brachial plexus and then attempt to establish the location of the lesion? Similar difficulties are encountered with lumbar and sacral plexus lesions. In a project organized to assist the neurosurgeon in this time-consuming task, a computer program that can rapidly determine the site of a lesion in a brachial, lumbar, or sacral plexus injury was created. Using known anatomical pathways (37 clinically relevant upper and 20 lower extremity muscle innervations), and relying solely upon the neurological motor examination, rapid computer-assisted diagnosis is possible. When more than one final common pathway lesion occurs (for example, multiple root avulsions of the brachial plexus), possible lesion sites can be obtained. An interactive dialogue between the user and the program helps to determine the location of the lesion. The program can be run on any IBM-compatible personal computer and is presented as an instrument that provides assistance in cases of complex peripheral nerve injuries, when expert consultants are unavailable. In addition, it can be used as an aid to learning and as a review of basic neuroanatomy.

Artificial Intelligence↗