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PubMed1995

Multi-dimensional visualisation of laboratory findings and functional test results for analysing the clinical course of disease in medicine.

The illustration of a patient's history by a graphical primitive is discussed. Illustration technology is presented which simultaneously represents quantitative examination findings (e.g., laboratory values) and qualitative findings (e.g., from function diagnostics) by a single geometrical figure. Depending on the medical results, this figure takes on characteristic forms which can be identified as patterns typical for a specific disease. The procedure developed is integrated in a user interface which is implemented in the form of a computerized medical record for use on a pentop computer. This portable computer assists the physician during ward rounds, supplies additional, intelligence-based information, serves quality control, and streamlines working procedures making them more efficient.

Clinical Laboratory Information Systems↗
PubMed1984

[Chastity and healing power].

The idea of a connection between chastity and healing power is to be found as well in primitive cultures as in ethnomedicine and in the medicine of Antiquity. What is meant in the Hippocratic Oath, though, is not the sexual restraint of the physician himself, but moreover in the attitude towards his patient and all the people living in the same house with the patient. This is different, though, in ethnomedicine, where the healer is demanded to live sexually abstinent for a certain time and the persons assisting him are often expected to stay untouched, i.e. chaste. "Chastity", however, as conceived by the Ancient Greek and Roman meant the integrity of marital faith. The urine of women who were chaste in this sense was believed to have healing powers. Furthermore mention is made of an African tribe, of which it was said that its members originating definitely from this tribe only, were immune against the bite of snakes and therefore had a special capacity of healing bitten persons. Ethnomedicine, on the other side, attributes great power to those who lead an unchaste life as well as to illegitimately born children. We are here confronted with an ambiguity inherent in popular imagination of disease and healing. A figure of German poetry of the Middle Ages "Der Arme Heinrich" by Hartmann von Aue, f.i., is in search of the heartblood from a young, freeborn maiden which is to cure him from leprosy. In many cases objects used by virgins or unmarried men were believed to have healing powers. Especially the imagination of epilepsy and orgasm being related to each other, lead to the claim for sexual abstinence of the patient, yes, even for his castration. On the other hand, however, epileptics were recommended to have sexual intercourse. Fasting, sometimes together with sexual abstinence, was considered to be important for the healer and as well for the patient to be cured. Plants were given in order to lead to sexual abstinence. In primitive cultures the imagination of sexual activity leading to a loss of the powers that are needed for healing, is to be found very often.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

General medicine in Atharvaveda with special reference to Yaksma (consumption/tuberculosis).

The Atharvaveda (AV) is by all accounts a curious compendium of medicine in its various stages of evolution and contains the most primitive as well as some of the most highly developed stages of therapy. In AV the word Brahma was used in the sense of Physician. The name Atharvan is almost synonymous with Bhesaja or medicine. The AV represents the charm system of the Ayurveda of the Vedic age. The refrain of AV is that, charms and amulets are more efficacious than herbs and medicine. Kãyaçikitsa (general medicine) is one of the eight branches of Ayurveda, which has exhaustive mention in the AV and helps to establish the continuity of medical tradition in the Vedic period. Hence some scholars had mentioned Ayurveda as Upaveda or Upãnga of AV. AV mentions a large number of diseases both major and minor some where in clear terms and some where vaguely. The term used in AV for disease is Yaksma. Classification of the diseases based on a etiological factors is not found in AV. Thus this article depicts the views expressed in AV i.e. regarding causative factors, classification and number of medical disorders with special reference to Yakşma (Consumption).

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2006

Sports medicine and school nurses: a growing need for further education and appropriate resources.

Sports medicine, as a discipline, can be traced back to primitive man. The use of exercise as a prerequisite for conditioning and proper treatment of injuries was first documented in early Greek civilization with the establishment of the Olympics. Today, sports by their very nature invite injury. In 2000, 2.5 million students participated in varsity sports with 750,000 injuries recorded. These numbers do not account for sports activities outside school or leisure activities. Another area of potential injury is physical education class. These classes are large with limited supervision and encompass students of varying age and abilities. Nurses do not have an extensive knowledge of injury prevention or assessment in their basic nursing education. School nurses, as a subspecialty within nursing, are expected to keep up with the requirements of the adolescent and pediatric populations as well basic nursing skills. Due to work schedules and limited resources for continuing education, school nurses are not afforded much time or benefits to attend classes that would teach them skills needed to assess athletic-type injuries. School nurses need printed resources specific to their setting to help fill this void. Recognizing this need, Sports Medicine Techniques for the School-Based Nurse is a manual in process that will help fill this void. Being developed specifically for school nurses, the manual will provide information on prevention, evaluation, and management of athletic-type injuries commonly seen in the school nurse's office.

Education, Nursing, Continuing↗
PubMed2001

Animal cloning--the route to new genomics in agriculture and medicine.

This paper reviews the origin and development of animal cloning in metazoans starting with primitive experiments performed during the late 1880's and early 1900's, followed by nuclear transplantation in amphibians in 1952, then extended to fish and insects in the 1960's, and finally to mammals in the 1980's. Emphasis is placed on the applications of mammalian cloning to agriculture, medicine, and the conservation of endangered species. In addition, the introduction of genes via random insertion or gene targeting into the genome of donor cells to be used for cloning has opened up another route for new genomics in agriculture and medicine. The production of transgenic clones starting in 1997 has indeed contributed a milestone to scientific research. Although cloning efficiency is still low, certain kinds of experiments are quite feasible, and we anticipate improvements in the future.

Amphibians↗
PubMed1996

Emergency medicine expeditions to the developing world: the Loma Linda University experience in Papua New Guinea.

Emergency physicians (EPs) are increasingly participating in international medicine in regions that are chronically medically underserved. In August 1994, a ten-member emergency medicine team from the Loma Linda University School of Medicine staffed a 70-bed bush hospital in the primitive highlands of Papua New Guinea, providing both outpatient and inpatient medical care. Typhoid fever, malaria, polio, and numerous other infectious diseases were encountered. Rampant local tribal warfare resulted in regular penetrating injuries from arrows, spears, and machetes. The expedition was judged highly successful, in that 1) substantial medical service was provided to tribespeople accustomed to minimal care, 2) education was provided to local health care providers, and 3) team participants became adept at managing medical conditions uncommon in industrialized societies, and gained valuable ethical and utilitarian perspectives regarding health care delivery in underserved areas. In this article the objectives, organization, and experiences of the team members are described. This information may encourage other EPs to participate in medical expeditions to the developing world, and to provide general principles to assist in their organization and implementation.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Psychiatry's culture.

Culture remains an ambiguous concept for psychiatry: deprecated by the assumption that it is secondary to biomedical reality, yet at the same time some notion of 'culture' has served to represent the modern against the primitive. Contemporary clinical understandings of culture derive from imperial medicine which had applied the accepted distinction between the biological form and the cultural content of psychopathology to local illnesses which could not easily be fitted into the European nosology. The later concept of culture-bound pathology, like the psychoanalysts' 'modal personality', only imperfectly escaped from evaluative assumptions of 'development', but it is difficult to argue that psychiatry provided British colonial administrations with any significant ideological justification.

Biological Psychiatry↗
PubMed1995

Clinical applications of renal scintigraphy.

Nuclear medicine techniques for evaluating the kidney and urinary tract have evolved from pioneering studies with primitive radiopharmaceuticals and hand-held probe detectors to a sophisticated technology capable of providing important physiologic and anatomic information. Advances in nuclear medicine and computer technology over the past decade have resulted in improved, clinically useful scintigraphic studies to assist clinicians in examining patients who have diseases of the genitourinary tract. However, renal scintigraphy is a complex subject. Five different radiopharmaceuticals are available for scanning the kidneys, multiple quantitative indexes can be generated, and protocols may vary depending on the clinical setting. The focus of this review is practical: to summarize the clinical advantages and disadvantages of the different radiopharmaceuticals; to review quantitative indexes that help interpret images; and to review the role of radionuclide scintigraphy in patients with suspected obstruction, pyelonephritis, and renovascular hypertension.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Combat medicine in Afghanistan.

I visited Afghanistan during the recent conflict. The conditions were primitive, and all patients with major injuries died in the field. Those who could make the 2 to 3 week trip over the mountains to Pakistan received only basic medical care at best. Without air superiority and helicopter evacuation, this could be the next scenario we have to deal with.

Afghanistan↗
PubMed1996

[Public health and medical corps in transition: the case of Crete at the beginning of the 20th century].

This article deals with the transformation of the public health system in Crete at the turn of the century, when the island was placed under the protection of the European Powers. Cretan archives, especially those from the town of Rethimno, provide a wealth of information on this subject. They show that the new ruling powers, with the declared objective of safeguarding their soldiers, required local authorities to keep a close watch over epidemics, indeed to lock up populations considered dangerous for public health, such as lepers and prostitutes--who did not fail to put up a strong resistance. While providing equipment for hospital facilities, which were still primitive, the Powers also introduced legislation concerning the practice of medicine, from which Muslim Cretans were gradually excluded. The rate at which medical care was provided increased markedly at the beginning of the twentieth century, in particular in the principal towns. The Rethimno notarial archives reveal that this new and well qualified medical corps belonged to the world of prominent citizens, and while ministering to the town's health needs, they held considerable political and economic power.

Colonialism↗
PubMed2000

Preconquest Peruvian neurosurgeons: a study of Inca and pre-Columbian trephination and the art of medicine in ancient Peru.

Trephination and craniotomy performed by abrasion, scraping, crosscut sawing, and drilling are the oldest known surgical techniques used by primitive peoples. As a result of archaeological findings, the human skull is the most frequently studied part of the excavated body, leading to the creation of a new aspect of anthropology known as "cultural osteology." Found in ancient tombs, the human remains, mummies, skeletons, and their belongings, including war instruments, pottery, clothing, jewels, and surgical instruments, constitute the richest source of insight into the lives and pragmatic activities of ancient cultures. This study summarizes thousands of years of pre-Columbian history and medical evolution, specifically in the early and primitive practice of trephination, as precursors of neurosurgery. Comparative osteology studies have demonstrated that using primitive stone or metal instruments, the sirkaks (Inca surgeons) achieved an average survival rate of 50 to 70% of their craniectomy patients, with little incidence of infection or other complications. Despite their rudimentary knowledge of disease and pathology, a considerable knowledge of anatomy and natural medicine provided them with hemostatic agents, antiseptics, and other medical drugs, such as quinine for fever and malaria, as well as gold, silver, and other products to perform cranioplasties. Living in a world of continuous hand-to-hand combat, they also developed aggressive and defensive weapons that necessitated refinement of surgical techniques to save soldiers from battle wounds to their poorly protected crania.

History, Ancient↗
PubMed1992

Impacts of the evolutionary concepts of cancer on the study of human diseases.

Evolutionary concepts of cancer (Okuyama and Mishina 1984; 1990) have already been found useful in understanding carcinogenesis and anti-cancer defense lines in the body and various cancer attributes. The concept of endosymbiotic disorders gave an impact upon the science of internal medicine leading to discovery of amitosis in Reed-Sternberg cells, a primitive eukaryotism (Okuyama 1991a). A novel concept of vasogenic necrosis was also developed for such diseases of Perthes' disease, cerebral vascular diseases and myocardial infarction: costs of bipedalitic evolution in man.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Echography, principles, techniques and applications to tropical and parasitological medicine (author's transl)].

After recalling the principles and general basis of ultrasounds, the authors consider the various modes of medical echographic exploration. A. mode, T.M. mode (time-motion); B. mode (bidimensional); D. mode (dynamic or in real time); Döppler mode. The technique of the examination, and the required preparation of the patients, are briefly reported. The basic echographic semiology is studied, considering the echos given by four main structures: 1) purely liquid with non echo, 2) non purely liquid with variable echos, 3) parenchymatous with many mixed echos (non perfect and non homogenous echos), 4) solid structures (bones, calculi) having complete impermeability to ultrasounds. Both parasitological and tropical medicine offer many and good opportunities for the use of echography in various controls: --liver: primitive tumors or parasitic abcesses, cysts, --gall ducts and bladder, --pancreas: pancreatitis, pseudocysts, --splenomegalies and cases of portal hypertension, --large vessels: ectasy, thrombosis, --kidneys: enlargement and cases of deceiving urography, --genital duct: sterility and pelvic tumors, --pregnancy: surveillance of pregnancy, hemorrhage, placenta praevia, foetal malformations, --heart: this chapter will not be considered in this paper. With regard to such a wide range of indications and to be low cost of its use, echography might be very useful in both tropical and parasitological medicine, when correctly applied and interpreted.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1995

The use of herbal medicine in pregnancy and labour. Part I: An overview of current practice.

In tandem with the resurgence of many traditional and alternative systems of healing, herbal medicine is flourishing. Until recently, the dominance of biomedicine within the industrialised world has viewed the use of herbs as being little more than a quaint, historical remnant of our primitive past; recorded and filed by folklorists and museum curators. In so-called developing countries, where this knowledge of plants-as-medicines has not yet been exploited and reserved for use by qualified 'professionals', it remains in the hands of ordinary people, many of whom are mothers and midwives. This article discusses the current position of herbal medicine, whilst also making suggestions for self treatment within safe limits during pregnancy, childbirth and early parenting.

Female↗