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Results for “LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE”

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PubMed1982

Direct action of D-lysergic acid diethylamide on dispersed mucosal cells from guinea pig stomach.

In dispersed mucosal cells from guinea pig stomach, D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was a partial agonist with respect to histamine. LSD, like histamine, inhibited [3H]histamine binding and increased both cellular cyclic AMP and [14C]aminopyrine uptake by interacting with histamine H2-receptors on parietal cells. These processes were blocked by both histamine H1- and H2-antagonists and, thus, provide evidence that histamine H2-receptors on guinea pig parietal cells resemble those in brain tissue in that they interact with LSD as well as with both classes of histamine antagonists.

Aminopyrine↗
PubMed1976

Generalization of morphine and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) stimulus properties to narcotic analgesics.

The present investigation sought to determine whether the stimulus properties of morphine and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) would generalize to several narcotic analgesics which vary in their subjective effects. Morphine and saline served as discriminative stimuli for one group of rats in a 2-lever discrimination task. LSD and saline were discriminative stimuli for a second group. Depression of one lever in an operant chamber resulted in reinforcement following the administration of morphine or LSD and the opposite lever was reinforced after saline. After discriminated responding was stable, stimulus generalization tests with narcotic analgesics and antagonists showed that the stimulus properties of morphine generalized to methadone and meperidine, and partially to pentazocine, all of which produce morphine-like subjective effects in humans. Morphine stimulus properties did not generalize to nalorphine or cyclazocine, which produce dissimilar subjective effects. The stimulus properties of LSD generalized partially to cyclazocine, but not to nalorphine. In humans cyclazocine and nalorphine produce a high incidence of psychotomimetic effects, but the subjective effects of cyclazocine are differentiable from those of LSD.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed2002

The hallucinogen d-lysergic acid diethylamide (d-LSD) induces the immediate-early gene c-Fos in rat forebrain.

The hallucinogen d-lysergic acid diethylamide (d-LSD) evokes dramatic somatic and psychological effects. In order to analyze the neural activation induced by this unique psychoactive drug, we tested the hypothesis that expression of the immediate-early gene product c-Fos is induced in specific regions of the rat forebrain by a relatively low, behaviorally active, dose of d-LSD (0.16 mg/kg, i.p.); c-Fos protein expression was assessed at 30 min, and 1, 2 and 4 h following d-LSD injection. A time- and region-dependent expression of c-Fos was observed with a significant increase (P<0.05) in the number of c-Fos-positive cells detected in the anterior cingulate cortex at 1 h, the shell of the nucleus accumbens at 1 and 2 h, the bed nucleus of stria terminalis lateral at 2 h and the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus at 1, 2 and 4 h following systemic d-LSD administration. These data demonstrate a unique pattern of c-Fos expression in the rat forebrain following a relatively low dose of d-LSD and suggest that activation of these forebrain regions contributes to the unique behavioral effects of d-LSD.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detection and interpretation of lysergic acid diethylamide results by immunoassay screening of urine in various testing groups.

A total of 2259 urine samples were assayed for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) using radioimmunoassay (RIA, Coat-a-Count, Diagnostics Products) and a premarket cloned enzyme donor immunoassay (CEDIA, Boehringer Mannheim). Urine samples were obtained from patients admitted to the emergency room, patients in drug rehabilitation programs, and adults and juveniles in criminal probation programs. An overall incidence of positive results was 0.80% for CEDIA (500-pg/mL cutoff) and 0.89% and 0.18% for RIA at cutoffs of 250 and 500 pg/mL, respectively. Of the CEDIA-positive samples, only 17 and 11% were positive by RIA at 250 and 500 pg/mL, respectively, whereas among RIA-positive samples, only 10% of those > 250 pg/mL and only 25% of those > 500 pg/mL were positive by CEDIA. Moreover, only 2 of 25 of samples positive by one of these screening assays were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It is likely that discrepancies in results between immunoassays are due to differences in antibody specificities used to detect LSD metabolites. In addition, immunoassays may be more sensitive than GC-MS for detecting LSD use as current confirmation assays are targeted towards detection of the parent drug only. The interpretation of results for LSD analysis must be made with knowledge of the limitations for each assay.

Antibody Specificity↗
PubMed1975

RNA synthesis in isolated brian nuclei after administration of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in vivo.

RNA synthesis in isolated brain nuclei was analyzed 2.5 hr after the intravenous administration of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to young rabbits. The drug stimulated transcription by 54% in brain stem nuclei and by 13% in cerebral hemisphere nuclei expressed over saline controls. Both nucleoplasmic and nucleolar RNA synthesis were increased. The main activity in the isolated nuclei assay was due to nucleoplasmic RNA polymerase, since alpha-amanitin reduced synthesis by over 70% in either drug or control treatments.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The muscle findings in the neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with lysergic acid diethylamide.

A detailed pathological description of the muscle findings in a case of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) following ingestion of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is given, including the first ultrastructural analysis. Focal necrosis, oedema, and hypercontraction of fibres with glycogen and lipid depletion, were identified, all of which had resolved completely a year later. The findings are compared with those in malignant hyperthermia. It is suggested that the results support the view that in NMS, the muscle rigidity is due to central mechanisms and, in both this disorder and malignant hyperthermia, it is responsible for the hyperpyrexia and its life-threatening complications.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Effects of chlorimipramine and lysergic acid diethylamide on efflux of precursor-formed 3-H-serotonin: correlations with serotonergic impulse flow.

The effects of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and chlorimipramine (CIMI) on the firing rate of serotonergic (5-HT) neurons and on the in vivo efflux of 5-HT were investigated in parallel. A cerebroventricular perfusing technique was used to measure the efflux of 3-H-5-HT formed in vivo from 3-H-tryptophan. Impulse flow in serotonergic neurons was monitored by single unit recording from raphe (5-HT) neurons. Doses of LSD and CIMI, which caused a similar degree of inhibition of raphe cell firing, were found to affect 5-HT efflux differently. LSD, at both the 75, and 150 mug/kg doses, produced a similar decrease in 3-H-5-HT efflux. In contrast, CIMI at a low dose (5 mg/kg) did not reduce 5-HT efflux, despite an inhibition in impulse flow. At a high dose (20 mg/kg), CIMI produced an increase in 3-H-5-HT efflux. We conclude that 1) LSD decreased 3-H-5-HT efflux by directly inhibiting impulse flow in 5-HT neurons and/or by a local effect on 5-HT terminals and 2) a low dose of CIMI produces no net change in 3-H-5-HT efflux because a reduction in impulse flow-dependent 5-HT release compensates for blockade by CIMI of 5-HT reuptake.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of lysergic acid diethylamide on memory in mice].

In experiments on mice of the BALB/c strain a study was made of the influence of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on the retention and reproduction of a conditioned passive avoidance reaction (CPAR). A 0.5-3.0 mg/kg of LSD Injected intraperitoneally 10 min. before the learning procedure, worsened the CPAR retention, while a 0.2 mg/kg of LSD Improved it. The drug (0.2 mg/kg) facilitated the retrieval of the reaction, which did not manifest itself in 24 and 48 hours after learning. This effect depended on the strength of the unconditioned stimulus presented during learning as well as on the time intervals between the moments of learning and testing. Facilitated CPAR retrieval was observed only during the action of the drug and disappeared in 24 hours after its administration. The possible physiological mechanisms of LSD influence on memory processes are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Detection of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in urine by gas chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry.

A confirmatory method for the detection and quantitation of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is presented. The method employs gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS) using an internal ionization ion trap detector for sensitive MS-MS-in-time measurements of LSD extracted from urine. Following a single-step solid-phase extraction of 5 mL of urine, underivatized LSD can be measured with limits of quantitation and detection of 80 and 20 pg/mL, respectively. Temperature-programmed on-column injections of urine extracts were linear over the concentration range 20-2000 pg/mL (r2 = 0.999). Intraday and interday coefficients of variation were < 6% and < 13%, respectively. This procedure has been applied to quality-control specimens and LSD-positive samples in this laboratory. Comparisons with alternate GC-MS methods and extraction procedures are discussed.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗
PubMed2002

Immunoassay screening of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and its confirmation by HPLC and fluorescence detection following LSD ImmunElute extraction.

In all, 3872 urine specimens were screened for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) using the CEDIA DAU LSD assay. Forty-eight samples, mainly from psychiatric patients or drug abusers, were found to be LSD positive, but only 13 (27%) of these could be confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) following immunoaffinity extraction (IAE). Additional analysis for LSD using the DPC Coat-a-Count RIA was performed to compare the two immunoassay screening methods. Complete agreement between the DPC RIA assay and HPLC-FLD results was observed at concentrations below a cutoff concentration of 500 pg/mL. Samples that were LSD positive in the CEDIA DAU assay but not confirmed by HPLC-FLD were also investigated for interfering compounds using REMEDI HS drug-profiling system. REMEDI HS analysis identified 15 compounds (parent drugs and metabolites) that are believed to cross-react in the CEDIA DAU LSD assay: ambroxol, prilocaine, pipamperone, diphenhydramine, metoclopramide, amitriptyline, doxepine, atracurium, bupivacaine, doxylamine, lidocaine, mepivacaine, promethazine, ranitidine, and tramadole. The IAE/HPLC-FLD combination is rapid, easy to perform and reliable. It can reduce costs when standard, rather than more advanced, HPLC equipment is used, especially for labs that perform analyses for LSD infrequently. The chromatographic analysis of LSD, nor-LSD, and iso-LSD is not influenced by any of the tested cross-reacting compounds even at a concentration of 100 ng/mL.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗