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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Experimental infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: efficacy of a vaccine prepared from nonhemolytic strains of Moraxella bovis.

Calves vaccinated with a bacterin prepared from 4 nonhemolytic strains of Moraxella bovis were challenge exposed with a virulent hemolytic strain of M bovis. Ten calves were given 2 vaccinal inoculations 21 days apart. Twenty-one days after the last vaccinal inoculation, the eyes of the 10 vaccinated and the eyes of the 12 non-vaccinated calves were exposed to a hemolytic heterologous strain of M bovis. The percentage of eyes with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis was lower, the lesions were less severe, and the duration of infection was shorter in vaccinated calves than in nonvaccinated calves. Seemingly, the resistance induced by nonhemolytic strains of M bovis was at least comparable with the induced by hemolytic virulent strains of that organism. The nature of the immune response in vaccinated calves is discussed.

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PubMed1984

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: isolation of Moraxella bovis from two groups of young beef cattle in fly control field trials during 1981.

The rate of infection with Moraxella bovis was determined for two herds of calves during the course of a year. High infection rates with the haemolytic variant were found in the herds while they were housed during their first winter but this infection rate fell steadily after turnout. A rise in infections with the non-haemolytic variant was observed during this time. The animals remained free from clinical infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis during the summer, unlike similar groups of animals in previous years. Immunity, weather and flies are considered for their possible relevance to this observation.

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PubMed2002

Mycoplasma conjunctivae infection is not maintained in alpine chamois in eastern Switzerland.

The occurrence of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) was assessed in alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra) in Grisons (Switzerland) from 1950 to 1999. The first IKC outbreaks were reported in the 1950's. Since then, the number of affected subpopulations constantly increased and, by 1999, IKC outbreaks were reported in 39 of 51 (77%) chamois sub-populations. From 1992-99, a total of 243 chamois which died of the consequences of IKC were recorded. The number of cases differed between years, and a distinct seasonal trend was observed. Infectious keratoconjunctivitis was more common during summer and autumn, with 48% of the cases recorded in August-October. Juveniles (< 4 yr of age) were mostly represented. To verify the presence of Mycoplasma conjunctivae in chamois we analyzed conjunctival swabs taken from animals affected with IKC. Among a sample of 28 affected chamois, M. conjunctivae was identified 14 times (50%). An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect specific M. conjunctivae antibodies in sera of alpine chamois with IKC. We performed a serologic investigation to assess whether M. conjunctivae infection is self-maintained in the chamois population in Grisons. In subpopulations with IKC oubreaks, seroprevalence was low (8%). Seroprevalence was even lower in subpopulations with recent IKC outbreaks (3%). We concluded that the M. conjunctivae infection is not self-maintained in alpine chamois in Grisons. The agent may originate in domestic sheep living in proximity to chamois during summer. Control of IKC in chamois should consider immunoprophylaxis in sheep or limiting interspecific transmission of M. conjunctivae.

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PubMed1975

Experimentally induced infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: relationship of vaccination schedule to protection against exposure with homologous Moraxella bovis culture.

Calves were intramuscularly vaccinated with a formalin-killed Moraxella bovis culture. They were given 3 doses of the vaccinal culture at 3 different intervals between injections, as follows: 7-day intervals (group I), 14-day intervals (group II), an21-day intervals (group III); 14 days after the 3rd vaccinal dose was given, calves in all groups were challenge exposed to virulent homologous M bovis. The challenge bacterium became established in all (100%) of the control (group IV, N equals 8) and group I (N equals 8) calves, in 7 (87%) of the group II calves (N equals 8), and in 5 (62%) of the group III (N equals 8) calves. Signs of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) developed in 8 (100%) of the controls, in 6 (75%) of the group I calves, in 1 (12%) of the group II calves, and in 2 (25%) of the group III calves. These results indicate that at least 14 days should be allowed between successive doses of this experimental vaccine.

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PubMed1975

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: a ring device designed for prolonged retention in the bovine eye.

A study was conducted to determine whether treatment devices could be designed for prolonged retention in the eyes of cattle. Experimental design ring devices were compared relative to their ease of insertion, induction of adverse tissue reaction, and period of retention. The ring devices were also compared with commercially available devices used in human eyes. Ring devices having a circumference smaller than that of the conjunctival sac, but larger than that of the globe of the eye, were easy to insert, caused a minimal tissue reaction, and were retained by the eye up to 19 days. The authors suggest that a development using the ring design and an erodable matrix containing an antibacterial agent could lead to a possible method for the treatment of obstinate infections, such as infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) and Moraxella bovis carrier states in cattle.

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PubMed1984

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: enhancement of Moraxella bovis pili immunogenicity with diphtheria-tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine.

A study was conducted to determine whether diphtheria-tetanus-toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DPT) would enhance the immunogenicity of homologous Moraxella bovis pili fractions. Thirty-six calves were divided into 4 groups (I, II, III, and IV) of 9 calves each. Calves in group I were not vaccinated and served as controls. Calves in group II were vaccinated with pili fractions only. Calves in group III were vaccinated with DPT only. Calves in group IV were vaccinated with DPT and pili. Vaccination consisted of 2 inoculations, 21 days apart. Fourteen days after the last vaccinal inoculation was done, the eyes of all calves were exposed to a hemolytic homologous strain of M bovis. The percentage of eyes with disease was significantly less in calves given DPT and pili (P less than 0.001) and calves given pili only (P less than 0.05) than in calves given DPT only or nonvaccinated calves. The lesions were less severe in calves vaccinated with pili only than in calves not vaccinated with pili. Serologic results also showed a positive relationship between the development of serum antibodies against pili and immunity. The results indicate that DPT enhanced the immune response and if used as an adjuvant, might be useful in the development of a vaccine against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis.

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PubMed1982

A national survey of the clinical features, treatment and importance of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis.

A postal survey of cattle producers throughout Australia was conducted to obtain information concerning the occurrence, signs and treatment of infectious bovine keratocojunctivitis, animals breeds, animal numbers and types, environmental conditions under which the animals were kept and management routines and systems of the animals (Slatter et al 1982). The most common clinical signs reported were ocular discharge (43.9%), corneal opacity (9.9%), or both (46.1%). The majority of respondents (54.8%) indicated duration of infections of at least 3 weeks. The condition was predominantly unilateral (74.7%) but 22.3% of respondents reported an equal occurrence of the condition unilaterally and bilaterally. The most frequently used drugs were homidium bromide (26.7%), oxytetracycline hydrochloride (22.8%), chloramphenicol derivatives (13.7%) and penicillin derivatives (13.5%). However, described treatment regimes indicated that therapeutic levels of antibiotics would not be maintained in the eyes of treated animals. Producers considered that 75% of affected animals showed reduced rates of weight gain, and 64% indicated they were more difficult to handle. An approximate figure of +22,000,000 was determined for loss of national production due to the disease, based on producers' estimates. In addition, a further cost of +1,566,500 was estimated for the labour involved in current treatment regimes. Beef and dairy producers spent different amounts on medications and treated for different durations. The economic significance of the disease justifies further studies on production losses due to the disease and cost effective methods of treatment.

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PubMed1976

Experimental production of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: comparison of serological and immunological responses using pili fractions of Moraxella bovis.

The effect of vaccinating cattle and mice on the development of keratoconjunctivitis was studied. Cattle were vaccinated with whole cells, disrupted cells and pili fractions of three strains of Moraxella bovis. Mice were vaccinated with pili fractions of three strains. The resistance of all vaccinated animals was challenged with virulent cultures of M. bovis. In an attempt to correlate the response seen after vaccination and challenge with a pili fraction of M. bovis, vaccinated cattle and mice were grouped on the basis of signs of disease manifested and compared on the basis of serological responses. Serum samples were tested for antibodies by a gel diffusion precipitin test. A greater number of the sera of resistant cattle had antibodies to the homologous pili antigen than those of vaccinated nonresistant cattle. Cattle vaccinated with disrupted cells were not resistant to infectious bovine kerato-conjuctivitis and their sera lacked antibodies against the pili antigens. Vaccinated mice were more resistant to infectious bovine kerato-conjuctivitis and their sera lacked antibodies against the pili antigens. Vaccinated mice were more resistant to challenge exposure by homologous than heterologous cultures. A greater number of the sera of resistant mice had antibodies to pili antigens than nonresistant mice.

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PubMed2000

Association of Moraxella ovis with keratoconjunctivitis in mule deer and moose in Wyoming.

Six cases of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and moose (Alces alces) in Wyoming (USA) were investigated during fall and winter of 1995 and 1996. Excessive lacrimation, mucopurulent conjunctivitis, keratitis, and corneal opacity were observed in mule deer. Moose had severe mucopurulent conjunctivitis, keratitis, and corneal ulceration. Hemolytic, non-piliated Moraxella ovis was isolated from two mule deer and two moose. We attempted to reproduce IKC in three mule deer fawns using an isolate of M. ovis from a clinically affected mule deer. These fawns did not develop clinical signs of infection and the bacterium was not reisolated from inoculated deer. Inoculated deer may not have developed clinical signs because deer were not exposed to ultraviolet light or mechanical insult before inoculation. In addition, the isolate used for inoculation may have lost virulence factors through passage, or M. ovis may not have been the primary pathogen responsible for clinical disease in the natural cases of IKC we investigated. The etiology of IKC in free-ranging wild ruminants remains poorly understood.

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PubMed1983

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: bacteriologic, immunologic, and clinical responses of cattle to experimental exposure with Moraxella bovis.

The bacteriologic, immunologic, and clinical responses of 3- to 4-month old Holstein-Friesian calves to experimental exposure with Moraxella bovis type 10900 has been investigated. After u.v. radiation and intraconjunctival exposure with 1.9 X 10(7) microorganisms, each eye of 16 calves exhibited signs of blepharospasm, photophobia, and increased lacrimation. Bacteria were recovered from exposed eyes for 2-7 consecutive weeks before maximal clinical response occurred. The severity of the cases varied from eyes that exhibited mild signs to severe clinical cases with profuse lacrimation, conjunctival swelling, corneal opacity, and ulceration. By 70 days after exposure, M. bovis could not be recovered from any conjunctival swabs, and clinical signs were not observed. Four non-exposed control animals did not develop clinical signs nor was M. bovis recovered from conjunctival swabs. Lacrimal secretions collected at the time of and 1 week after maximal clinical response had significantly elevated levels of total protein as compared to those collected 3, 2, and 1 week before, and 2 and 3 weeks after maximal clinical response. A passive hemagglutination test, using tanned formalized sheep erythrocytes sensitized with M. bovis sonicate antigen, detected antibody in lacrimal secretions from 22 of 32 eyes. The appearance of specific antibody in lacrimal secretions correlated with the amelioration of clinical signs and the decline in numbers of M. bovis microorganisms recovered from conjunctival swabs.

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