SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Judgment”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources

PubMed1992

Asymptomatic mandibular third molars: oral surgeons' judgment of the need for extraction.

Ten oral surgeons were asked to judge the need for extraction of asymptomatic mandibular third molars. Thirty-six mandibular third molars with equal distribution of angular position, impaction status, and patient's sex and age were selected. To estimate the consistency of judgment, the 36 cases were duplicated so that, in all, 72 cases were judged. The judgment of the oral surgeons was compared with that of 30 general dental practitioners (GDPs). The number of mandibular third molars the oral surgeons proposed to extract varied from 3 to 21 of 36 teeth. The mean number of molars proposed for extraction was 12 for the oral surgeons and 13 for the GDPs. There was no third molar that all the observers in the two groups agreed should be extracted. About three times as many observers in both groups proposed extraction of molars partially covered by soft tissue. The oral surgeons were unanimous in their judgment not to extract 11 molars, and the GDPs were also unanimous in judgment not to extract two of these. The mean intraobserver agreement within the two groups was comparable, 94% for the oral surgeons and 92% for the GDPs. We conclude that there is a great variation among oral surgeons in their judgment on the need for removal of asymptomatic mandibular third molars. A similar variation in judgment also was observed among GDPs.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Judgment: the nurse's key to knowledge.

Recently, nursing has turned more of its attention to judgment and has given it a high priority for study. A significant part of that study asks: What is judgment? How is it made? Why is it important? The ancient Greeks discovered reason and then created enduring art that demonstrates it. Three nurses are excerpted from this literature to evoke and explain how judgment is made. Euryclea, Cilissa, and Medea's nurse also illustrate the personal commitment in judgment. Human beings depend on the nurse's judgment. They depend on the nurse as knower. Nurses are obliged to move from doubt and opinion towards knowledge and certitude. Judgment is the nurse's key to that knowledge.

Drama↗

PubMed2006

Comparing judgments of stuttering made by students, clinicians, and highly experienced judges.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare judgments of stuttering made by students and clinicians with previously available judgments made by highly experienced judges in stuttering. METHOD: On two occasions, 41 university students and 31 speech-language pathologists judged the presence or absence of stuttering in each of 216 audiovisually recorded 5-s intervals of the speech of adults who stutter. Intrajudge and interjudge agreement were calculated, and comparisons were made to judgments previously made about the same recordings by 10 highly experienced judges of stuttering. RESULTS: Students and clinicians showed similar and relatively high levels of intrajudge and interjudge agreement, but both students and clinicians identified less than half as much stuttering as the highly experienced judges had identified. CONCLUSIONS: These results replicate previous findings of high agreement coexisting with low accuracy in students' judgments of stuttering, extending those findings to show that similar problems are evident in judgments made by practicing clinicians. Implications include the need for explicit stuttering judgment training programs for both students and practicing clinicians. EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES: After reading this article, the reader will be able to: (1) describe different methods for identifying stuttering and possible problems associated with each method; (2) describe two different methods for reporting interjudge reliability; (3) describe how the identification of stuttering differs for student, clinician, and highly experienced judges.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

The effect of perceptual training on inexperienced listeners' judgments of dysphonic voice.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was (1) to determine whether changes in intra- and interrater reliability occur for inexperienced listeners' judgments of overall severity, roughness, and breathiness in dysphonic and normal speakers after 2 hours of listener training; and (2) to determine the acoustic bases of inexperienced listeners' judgments before and after training. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, single group, pre- and postdesign. METHODS: Thirty adult dysphonic and six normal speaker samples were selected from a database. Samples included 21 test stimuli and 15 training stimuli of both sustained vowels and connected speech. Sixteen inexperienced listeners judged all samples for overall severity, roughness, and breathiness using visual analog scales. Each listener provided pretraining ratings at baseline. Listeners were then trained using 15 anchor voice samples and 15 training stimuli. During training, listeners were provided with definitions of rating dimensions, accuracy feedback, and anchor samples. Listeners then judged test stimuli in a posttraining session. Speaker samples also were analyzed acoustically. RESULTS: Intrarater reliability was least variable for judgments of overall severity, but improved further with training. Listener judgments of roughness and breathiness in vowels were least reliable at baseline, but they significantly improved between listeners after training. Finally, measures of cepstral peak prominence significantly predicted all voice quality judgments except roughness in vowels, which was predicted by shimmer. The acoustic bases of group perceptual judgments did not seem to change with training. CONCLUSIONS: These findings have implications for developing training programs in perceptual evaluation and mapping relationships between acoustic and perceptual characteristics of voice disorders.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Judgment processes in older adults' drug benefit evaluations.

BACKGROUND: The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 will provide drug coverage to older adults through a variety of mechanisms, including stand-alone prescription drug benefits. Variation in cost-sharing and utilization controls is permitted, leading potentially to a wide variety of prescription benefit plans. However, little is known regarding the manner in which beneficiaries will integrate information to form plan evaluations. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to assess and compare the use of compensatory and configural judgment models in older adults' evaluations of drug benefit plans. METHODS: Three focus groups were conducted with a total of 19 seniors to elicit relevant drug plan attributes. A separate group of 32 seniors then judged the suitability of 48 drug benefit profiles based on these attributes. Within-subjects regression analysis was used to reveal each participant's judgment policy. RESULTS: Focus groups suggested that copayment, premium, deductible, formulary use, and mail-service use were relevant plan attributes. Regression analyses showed that while most participants used compensatory judgment models in evaluation formation, 12 (37.5%) subjects used conjunctive judgment models. CONCLUSIONS: Configural judgment processes are used frequently by older adults when evaluating drug benefit plans. Future research using more fine-grained techniques (eg, process tracing) might help further elucidate judgment processes in this context.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

The role of professional judgment in chemical hazard assessment and communication.

Most hazard assessment guidelines and regulatory requirements--both nationally and internationally--explicitly advocate the use of professional judgment in hazard assessment. However, the practical application of such judgment (i.e., how and when that judgment should be applied) is often left to the assessor's discretion. This can lead to inconsistent guidance on the use, handling, and disposal of chemicals and can ultimately result in ineffective hazard communication and chemical management. This paper traces the regulatory rationale and legislative conventions for applying professional judgment in hazard assessment to key global regulations and professional standards. A series of guidelines for applying professional judgment are drawn from these regulations and standards, consistent with sound toxicological concepts and principles. The guidelines are illustrated by cogent examples drawn from the experiences of professional toxicologists and industrial hygienists charged with complying with the norms of hazard assessment. We contend that these guidelines and supporting examples are fully compliant with international regulations, decision-neutral with regard to the stringency of the assessment, and reflective of the harmonized efforts to develop more effective and complete hazard communications. We discuss the regulatory ramifications and needs for better definition of professional judgment in hazard assessments under GHS and REACH.

Communication↗

PubMed1979

Semantic judgment ability in adult aphasia.

Recent psycholinguistic literature suggests that language usage often involves the ability to make judgments or appraisals about various aspects of language. It was therefore the purpose of the present study to examine the semantic judgment or evaluation abilities of thirty persons with aphasia in comparison to these same behaviors in a group of thirty normal individuals. That is, this study examined subject ability to use knowledge to make comparisons or judgments in reference to specific criteria. Results support the existence of a judgment capacity and indicate that persons with aphasia are impaired in their ability to evaluate semantic material. Therefore, speech pathologists may wish to include semantic judgment tasks in their evaluation procedures and plan therapy directed toward the retrieval of judgment responses.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The social context of critical care clinical judgment.

BACKGROUND: Clinical judgment in critical care is supported by a rich social network of care providers. The purpose of this study was to describe the social context in which the process of critical care clinical judgment occurs from the nurse's perspective. METHODS: An ethnographic study was conducted that included interviews with 10 nurses and participant observation in an open heart surgery unit with 59 nurses and two surgical teams during a 2-year period. RESULTS: Nurses and physicians were organized in hierarchies of nurse manager, resource nurse, charge nurse, and staff nurse or attending surgeon, fellow, chief resident, and resident. These parallel hierarchies allowed for checks on judgment both within and across professional lines. Rituals, such as nursing report, physician rounds, and flow sheet use, provided a context for a critique on judgment processes. Communication of judgment was frequently a casual, open conversation. At other times, differences in perspective could result in conflict. Communication between nurses and physicians has been associated with better patient outcomes. Critical care unit directors and managers can use an analysis of communication patterns to develop supports to clinical judgment.

Clinical Nursing Research↗

PubMed1994

A prospective comparison of paramedic judgment and the trauma triage rule in the prehospital setting.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To study paramedic judgment and the Trauma Triage Rule in prehospital trauma triage. DESIGN: Prospective. SETTING: A county emergency medical services system. PARTICIPANTS: Six hundred fifty-three trauma patients. RESULTS: Over a 3-month period, 653 trauma patients were evaluated in the prehospital setting. Paramedic judgment and the Trauma Triage Rule (TTR), as described by Baxt, were evaluated for accuracy in identifying patients requiring trauma center care. The TTR achieved a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 86%. Paramedic judgment had a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 60%. Combining the TTR and paramedic judgment achieved a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 75%. CONCLUSION: The TTR and paramedic judgment are effective in identifying patients who require trauma center care in the prehospital setting. The TTR and paramedic judgment combined have the greatest predictive value in identifying seriously injured patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Coping, defending, and the relations between moral judgment and moral behavior in prostitutes and other female juvenile delinquents.

Twenty female juvenile delinquents who acknowledged engaging in prostitution, 20 juvenile delinquents who denied doing so, and 20 same-age control subjects responded to Colby and Kohlberg's (1987) Moral Judgment Interview (MJI), a moral dilemma about prostitution, and Joffe and Naditch's (1977) test of coping and defending. Delinquents scored lower on moral maturity and coping and higher on defensiveness than nondelinquents. Post hoc analyses revealed that low-coping delinquents (but not high-coping delinquents or control subjects) made significantly lower level moral judgments on the prostitution dilemma than on the less personally relevant MJI dilemmas. Groups did not differ in their prescriptive judgments on the MJI, but prostitutes made weaker judgments against prostitution than the other delinquents. Prescriptive judgments were not related to moral maturity. The results elucidate the relation between moral judgment and moral behavior.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1988

Friends and strangers: acquaintanceship, agreement, and the accuracy of personality judgment.

We examined the effect of acquaintanceship on interjudge agreement in personality ratings. Approximately 150 undergraduates described their own personalities using the Q-sort. They were also described by two close acquaintances and by two "strangers" who knew them only via a single, spontaneous interaction viewed on videotape. The effect of acquaintanceship was powerful: Judgments by close acquaintances agreed with each other and with subjects' self-judgments much better than did judgments by strangers, even though strangers' judgments agreed with each other and with subjects' self-judgments beyond a chance level. This result implies that agreement among acquaintances' judgments must derive at least partly from experience with and observation of the person who is judged. The same traits that yielded better agreement among acquaintances also yielded better agreement among strangers and tended to be rated higher in subjective visibility, suggesting that people are intuitively knowledgeable about the traits they can judge with more and less agreement.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Cross-cultural consensus in personality judgments.

Building on recent research demonstrating consensus and accuracy in interpersonal perception based on minimal information, the present studies examined American and Chinese participants' within- and cross-cultural judgments. In Study 1, the authors used the zero-acquaintance paradigm in the People's Republic of China and found consensus on all personality dimensions. In Study 2, Chinese and American participants judged each other on the basis of photographs, and consensus was found among Americans' judgments of Chinese and Chinese participants' judgments of Americans. Further, by correlating target effects based on within-culture zero-acquaintance judgments and cross-cultural photographic judgments, the authors found agreement in the judgments of individuals by members of their own culture and the other culture for both Chinese and Americans.

China↗

PubMed1997

Simultaneous assimilation and contrast effects in judgments of self and others.

Judgments of self and referent others tend to be positively related, as evident in the false consensus effect, but others may also be contrasted from the self, as noted in the false uniqueness literature. In 3 studies that examined the domains of attitudes and traits, evidence of both assimilative and contrastive associations between self- and other-judgements were noted, depending on the form of judgment (objective vs. subjective) and the relevant judgment scale anchor (self vs. others). When self-judgments were made first, objective appraisals of reference groups were contrasted from subjective self-appraisals (after controlling for individual differences in participants' behavioral reports). When judgments of others were made first, objective self-ratings were contrasted from subjective other-judgments. Implications for the false consensus literature and the shifting standards model (M. Biernat, M. Manis, & T. E. Nelson, 1991) are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

The role of intent and harm in judgments of prejudice and discrimination.

Four experiments examined how an actor's intent and the harm experienced by a target influence judgments of prejudice and discrimination. The presence of intent increased the likelihood that participants judged an actor as prejudiced and the actor's behavior as discriminatory. When intent was uncertain, harm influenced judgments of the behavior, which in turn influenced judgments of the actor, and participants were more cautious in their judgments about an actor than an actor's behavior. Harm also played a stronger role in targets' than observers' judgments. Understanding the role of intent and harm on perceptions of prejudice can help explain variations in targets' versus observers', and possibly targets' versus actors', judgments of discrimination and prejudice.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

On the subjective quality of social justice: the role of affect as information in the psychology of justice judgments.

This article argues that it is not uncommon for people forming justice judgments to lack information that is most relevant in the particular situation. In information-uncertain conditions, people may therefore construct justice judgments by relying on how they feel about the events they have encountered, and justice judgments may hence be strongly influenced by affect information. Findings show that in information-uncertain conditions, the affective states that people had been in prior and unrelated to the justice event indeed strongly influenced their justice judgments. These findings thus reveal that in situations of information uncertainty, people's judgments of justice can be very subjective, susceptible to affective states that have no logical relationship with the justice judgments they are constructing. Implications for the social psychology of justice and the literature on social cognition and affect are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Is there an "I" in "team"? The role of the self in group-serving judgments.

Why do people make judgments that favor their groups, attributing outcomes to internal factors to a greater extent when their group succeeds than when their group fails? The present research demonstrates that group-serving judgments serve a self-protective function. In Study 1, participants in team sports competitions made more internal team attributions after experiencing victory than defeat; this group-serving bias was eliminated among those who completed an affirmation of personal values. Study 2 replicated Study 1 and found that affirmed people were less likely to use their self-judgments as an anchor for judgments about the group. Study 2 also found that self-affirmation secured feelings of being a worthy group member, and this was associated with the reduction of group-serving judgments. The present research examines the motivational factors that promote, reduce, link, and separate self-serving and group-serving judgments.

Ego↗

PubMed2005

The influence of chronically and temporarily accessible information on life satisfaction judgments.

The authors examined the influence of temporarily and chronically accessible information on life satisfaction judgments. Meta-analyses revealed high retest-reliability of life satisfaction judgments and weak effects of the item order of domain and global satisfaction judgments. Study 1 (N=225) failed to replicate a widely cited finding of strong item-order effects. In Studies 2 (N=100), 3 (N=200), and 4 (N=222), chronically accessible information was a strong predictor of life satisfaction judgments, whereas item order had a relatively small effect. Study 5 (N=651) demonstrated that the results generalize to single item measures and judgments of shorter time periods. The results suggest that life satisfaction judgments are more heavily based on chronically accessible than temporarily accessible information.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Confidence-accuracy calibration in absolute and relative face recognition judgments.

Confidence-accuracy (CA) calibration was examined for absolute and relative face recognition judgments as well as for recognition judgments from groups of stimuli presented simultaneously or sequentially (i.e., simultaneous or sequential mini-lineups). When the effect of difficulty was controlled, absolute and relative judgments produced negligibly different CA calibration, whereas no significant difference was observed for simultaneous and sequential mini-lineups. Further, the effect of difficulty on CA calibration was equivalent across judgment and mini-lineup types. It is interesting to note that positive (i.e., old) recognition judgments demonstrated strong CA calibration whereas negative (i.e., new) judgments evidenced little or no CA association. Implications for eyewitness identification are discussed.

Analysis of Variance↗