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PubMed2006

A partnership between the University of Nebraska College of Medicine and the community.

Over the last 20 years, older people have served as teachers for students as part of the formal curriculum in geriatrics at the University of Nebraska Medical Center. In recent years, we have supported a more in-depth, longitudinal experience that connects medical students with elders in the community. The program was initiated as a special project of our Aging Interest Group and is called the Senior Companionship Program (SCP). Although the SCP is optional, when combined with the required experiences for medical students, it triples the contact time that students have with older adults in community settings. The student-run SCP is fostering positive attitudes towards older adults. Comments from participating students indicate that the SCP is a valuable experience, and well worth their time commitment. We describe the program structure, changes to the program based upon the input of participants, as well as the program's strengths, limitations, and prospects.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Toward an anthropology of senility: anger, weakness, and Alzheimer's in Banaras, India.

Dementia has seldom been subject to cross-cultural and cross-class analyses that localize the obviousness and meaningfulness of its pathology. Fieldwork with old persons and their families in four neighborhoods of Banaras, India, stratified by class, is presented to suggest the need for an anthropology of senility. The centrality of "hot brain"--of anger rather than memory as a fundamental index of senile difference--is explored through its differential construction across class and gender in these neighborhoods. The hearing of the angry voice is examined in relation to local knowledge about weakness, madness, and "sixtyishness" and to practices that maintain intergenerational difference through the construction of what is here termed a familial body.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

[Grandparents: their experience of the relationship with the oldest grand-child and their psychological well-being].

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the satisfaction with, perceived responsibilities in, and the meaning of the relationship with the oldest grandchild, on the one hand, and the level of psychological well-being measured with the six-dimensional scale of Ryff, on the other hand. Questionnaires came from 255 Flemish retired grandparents with a mean age of 64.6 years. The relationship with the oldest grandchild was generally experienced as positive. Nearly all the grandparents agreed with items about satisfaction drawn from the relationship with the grandchild, about feeling responsible for helping him or her and about experiencing oneself as a valued elder. In general, grandparents reported well-being on all six dimensions. The experience of the relationship with the grandchild was found to be a unique additional predictor of well-being, even when background variables as grandparent's age, subjective health, financial situation and marital status were first brought into the step-wise regression-analyses. These variables explained 5 to 8% of the variance in the dimensions of well-being and 7% of the variance in the total well-being. The experience of the relationship with the oldest grandchild explained an additional 6 to 7% of the variance.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Relational theory and cultural enhancement interventions for African American adolescent girls.

OBJECTIVE: This study tested the effectiveness of two culturally appropriate substance abuse prevention intervention programs for African American girls. METHODS: Project Naja recruited 210 girls ages 10-12 from schools in a low-income ward in Washington, D.C., to participate in a 2.5- year, three-phase intervention to develop strong ethnic and gender identity. The Cultural Enhancement Project recruited sixth grade girls in Richmond, Virginia, for a 15-week curriculum. The author collected pre- and post-test data on cultural, drug, and sex measures. RESULTS: Project Naja participants in the intervention group scored significantly higher on Africentric values and racial identity than comparison group participants. They also had more positive concepts of their physical appearance. In the Cultural Enhancement Project, girls in the intervention group scored higher on the global African American identity scale. There was a trend toward significance in increased percentage of androgyny for girls in the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS: Prevention programs should include a component directed at strengthening ethnic identity and other protective factors (self-esteem, positive peer support, and skill-enhancement).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Perceived intergenerational solidarity and psychological distress among older Mexican Americans.

A model separating and relating dimensions of intergenerational solidarity with measures of psychological distress was investigated for older Mexican Americans. Solidarity consisted of measures of similarity, affection, and association. Measures of psychological distress were somatic/retarded symptoms, depressed affect, and positive affect. To evaluate whether emotional closeness with a particular child modified the linkages, the model was analyzed separately based on whether or not the elderly participant reported that the child included in the intergenerational study was her or his closest child. The findings indicated that the impact of affection and association was a function of the particular dimension of distress and the emotional closeness of the child. Although the proposed model needs expanding, it provides some support for the expectation that family solidarity has important consequences for elderly Mexican Americans.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Nursing work force of the future: the administrative perspective.

The nursing work force shortage is having a major impact on an industry that is already reeling from major assaults driven by inadequate payment and reimbursement. This article evaluates the current work force shortage as it relates to the competitive marketplace, the data regarding the shortages, the work environment, and the intergenerational issues that sabotage teams. There are recommendations for action in the areas of recruitment and retention, training and education, leadership and management, and improving the work environment.

Career Choice↗
PubMed2000

[Perceived distributions of opinions in young generation and their parents' generation regarding sex roles].

This study examined how people perceive the distributions of opinions about sex roles, in particular, how they saw generational differences in the opinions. Undergraduates and their parents were asked to estimate the opinion distributions in young generation as well as in their parents' generation. They were also asked to indicate their own opinions and the degree of their involvement with the issue. Main results were as follows: First, generation gaps were perceived; the respondents estimated that there would be stronger support for relatively liberal opinions in young generation than in their parents' generation, while the generation gaps were perceived in the reverse direction regarding relatively traditional opinions. Second, although this tendency was found for both sexes, it was more pronounced for female respondents. Third, fathers with higher personal involvement with the issue estimated stronger support for liberal opinions, while mothers with higher personal involvement estimated weaker support. This tendency in mothers was more salient in those who themselves supported relatively liberal opinions.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

A family therapeutic approach to transgenerational traumatization.

The phenomenon of transgenerational traumatization has currently become widely recognized and described, although the task of disentangling the underlying interactional mechanisms remains a difficult one. These transgenerational mechanisms were first detected in families of the survivors of the Holocaust, but they may be equally prominent in families of parents who have been traumatized in other ways, for example, as victims of child neglect and abuse, as orphaned children, or during military service. In cases in which parents have themselves been subjected to early parental deprivation, one or more children may become projectively identified with a parent's (posttraumatic) "bad child"-self, whereas the parent him/herself has identified with--enacts the role of--the idealized internal "martyr" parent. A case study is presented describing the individual and family therapeutic treatment of a woman who, as a child, had been traumatically separated from her parents.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Great-grandfathers. From their great-grandchildren's point of view].

The extension of life expectancy results in a substantial increase in the number of very elderly people and four-generation families becoming commonplace. Yet, we know little about great-grandparents' roles and the parts they play in the family. The authors have taken a specific interest in great-grandfathers and in their great-grandchildren's viewpoint. Interviews with three independent great-grandfathers living at home near their descendents as well as with eight of their great-grandchildren aim to shed some light on the eldest's situation in the family. The drawings and observations of young children (aged 5 to 14), along with the interview of their great-grandfathers, enable the authors to suggest that, although the great-grandfathers' position in the genealogy is perfectly well grasped, their role in the family seem more difficult to define; doubtless, due to its tenuousness. Separated by two intervening generations, young children and the parents of parents of one of their own parents seem not to have many verbal interactions nor shared activities, even if they meet every day. On the other hand, because they are perceived as being the "real" old people, great-grandfathers likely play a part in the way young great-grandchildren learn about old age. Children prove their ability to pick out the signs of old age in their great-grandparent: changes in the physical appearance, difficulties in moving and sensory weaknesses; and this keen perception of the troubles linked with ageing introduces them to an understanding of human finality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Generativity and successful parenting: an analysis of young adult outcomes.

Generativity scores were assessed in parents and correlated with offspring outcomes. The offspring were participants in a longitudinal study spanning their first and senior years of college. Generativity of parents was positively related to offspring agreeableness and conscientiousness. Parental generativity was also related to offspring scores on future time orientation and positive affect. In addition, generative parents seemed to model their political interests to offspring, and that modeling was related to children's higher scores on generativity and greater interest in politics. Parental generativity was also related to offspring religiosity. Most of these relationships remained significant after controlling for offspring scores on generativity. Generativity of parents appears to be related to successful offspring outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cultural and noncultural predictors of health outcomes in Korean daughter and daughter-in-law caregivers.

In Western cultures, adverse health effects resulting from providing care for impaired elders is well documented for family caregivers, but little is known about the health of Korean caregivers. This study examined the level of depression and physical health of 120 daughter and daughter-in-law caregivers who cared for cognitively or functionally impaired elderly in Korea. It was hypothesized that cultural factors would have a greater effect on caregivers' health outcomes than noncultural factors, but, contrary to this expectation, the effects of noncultural factors were found to outweigh those of cultural factors. Moreover, the caregivers in this study reported a relatively high level of depression, and more caregivers rated their own health as "poor" than did Western caregivers in previous studies. Family caregiving for the impaired elderly is stressful and negatively affects Korean caregivers' health outcomes regardless of societal values such as filial piety and familism regarding parent care in Korea. Culturally acceptable and sensible support programs may be useful in sustaining long-term care at home by Korean daughter and daughter-in-law caregivers. Further family caregiving studies in the Korean sociocultural context are recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Long-term care policy and the American family.

This article examines current and proposed long-term care policies and the social values of American families by looking at the influence of policy on family behavior. The analysis asks two questions. First, have our policies in recent years supported or undermined family values regarding the care of older members? Second, are our existing family values compatible with home and community-based long-term care reform proposals? Aaron, Mann, and Taylor's (1994) model for policy and changing values provides direction throughout. Findings based on behavior as a proxy for values suggest that current policies influence family values, and in turn, family values influence policies. Future policy is discussed in light of changed values, American family structure, dysfunctional families, individualism and collectivism, and gender neutrality and justice.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[Influence of grandmothers on breastfeeding practices].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of grandmothers on breastfeeding practices. METHODS: This was a prospective study on 601 mothers of normal babies born in a university hospital in the city of Porto Alegre, State of Rio Grande do Sul. Data were collected in the maternity ward and at home, one, two, four and six months after delivery, by means of interviews with the mothers. Information about grandmothers was obtained at the time of the first home visit. Multiple logistic regression was used to test associations between variables related to the grandmothers and the prevalence of breastfeeding. RESULTS: Abandonment of exclusive breastfeeding within the first month was significantly associated with maternal or paternal grandmothers who advised that water or tea (OR=2.2 and 1.8, respectively) and other kinds of milk (OR=4.5 and 1.9, respectively) should be given. Abandonment of breastfeeding within the first six months was associated with maternal and paternal grandmothers who advised that other kinds of milk (OR=2.4 and 2.1, respectively) should be given. Non-daily contact with the maternal grandmother was a protective factor for maintaining breastfeeding until six months. CONCLUSIONS: Grandmothers may have a negative influence on breastfeeding, both on its duration and its exclusivity. This information could be useful in the planning of strategies for promoting breastfeeding.

Adolescent↗