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PubMed1980

Pathogenesis of experimental Leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae infection in the guinea pigs: possible role of endotoxin of intestinal bacteria in the development of lesions.

Germ-free guinea pigs were infected with a virulent strain of Leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae to evaluate the possible role of endotoxin of intestinal bacteria in the development of hemorrhages and hepatic and renal failure. Clinical manifestations, necropsy findings and histological lesions were similar to those seen in control animals. In the second part of the experiment, endotoxin was not detected by the Limulus test in the blood of ten guinea pigs during the five day course of leptospirosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Investigation on monoclonal antibodies against two serovars of the icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup of Leptospira.

By means of the cell fusion technique, two hybridoma cell lines, V-1 and H2-1 have been obtained. V-1 cells secrete monoclonal antibody against serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and dakota. The H2-1 cell line secretes serovar-specific monoclonal antibody against serovar H2. These monoclonal antibodies have been successfully used in serovar-typing of leptospires isolated in China. The results of identification of leptospires by using monoclonal antibodies showed total coincidence with that by the traditional cross agglutinin absorption test and factor antiserum method. It was confirmed by using monoclonal antibody that the serological agglutination totally paralleled with animal protection. On the basis of the study, a concept was proposed that the agglutination in vitro and the protection in vivo are different manifestations in different reaction systems from the same antibody (antibodies) stimulated by a component(s) of the surface antigen of leptospires.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1992

Cloning of dapD, aroD and asd of Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae, and nucleotide sequence of the asd gene.

Metabolites such as diaminopimelate and some aromatic derivatives, not synthesized in mammalian cells, are essential for growth of bacteria. As a first step towards the design of a new human live vaccine that uses attenuated strains of Leptospira interrogans, the asd, aroD and dapD genes, encoding aspartate beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, 3-dehydroquinase and tetrahydrodipicolinate N-succinyltransferase, respectively, were cloned by complementation of Escherichia coli mutants. The complete nucleotide sequence of the asd gene was determined and found to contain an open reading frame capable of encoding a protein of 349 amino acids with a calculated Mr of 38,007. Comparison of this deduced L. interrogans aspartate beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase amino acid sequence with those of the same enzyme from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Corynebacterium glutamicum revealed 46% and 36% identity, respectively. By contrast, the identity between the L. interrogans enzyme and the Streptococcus mutans or E. coli enzymes was less than 31%. Highly conserved sequences within aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase from the five organisms were observed at the amino and carboxyl termini, and around the cysteine of the active site.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed1986

The susceptibility of a strain of Leptospira interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae to amoxycillin, erythromycin, lincomycin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline and minocycline.

The failure of prophylactic penicillin to prevent a laboratory acquired case of Icterohaemorrhagiae leptospirosis prompted determination of the MIC and MBC of amoxycillin, erythromycin, lincomycin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline and minocycline for the infecting strain. Amoxycillin followed by erythromycin were the most effective, with MBCs of 0.5 mg/l after 7 days exposure and 0.1 mg/l after 21 days exposure respectively. Leptospires grew in the presence of high concentrations of tetracycline hydrochloride and oxytetracycline after prolonged incubation. This effect was less pronounced with minocycline, with MIC's of 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/l after 7, 14 and 21 days exposure respectively. The MIC of lincomycin was 0.25 mg/l at each time interval. These results support the high dose, long duration antibiotic regimens recommended in the literature.

Amoxicillin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Glycoproteins from Leptospira interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae: distribution in the liver and kidney of experimentally infected guinea pigs].

Tissue damage in leptospirosis has been ascribed to direct effect of the microorganisms and/or their virulence, including products synthetized by leptospires or released during their lysis. This study aimed at chemical extraction of the glycolipoprotein (GLP) from virulent leptospires, production of a rabbit anti-GLP and analysis of its distribution in liver and kidney of inoculated guinea-pigs, sacrificed sequentially from the 1st to 6th day of infection, covering the whole, spectrum of acute leptospirosis. The comparison of GLP expression to local injuries aimed at new pathogenetic data. GLP was detected in liver and kidney in 2 out of 6 guinea-pigs on the 5th day and in all 6 animals on the 6th day of infection. Granular forms were seen in the cytoplasm of macrophages, free in interstitium or adhered to endothelial and parenchymal cell membranes, especially in the most damaged sites. These findings lead us to the hypothesis of GLP as a toxic factor resulting from leptospiral lysis by macrophages. Although it was not proved as a promoter of initial lesions, it seems to be related to the enhancement of tissue damage late in the course of the disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Chemical and biological properties of endotoxin from Leptospira interrogans serovars canicola and icterohaemorrhagiae.

1. Endotoxin-like activity was extracted with phenol-chloroform-petroleum either (PCP) from Leptospira interrogans serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and canicola. Chemical analysis of leptospiral cells obtained from the PCP extract indicated the following distribution of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), protein and polysaccharide in mg/ml: 3.0, 4.5 and 1.0 for icterohaemorrhagiae and 3.3, 5.6 and 1.5 for canicola. 2. The preparations presented several biological activities: positive Limulus test (1.0 pg/ml) for icterohaemorrhagiae and canicola PCP extract and 0.5 pg/ml for E. coli O111:B4 LPS, lethality for chicken embryos (LD50 45, 25 and 1.0) for icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola and E. coli O111:B4 LPS, pyrogenicity in rabbits with an average increase in rectal temperature of 0.6 degrees C, 0.9 degrees C and 2.2 degrees C for canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae and E. coli O111:B4 LPS, reacted with complement inhibiting the lysis of sheep red blood cells, 62%, 75% and 90% for 2.0 micrograms/ml of icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola PCP extract and E. coli O111:B4 LPS. The PCP extract showed no cytotoxicity on chicken embryo fibroblasts and epithelial cells. 3. These results demonstrate that Leptospira endotoxin activity is similar to E. coli O111:B4 lipopolysaccharide.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Detection of seven species of pathogenic leptospires by PCR using two sets of primers.

Two sets of primers derived from genomic DNA libraries of Leptospira serovars icterohaemorrhagiae (strain RGA) and bim (strain 1051) enabled the amplification by PCR of target DNA fragments from leptospiral reference strains belonging to all presently described pathogenic Leptospira species. The icterohaemorrhagiae-derived primers (G1/G2) enabled amplification of DNA from L. interrogans, L. borgpetersenii, L. weilii, L. noguchii, L. santarosai and L. meyeri, whereas the bim-derived primers (B64-I/B64-II) enabled the amplification of L. kirschneri. Southern blot and DNA sequence analysis revealed inter-species DNA polymorphism within the region spanned by primers G1 and G2 between L. interrogans and various other Leptospira species. Using a mixture of primer sets G1/G2 and B64-I/B64-II, leptospires of serovars icterohaemorrhagiae, copenhageni, hardjo, pomona, grippotyphosa and bim were detected in serum samples collected from patients during the first 10 days after the onset of illness.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2006

New Leptospira serovar Sokoine of serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae from cattle in Tanzania.

The prevalence of leptospirosis is generally high in domestic animals and rodents in Tanzania. Identification of Leptospira isolates from cattle was carried out to establish prevalent Leptospira serovars. Serological typing was done based on monoclonal antibodies and the standard cross-agglutination absorption test. Molecular typing involved pathogenic- and saprophytic-specific PCRs and a PCR specifically amplifying DNA from the species Leptospira kirschneri. DNA fingerprinting with primers derived from sequences of insertion elements IS1500 and IS1533 was carried out. Both serological and molecular characterization indicated that one of the Leptospira isolates, coded RM1, represents a new serovar of the species L. kirschneri of serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae. The serovar name Sokoine is proposed for this new Leptospira isolate.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1992

Isolation and biological activities of endotoxin from Leptospira interrogans.

Endotoxins extracted with ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) from Leptospira interrogans serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and canicola and Leptospira biflexa serovar patoc were tested for various biological activities characteristic of endotoxins. The presence of lipopolysaccharide biological activity was demonstrated by the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test, pyrogenicity in rabbits, complement interaction inhibiting the erythrocyte lysis, and chicken-embryo lethality. The lipopolysaccharides did not induce the local Shwartzman reaction. The lipopolysaccharides of serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and canicola were immunogenic in rabbits and were cytotoxic to chicken-embryo fibroblasts.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Leptospirosis in the Republic of Mordovia].

Over 45 years, anthropurgic foci of Leptospira infection have been differently active in the Republic of Mordovia; in its population, the incidence of leptospiroses being greater than the average federal rates. The peak incidence of leptospirosis was observed at 10-11-year intervals: 1962-1963, 1971-1972, 1983, 1994-1995, 2001-2002 when outbreak and group morbidity were registered. There were 2.6- and 2.4-fold seasonal rises in morbidity in June to September with its peak in July-August, respectively. Cases of infection were notified in all the districts and towns of the republic, and in all landscape-environmental areas; group and outbreak incidence was found in 6 districts and environs of the town of Saransk in 1997-2002. Males aged 20-49 years are a group of risk for Leptospira infection; its incidence rates in age groups 0-14 and above 60 years are less than the average republican ones. Children (aged 0-14 years) and adolescents (aged 15-19 years) actively participate and determine outbreak and group mortality rates. Infection occurs most frequently while bathing in open water reservoirs, while using water from other water springs, going to the forest to pick mushrooms, berries, etc., while being engaged in laying in hay, fodder, and other feeds for animals. During registration of infection in Mordovia, the etiological pattern of human leptospirosis constantly changed, in 1992-2002 there were prevalent diseases caused by Grippotyphosa (60.96%), Canicola (7.12%), Seiroe (6.73%), Australis (6.54%), and Cynopteri (5.96%), in 1997-2002, the proportion of Australis (11.2%) increased and that of Canicola (4.7%) decreased. The leptospira serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae, Tarassovi, Seiroe were prevalent animals. There was no correlation of the etiological environment of leptospiras isolated from agricultural animals and human beings in 1997-2002, which proves the leading role of natural leptospirosis foci and rodents as a source of infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

An application of monoclonal antibodies to identification of leptospires of serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae found in China.

For the purpose of improving the procedures of identification of leptospires, a set of 5 monoclonal antibodies with different serological reactivity against serovars of Leptospira interrogans Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup isolated in China was developed. One hundred and eight strains isolated from epidemic fields in 5 provinces in southern China were distinctly identified into 4 serovars of Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup by the monoclonal antibody procedure, i.e., 98 isolates were identified as serovar lai, 7 as icterohaemorrhagiae, 2 as copenhageni, and 1 as H2. Factor antiserum procedure was used at the same time as control for typing these strains and an identical result was obtained.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Co-infection with malaria and leptospirosis.

Malaria and leptospirosis are both common in the tropics. Simultaneous infections are possible, although not previously reported. We report two cases of malaria from an area of Thailand on the Thailand-Myanmar border with compelling serologic evidence of simultaneous acute leptospirosis. One was a case of infection with Plasmodium falciparum with acute and convalescent microscopic agglutination test (MAT) titers for Leptospira serovar icterohaemorrhagiae of 1:200 and 1:1,600, respectively. The other was a case of infection with P. vivax that seroconverted to a titer of 1:3,200 for Leptospira serovar bataviae. Additionally, there were five probable cases of leptospirosis with patent malaria parasitemia (three P. falciparum and two P. vivax) detected. Management of dual infections is complicated by their similar clinical presentations, and because the confirmatory diagnosis of malaria is readily available as opposed to that of leptospirosis. Treatment focusing on malaria mono-infections instead of dual infections could result in a delay of specific therapy for leptospirosis and possible consequences of serious complications.

Adult↗