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Spatial screening solitons as particles

Photorefractive spatial screening solitons are treated as rays using geometrical optics. The ray picture is transformed into a classical mechanics picture, in which solitons move self-consistently as particles in a potential created by the induced change in the refractive index. The Hamiltonian equations of motion are integrated to yield trajectories that agree with the optical center-of-mass trajectories. The motion in the transverse plane is found to be not central and the orbits are not closed, preventing the spiraling of solitons.

Journal Article↗

[The scientific videotape with digital processing in surgery. The new opportunities offered surgery for videotape recording and postprocessing with the use of information and digital technologies].

The facility of the tape recording of a surgical operation, by means of simple manageable apparatuses and at low costs, especially in comparison with the former cinematography, makes it possible for all surgeons to record their own operative activity. Therefore at present the demonstration in video of surgical interventions is very common, but very often the video-tapes show surgical events only in straight chronological succession, as for facts of chronicle news. The simplification of the otherwise sophisticated digital technology of informatics elaboration of images makes more convenient and advisable to assemble the more meaningful sequences for a final product of higher scientific value. The digital technology gives at the best its contribution during the phase of post-production of the video-tape, where the surgeon himself can assemble an end product of more value because aimed to a scientific and rational communication. Thanks to such an elaboration the video-tape can aim not simply to become a good documentary, but also to achieve an educational purpose or becomes a truly scientific film. The initial video will be recorded following a specific project, the script, foreseeing and programming what has to be demonstrated of the surgical operation, establishing therefore in advance the most important steps of the intervention. The sequences recorded will then be assembled not necessarily in a chronological succession but integrating the moving images with static pictures, as drawings, schemes, tables, aside the picture-in picture technique, and besides the vocal descriptive comment. The cinema language has accustomed us to a series of passages among the different sequences as fading, cross-over, "flash-back", aiming to stimulate the psychological associative powers and encourage those critical. The video-tape can be opportunely shortened, paying attention to show only the essential phases of the operation for demonstrate only the core of the problem and utilize at the best the physiological period of active attention of the observer. The informatic digital elaboration has become so easy that the surgeon himself can be able to elaborate personally on his personal computer, with professional and scientific attitude, the sequences of his surgical activity in a product of more general value. His personal engagement also in the phase of post-production gives him the possibility to demonstrate uprightly with images the complex surgical experience of science, skill and ability to communicate, perhaps better than he is able to do with words.

Humans↗

[Ultrasonographic diagnosis of parathyroid glands].

Enlarged parathyroid glands are, if their localization is typical behind the thyroid gland, during basic USG examination with 5 MHz to 10 MHz using a linear probe, hypoechogenic or anechogenic, larger than 0.5 cm, oval in shape, elongated in a cranoiocaudal direction, separated from the thyroid gland. During swallowing they move upwards. Such a picture may be simulated also by enlarged lymph nodes, sympathetic ganglia a cranked vessel or oesophagus. By using coloured Doppler sonography in the algorithm of examinations the percentage of falsely positive findings may decline. Between 90 degrees and 270 degrees the vascular arch is sought which is formed by the branch of the a. thyroidea inferior. This vascular arch is found only when the parathyroid is involved, even when it is located in the parenchyma of the thyroid gland.

Humans↗

Pictures and anaphora: evidence for independent processes.

Pictures enhance our comprehension of written texts, but the perceptual and cognitive processes that underlie this effect have not been identified. Because integrating the information contained in a text places demands on working memory, the effect of a picture may be to expand the functional capacity of working memory and thereby to facilitate comprehension. Reasoning thus, we predicted that the availability of a diagram would interact with the difficulty of resolving anaphoric references in texts. The resolution of an anaphor distant from its antecedent (which should stress working memory) should benefit greatly from the presentation of a picture, whereas the resolution of an anaphor near to its antecedent should benefit less from the presentation of a picture. Picture availability and distance separating the anaphor from its antecedent were manipulated in experiments involving both cumulative and moving window presentations of texts. Although picture presence and ease of anaphor resolution significantly improved comprehension of the material, no evidence was found for an interaction of these factors. The results are interpreted as consistent both with dual code theory and with aspects of working memory management that do not involve anaphor resolution.

Adult↗

[Erythrokeratodermia variabilis (EKV)--a disorder due to altered epidermal expression of gap junction proteins].

Erythrokeratodermia variabilis (EKV) is a rare autosomal dominant genodermatosis with disturbed epidermal differentiation. Its clinical picture varies from transient, fast moving erythema to persistent brown hyperkeratoses. The gene defect in EKV was recently located on the short arm of chromosome 1 encoding the gap junction protein connexin 31. We report on a 48-year-old patient with sharply circumscribed, scaling erythema on the extremities, buttocks and trunk starting since 30 years of age. Histological investigation showed orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis with focal parakeratosis overlying an acanthotic epidermis. Immunohistochemistry revealed a decreased expression of the gap junction protein connexin 31 as well as increased expression of connexin 43. At the ultrastructural level, widened intercellular spaces in the upper epidermis were present with regular desmosomes, adherens junctions and gap junctions. Epidermal cell proliferation and differentiation are regulated by gap junctions. The mutation in connexin 31 is regarded therefore as causal for the clinical picture of the EKV. The unique upregulation of connexin 43 may occur as a consequence of the Cx31 mutation and temporarily compensate for this defect.

Acitretin↗

Experimental hand pain delays recognition of the contralateral hand--evidence that acute and chronic pain have opposite effects on information processing?

Recognising the laterality of a pictured hand involves making an initial decision and confirming that choice by mentally moving one's own hand to match the picture. This depends on an intact body schema. Because patients with complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS1) take longer to recognise a hand's laterality when it corresponds to their affected hand, it has been proposed that nociceptive input disrupts the body schema. However, chronic pain is associated with physiological and psychosocial complexities that may also explain the results. In three studies, we investigated whether the effect is simply due to nociceptive input. Study one evaluated the temporal and perceptual characteristics of acute hand pain elicited by intramuscular injection of hypertonic saline into the thenar eminence. In studies two and three, subjects performed a hand laterality recognition task before, during, and after acute experimental hand pain, and experimental elbow pain, respectively. During hand pain and during elbow pain, when the laterality of the pictured hand corresponded to the painful side, there was no effect on response time (RT). That suggests that nociceptive input alone is not sufficient to disrupt the working body schema. Conversely to patients with CRPS1, when the laterality of the pictured hand corresponded to the non-painful hand, RT increased approximately 380 ms (95% confidence interval 190 ms-590 ms). The results highlight the differences between acute and chronic pain and may reflect a bias in information processing in acute pain toward the affected part.

Arm↗

Improved energy model for membrane electroporation in biological cells subjected to electrical pulses.

A self-consistent model analysis of electroporation in biological cells has been carried out based on an improved energy model. The simple energy model used in the literature is somewhat incorrect and unphysical for a variety of reasons. Our model for the pore formation energy E(r) includes a dependence on pore population and density. It also allows for variable surface tension, incorporates the effects of finite conductivity on the electrostatic correction term, and is dynamic in nature. Self-consistent calculations, based on a coupled scheme involving the Smoluchowski equation and the improved energy model, are presented. It is shown that E(r) becomes self-adjusting with variations in its magnitude and profile, in response to pore population, and inhibits uncontrolled pore growth and expansion. This theory can be augmented to include pore-pore interactions to move beyond the independent pore picture.

Cell Membrane↗

Aging and speed of behavior: possible consequences for psychological functioning.

Over 100 years of observations have established that slowness of behavior is a characteristic of becoming old, although it is now recognized that health, use of medications, and physical activity may modify the extent of the slowing. Early research indicated that there is a limited contribution to slowing by peripheral sensory-motor factors. Substantial evidence has pointed to the central nervous system as the locus of the slowing. Recent investigators have expressed divided opinions about whether there is a pervasive general slowing of behavior by the central nervous system or whether there are specific localized mechanisms. This is not unlike early disputed views of the brain as having localized or global behavioral functions: Both principles appear to be simultaneously true. Sufficient research has been conducted to indicate that there are specific factors as well as a general process associated with the slowing of behavior with advancing age. Whether such slowing is a primary or secondary cause of age differences in cognitive processes is a significant scientific issue. A marked broadening of research on aging has been accompanied by an interest in identifying both the neurophysiological correlates of slowing as well as its role in specific cognitive processes. Yet another aspect of the changing research picture is the trend to move beyond the mere use of chronological age as the sole basis for comparing performance differences. Measurement of more independent variables is suggested as part of clusters or causal complexes that will indicate sources of the changes in speed and other aspects of behavior. These causal complexes include biological indicators such as disease, physiological capacity for work, and length of life, as well as causal complexes of social factors involving such variables as education, occupation, and ethnicity. There has been considerable discussion of markers of aging. In this approach, factors found to be closely associated with advancing age are used as measures of the effectiveness of attempts to modify the course of aging, e.g. by diet, exercise, new learning, and drugs. Along with other biomarkers of aging, speed of behavior may prove to be a criterion for assessing the impact of interventions on the rate and processes of aging. As a marker of aging, speed needs further exploration that will compare the slowness observed in different subgroups of adults with a wide range of outcomes in their productivity, capacity for adaptation to life's demands, and health. The present status of information about slowness of behavior with advancing age indicates that it is one of the most reliable features of human life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗

Buildup and release from proactive interference in a rhesus monkey.

The potential of the buildup and release from proactive interference (PI) technique in the study of animal categorization was demonstrated with a rhesus monkey. A serial probe recognition task was used with a list of 4 consecutive slide pictures (upper screen) followed by a single probe picture (lower screen). The monkey moved a lever to indicate whether or not the probe was contained in the list. PI built over 40 consecutive trials tested with either flowers or primate faces. PI was released on category change and then built during 40 trials with the second category. The first 2 serial positions showed somewhat greater PI buildup and release, supporting conclusions from human studies that the effects occur primarily in secondary memory. A second experiment provided 2 replications of the main effect and showed through color border changes and elimination of color differences that color was not a critical feature.

Animals↗

The effects of age and sex on phonemic processing time during a picture recognition task.

Both simple motor and choice reaction times of 5 groups of normal children and adults (6 F and 6 M in each group, mn ages of groups: 4.2, 7.4, 10.3, 13.2 and 18.5 yrs) were measured to 12 pairs of pictured, taped verbal monosyllables presented binaurally. Ss were required to move the R hand from a rest to touch a picture either left or right depending upon which of a pair of words was presented aurally. Words differed only in the initial consonant. S was either given knowledge of which word would be presented (simple motor reaction time) or not (choice reaction time). The second value minus the first was taken as phonemic processing skills improved for picture recognition, both in speed and accuracy, with development generally complete by Age 13 for speed, but with significant increases in accuracy continuing into adulthood.

Adolescent↗

Scapulothoracic rhythm in normal male volunteers.

Dynamic pattern of Scapulothoracic rhythm during arm abduction in scapular plane is studied using computer-imaging technique. Aim of the study is to produce a reproducible and reliable way of calculating the scapular movement and glenohumeral movement using least possible roentgenographic exposure. Moving X-ray screening picture of the shoulder joint is analysed using video capture computer programme and the images at different degrees of abduction are then analysed for scapular movement using computer aided designer and drafting software. Results were comparable to the authoritative shoulder analysis carried out in the past, the difference of radiation exposure, approximately 10 times less.

Adult↗

Radiology report times: impact of picture archiving and communication systems.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the impact on radiologist reporting time of the change from conventional film to hard-copy computerized radiography and of the subsequent move to soft-copy images on picture archiving and communication system (PACS) workstations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A controlled before and after research design was undertaken. Data were collected on four occasions: two relating to conventional film, one relating to hard-copy computerized radiography, and one relating to soft-copy PACS images. Data collection was by direct observation of radiology reporting sessions by independent health service researchers. Data were collected on report times, details of images viewed, characteristics of the radiologist, and details of interruptions. To control for potential biases in the before and after comparisons, ordinary least squares multiple regression analysis was used. The principal comparison was between reports with PACS and reports with computerized radiography hard-copy because no change was noted in the organization of the reporting process between these two data collection rounds other than the introduction of the PACS. RESULTS: Data were collected on a total of 5568 report observations. Report time in the PACS data collection period was not significantly different (p = .32) than that in the computerized radiography hard-copy period. Reporting with the PACS was associated with significantly more (p < .01) historical images (i.e., images of the same patient obtained in previous examinations) being viewed. CONCLUSION: Report time was not lengthened by the introduction of the PACS. The finding that more historical images were viewed when the PACS was in use indicates that the PACS brought about a positive change in reporting practice.

Bias↗

AIDS and the aboriginal community.

A concise portrait of HIV and AIDS within the Aboriginal community is difficult to present. Just as there are different customs and traditions among tribes, so are there different ways by which this issue is being addressed. The response to HIV/AIDS in the Aboriginal community is the process of moving from an individual or personal perspective to an immediate and extended family approach through the community, nation or society, and finally to the greater picture, Mother Earth. We don't necessarily move through in this order, rather we go back and forth as the need arises. When we deal with HIV or AIDS, it is important to view how this will affect our whole life: physical, mental, emotional and spiritual aspects of ourselves as well as financial, psychosocial and other dimensions. The teachings and study of children, youth, adults and elders are also discussed. We recognize the work we do in this area now will be a tool for survival in the future.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

Studies on the pepsinogens of human gastric mucosal extracts.

1. Electrophoretic separation of proteases from human gastric mucosal extracts of five patients with gastric ulcer, one with duodenal ulcer and three with gastric cancer were investigated by agar-gel electrophoresis at pH 8.3 and pH 5.0. 2. In the fundic mucosal study, there were seven faster moving proteases in all nine cases, but the slowest moving protease showed a slightly different picture in each case. In the antral mucosal study, two of eight cases showed mainly group II pepsinogens, seven of nine cases, however, showed the same results as in the fundic mucosal study. 3. In the cases of the nine mucosal extracts activated at pH 1.5 or pH 4.0, they all showed the same electrophoretic separation at each pH level. At these two pH levels, however, quite different electrophoretic patterns were observed. The presence of pepsin 3 appeared to diminish at the higher levels of pH, although that of pepsin 5 and pepsin 7 appeared to increase at pH 4.0 and above. Pepsin 6 appeared for the first time at pH 4.0 and existed at higher pH levels. 4. We thus conclude that electrophoretic patterns of pepsins in the gastric mucosal extracts are changeable depending on the pH level of the incubating medium, and further that diversity of pepsins in gastric juices may also depend on the pH level of gastric juices.

Adult↗

A stochastic model for leukocyte random motility and chemotaxis based on receptor binding fluctuations.

Two central features of polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemosensory movement behavior demand fundamental theoretical understanding. In uniform concentrations of chemoattractant, these cells exhibit a persistent random walk, with a characteristic "persistence time" between significant changes in direction. In chemoattractant concentration gradients, they demonstrate a biased random walk, with an "orientation bias" characterizing the fraction of cells moving up the gradient. A coherent picture of cell movement responses to chemoattractant requires that both the persistence time and the orientation bias be explained within a unifying framework. In this paper, we offer the possibility that "noise" in the cellular signal perception/response mechanism can simultaneously account for these two key phenomena. In particular, we develop a stochastic mathematical model for cell locomotion based on kinetic fluctuations in chemoattractant/receptor binding. This model can simulate cell paths similar to those observed experimentally, under conditions of uniform chemoattractant concentrations as well as chemoattractant concentration gradients. Furthermore, this model can quantitatively predict both cell persistence time and dependence of orientation bias on gradient size. Thus, the concept of signal "noise" can quantitatively unify the major characteristics of leukocyte random motility and chemotaxis. The same level of noise large enough to account for the observed frequency of turning in uniform environments is simultaneously small enough to allow for the observed degree of directional bias in gradients.

Cell Movement↗

Virtual head rotation reveals a process of route reconstruction from human vestibular signals.

The vestibular organs can feed perceptual processes that build a picture of our route as we move about in the world. However, raw vestibular signals do not define the path taken because, during travel, the head can undergo accelerations unrelated to the route and also be orientated in any direction to vary the signal. This study investigated the computational process by which the brain transforms raw vestibular signals for the purpose of route reconstruction. We electrically stimulated the vestibular nerves of human subjects to evoke a virtual head rotation fixed in skull co-ordinates and measure its perceptual effect. The virtual head rotation caused subjects to perceive an illusory whole-body rotation that was a cyclic function of head-pitch angle. They perceived whole-body yaw rotation in one direction with the head pitched forwards, the opposite direction with the head pitched backwards, and no rotation with the head in an intermediate position. A model based on vector operations and the anatomy and firing properties of semicircular canals precisely predicted these perceptions. In effect, a neural process computes the vector dot product between the craniocentric vestibular vector of head rotation and the gravitational unit vector. This computation yields the signal of body rotation in the horizontal plane that feeds our perception of the route travelled.

Adult↗