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PubMed1985

Mucopolysaccharides in suspensions of Treponema pallidum extracted from infected rabbit testes.

The amount and nature of mucopolysaccharides present in extraction fluids routinely obtained in the isolation procedure of Treponema pallidum from infected rabbit testes was investigated. The mean quantity of mucopolysaccharides extracted from both testes of groups of 10 rabbits was 3.09 mg after infection for seven days and 26.88 mg after infection for 12 days, while from the testes of uninfected rabbits a mean of 0.42 mg was obtained. On electrophoresis the isolated mucopolysaccharides showed only one single band with the migration characteristics of hyaluronic acid. This band disappeared completely after pretreatment with hyaluronidase from bovine testes, which showed that during infection with T pallidum increasing amounts of hyaluronic acid accumulate. They can, at least in part, be extracted by a gentle extraction procedure, suggesting that this material binds loosely. The amount of hyaluronic acid isolated 12 days after infection showed positive correlations with the wet weight of testes as well as the number of treponemes isolated; seven days after infection such correlations were not present.

Animals↗

PubMed1968

Regional distribution of acid mucopolysaccharides in the kidney.

Kidneys from 20 dogs were dissected into cortical and medullary components and analysed for acid mucopolysaccharide content. Heparitin sulfate accounted for approximately 80% of cortical acid mucopolysaccharide, 10% was chondroitin sulfate B, and 10% was low molecular weight hyaluronic acid. Medullary tissue exhibited a 4- to 5-fold higher concentration of acid mucopolysaccharide than did cortical tissue, and the dominant compound was moderately highly polymerized hyaluronic acid. While chondroitin sulfates A and (or) C were not detected in this study, the presence of minor amounts of these substances could not be excluded. A model experiment indicated that hyaluronic acid retards sodium diffusion, apparently due to its viscous properties rather than its electronegativity.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

The two dimensional structure of tetrazolium-mucopolysaccharide complexes deduced from reactivity studies.

The formation of complexes between mucopolysaccharides and tetrazolium salts has been studied both by turbidimetry and nephelometry. The technique of laser nephelometry allows the detection of colloidal aggregates in systems which may, by turbidimetric methods, be ambiguous. The results indicate that binding of tetrazolium salts to polyanions can result in soluble as well as insoluble complexes; the monotetrazolium salts form soluble complexes and the ditetrazolium compounds form insoluble complexes. The insoluble complexes are stable at relatively low pH, and are disrupted during reduction to the formazan. Complex formation is decreased at high ratios of heparin to tetrazolium, and divalent cations, even at high concentration, do not precipitate mucopolysaccharides. It is concluded that stable ionic interactions with spatial charge separation are responsible for the cross linking of the mucopolysaccharides and the formaiton of large insoluble aggregates.

Chemical Phenomena↗

PubMed2001

Evaluation of accumulated mucopolysaccharides in the brain of patients with mucopolysaccharidoses by (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and after bone marrow transplantation.

In seven patients with mucopolysaccharidoses (1 Hurler, 1 Hurler-Scheie, 4 Hunter, 1 Sly), cranial (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed to evaluate the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides and biochemical changes in the CNS in vivo before and after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). In two of seven patients, (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed before and after BMT. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate-C and magnetic resonance spectroscopy of chondroitin sulfate-C and urine from patients with mucopolysaccharidoses showed resonance higher than the chemical shift of myoinositol in the brain (3.7 ppm). The resonance was considered to contain signals from mucopolysaccharide molecules. The resonance was measured as presumptive mucopolysaccharides (pMPS). In white matter lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging, pMPS/creatine ratios and choline/creatine ratios were consistently higher than control ratios. In white matter without lesions, choline/creatine ratios were higher than control ratios. Patients with higher developmental quotient or intelligence quotient tended to show higher N:-acetylaspartate/creatine ratios and lower pMPS/creatine ratios in basal ganglia. After BMT, the pMPS/creatine ratio in white matter lesions of patient 3, with Hunter syndrome, was slightly decreased, but in none of the patients was the ratio ever below the control ratios, even 7 y after BMT. In white matter without lesions, the pMPS/creatine ratio in patient 3 was decreased to the control ratios after BMT, but although the choline/creatine ratios were gradually decreased, they remained higher than the control ratio, 2 y after BMT. These results suggest that evaluation of pMPS, choline, and N:-acetylaspartate by (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy is an important technique that may provide useful biochemical information in vivo on the neurologic process and the efficacy of BMT in patients with mucopolysaccharidoses.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Biosynthesis of acid mucopolysaccharides by the surviving new born rat skin. II. - Specific labelling of individual monosaccharides from (U14C)-glucose. Metabolic origin of L-iduronic acid.

1)Individual monosaccharides (uronic acids and aminosugars) have been purified following specific hydrolysis of the mucopolysaccharides from new born rat skin (hyaluronic acid, heparin + heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate A, B and C), after incubation with [U14C]-glucose under various conditions and for varying incubation periods. The yields and the specificity of the methods used for hydrolysis are discussed. 2) Monosaccharides from hyaluronic acid and the sulfated mucopolysaccharide fraction are labelled at an approximately equal rate. In addition, high rates of labelling of glucosamine isolated from the sulfated fractions confirms the preferential labelling of (heparin + heparan sulfate) demonstrated with the sulfated polymers. 3) In all fractions, aminosugars are considerably less labelled than the corresponding uronic acids, which suggests the existence of endogeneous diluting precursor pools for the former monosaccharides. 4) No drift of radioactivity from D-glucuronate to L-iduronate could be demonstrated in sulfated mucopolysaccharides after inhibition of their biosynthesis by puromycin or diluting the labelled precursor pools. Hence it has not been possible to substantiate on the surviving tissue the C5 epimerization at the polymer level, as previously demonstrated by other authors with subcellular fractions of various origin.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Mucopolysaccharides in hypothalamic neurons of the rat.

A study of the hypothalamic nuclei of the rat, using a variety of histochemical methods, has shown the distribution of mucopolysaccharides and neurosecretory material. In all the hypothalamic nuclei there are two types of neurons and in some a third type characterized by the presence of hyaluronidase-resistant acid mucopolysaccharides in the periphery of the perikaryon. These type III neurons also contain Gomori-positive material and neutral mucopolysaccharides. It is considered that hypothalamic nuclei with type III neurons have similar neurosecretory properties.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Influence of antiphlogistics, antireheumatics, and acid mucopolysaccharides on in-vitro collagen fibril formation].

41 compounds, anti-inflammatory agents, acid mucopolysaccharides, and other substances were investigated in vitro for their ability to influence the formation of collagen fibrils. The acid anti-inflammatory agents accelerated the formation of collagen fibrils partially, acid mucopolysaccharides inhibited it. The results are discussed regarding the effects exhibited by anti-inflammatory agents and mucopolysaccharides in rheumatoid arthritis and osteo-arthrosis.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗

PubMed1975

Mucopolysaccharides of rat ascites hepatoma, AH-100B.

The present study was undertaken to determine the mucopolysaccharide content of cells, AH-100B, and in the ascites, liver, and kidney of a rat bearing this hepatoma. AH-100B is similar to other mixed-type cells in having heparan sulfate as the main component in its mucopolysaccharides but its minor component was different in containing heparin. The main mucopolysaccharide in the ascites of AH-100B bearing rat was hyaluronic acid, which was similar to that of control ascites induced by injection of polypeptone, but minor component contained heparin derived from the cells. The content of hyaluronic acid in the liver of a rat bearing this hepatoma was higher than those of control liver and liver of a rat bearing other tumors. There were no significant differences between control kidney and kidney of a rat bearing this hepatoma.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

[Pathologic response of the retinal pigment epithelium. The effect of mucopolysaccharide in the subretinal space to phagocytosis. Part 5].

Previously we reported that retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) showed different phagocytotic activity according to the charge characteristics of the surface of polystyrene particles which were injected into the subretinal space of albino rats. In this study we examined whether subretinal mucopolysaccharide controls RPE phagocytosis or not, using positive or negative charged particles (3 microns in diameter). The technique of ruthenium red staining, a cationic dye, was employed with special efforts to detect the relationship between acid mucopolysaccharide and particles at the electron microscopic level. Six hours after injection of the positive charged particles, the ruthenium red staining revealed fine granular electron-dense materials, coating the surfaces of many small substances surrounding polystyrene particles which were not yet phagocytized by RPE. On the other hand, there was no staining of negative ones which were already phagocytized by RPE. At 24 hours, no staining was observed on the surface of either particles. These findings suggest that an anionic property of mucopolysaccharide in the subretinal space controls the phagocytosis of RPE.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Cytochemical demonstration and characterization of acid mucopolysaccharides in normal granulocytic series].

Metachromatic granulations are seen in myeloblasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes, metamyelocytes and young mature cells, after staining by all metachromatic dyes, except methylene blue. Furthermore by screening at various pHs granular metachromasia is detectable starting at pH 3.2 in 6% of case, at pH 4 in 78% of cases, at pH 4.5 in 16% of cases. The use of toluidine blue 10(-4) M in solutions at varying pH, after methylation and after alkali demethylation demonstrate the acid sulfated mucopolysaccharide react within the pH range (3.2), 4, 4.5, 5; persistence of non-alcohol resistant granular metachromasia above pH 5.5 suggests the presence of granules containing acid mucopolysaccharides staining as the result of possessing --COOH radicals. This data was verified by other histochemical techniques (Alcian blue and PAS staining) which have shown positive granules. All the data on the metachromatic, alcian blue and PAS positive granulations, have been carefully confirmed by chemical and enzymatic reactions. The results of this study led us to the conclusion that azurophilic granulations are made of a sulfated polysaccharide of chondroitinsulfate group. In the more immature cells alcian blue positive granules (mucopolysaccharide of acid hyaluronic type) and PAS positive granules (polysaccharides with a low sulfation level) can be demonstrated. From this data, it is suggested that azurophilic granulations are the final event of an evolutive process of polysaccharide material, fundamentally based on a progressive sulfation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

The binding properties of human complement component C1q. Interaction with mucopolysaccharides.

Quantitative measurements have been made of the interaction of human complement subcomponent C1q with mucopolysaccharides. The binding of C1q to heparin was quantitatively examined by utilizing an assay that employs a 125I-labeled low molecular weight heparin glycosaminoglycan (LMW-Hep) (Mr = 8500). Two classes of binding sites were detected. The first class of sites bound 2.02 mol of LMW-Hep/mol of C1q with a Kd of 76.6 nM. The second class of sites complexes with 12 mol of LMW-Hep with a Kd of 1.01 microM. The higher affinity-binding site for LMW-Hep could be assigned to the collagenous region of C1q (C1q-c); 2.2 mol of 125I-LMW-Hep were bound/mol of purified isolated C1q-c with a Kd = 381 nM. In contrast, the isolated C1q globular region did not bind to 125I-LMW-Hep. The binding of LMW-Hep to C1q and the C1q-c region was confirmed by fluorescence polarization experiments; C1q and C1q-c bound 2.3 and 2.02 mol of fluorescamine-labeled LMW-Hep/mol of protein, respectively. A variety of mucopolysaccharides were able to inhibit interaction of C1q with 125I-LMW-Hep, the most effective being heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate. LMW-Hep (2.5 nM) inhibited the ability of C1q (0.5 nM) to recombine with C1r (1.4 nM) and C1s (1.6 nM) to form hemolytically active C1. At 250 mM, LMW-Hep inhibited the hemolytic activity of reconstituted C1. The ability of mucopolysaccharides to interact with purified C1q suggests a role for such molecules in the regulation of the first component of complement.

Centrifugation, Density Gradient↗

PubMed1980

The presence of acid mucopolysaccharides in viscous extrusions from the labellar and tarsal chemosensilla of Phormia regina (Meig.).

Mucopolysaccharide substances are present in the shafts of both tarsal and labellar chemosensilla of Phormia. These substances are extruded at the tip of the chemosensilla. A certain amount of mucopolysaccharides can also be observed on the outer surface of the tarsal hair wall at various points along the hair shaft. The influence of mucopolysaccharide substances on hair responsiveness to external stimuli is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Histochemical study of mucopolysaccharides in epidermal mucous cells and subjacent granular cells of Glossoscolex uruguayensis L. (Righi, 1978).

Histochemical study of mucopolysaccharides of both mucous secreting and subjacent granular cells of the epidermis of Glossoscolex uruguayensis L (Righi, 1978), has been done. Histochemical tests revealed two major types of mucous cells: large ortochromatic mucous cells and metachromatic mucous cells. The first ones possess alpha-amylase resistant, PAS-positive material, together with little mucic acid, and the latter present a very low rate of neutral mucopolysaccharides and to a variable degree, both carboxylate and sulphate mucopolysaccharides. A third cell type was also detected, presenting a frothy acid like material. Subjacent epidermal granular cells display alpha-amylase resistant, PAS-positive granules, with no acid mucus.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Mucopolysaccharide histochemistry of chiropteran glomerulus.

The glomeruli of frugivorous and carnivorous species indicate presence of sialomucins and that of insectivorous species both sialomucins and sulphomucins. In semi-hibernating insectivorous species the glomerular basal border and bowman's capsule contain only neutral mucopolysaccharide and in others both neutral mucopolysaccharide and sialomucins. The significance of these renal mucopolysaccharide is indicated.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Studies on the Indian sand lobster Thenus orientalis (Lund): mucopolysaccharides of the tegumental glands.

The tegumental glands are imbedded in the connective tissue below the epithelium of oesophagus. Each gland is made up of cells which are conical in shape with their narrow ends directed towards the lumen of the gland. In the centre of each gland there is a cavity which communicates with intracellular duct. Similar glands have been found in the hind-gut region also. These glands secrete both acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides and to some extent glycoproteins. The glands are charged mostly with the task of secreting weakly acidic mucopolysaccharides and neutral mucopolysaccharides which are confined to the apices and central cavity of the gland. The acidic nature is partly due to sialic acid and partly due to hyaluronic acid. These weak acids do not seem to play any role in digestion but lubricate the lumen of the oesophagus for easy passage of food and keep the lining of the oesophagus slimy. In the hind-gut they help in binding the faecal matter into pellets.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Newly designed tissue adhesion prevention technology based on photocurable mucopolysaccharides. In vivo evaluation.

Tissue adhesion after surgery occasionally causes serious complications. The authors have been developing photocurable mucopolysaccharides for a tissue adhesion prevention material that meets requirements such as nonadherent surface characteristics, biocompatibility, biodegradability in accordance with the wound healing rate, and nontoxicity. Mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate) partially derived with photoreactive groups, such as cinnamate or thymine, were subjected to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation to produce water insoluble gels via intermolecular photodimerization of photoreactive groups. Photocured films that covered injured liver surfaces of rats were implanted for as long as 4 weeks and histologically evaluated. In vivo performance, including tissue adhesion prevention, biodegradability, and mechanical flexibility of the films, was found to be controlled by the type of mucopolysaccharides, the type of photoreactive groups, and their degrees of substitution (DS). Photocured films with lower DS, which had high water swellability and flexibility, prevented tissue adhesion and exhibited enhanced biodegradability. As an increase in DS occurred, tissue adhesion prevention, biodegradability, and mechanical flexibility were reduced. Control of the biodegradation rate was feasible. Minimum inflammatory reaction was noticed.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Acid mucopolysaccharide layer of the surface nasal epithelium.

In the anterior tip of the inferior turbinate, the epithelium has microvilli which are covered by a mucopolysaccharide layer. This layer is about 0.8 mu in depth, well stained by ruthenium red and with a high density. The spaces between these microvilli are filled with this dense layer; therefore the movement of microvilli are suppressed, but this layer is a strong defensive line against ambient air. It is known that most inhaled particles are deposited in the anterior nares. So virus, microorganisms and antigens etc. will easily penetrate the epithelium if this layer becomes thin. Two centimeters behind the anterior tip where the epithelium is ciliated, the mucous layer over the cilia is less stained by ruthenium red and has a lower density than the anterior tip. This layer does not insert itself between the cilia. The fine filamentous mucopolysaccharide which seems flexible binds the cilias and the mucous layer. While the beat of cilia is not suppressed the inhaled particles cannot insert between cilia. In conclusion, the deep mucopolysaccharide layer over the anterior tip of the inferior turbinate and ciliary beat are important defensive mechanisms against the trauma of the ambient air.

Air↗

PubMed1979

Staining of acid mucopolysaccharides appearing on and in various cell types by DAPI.

It could be shown that DAPI, a newer fluorochrome (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), is able to stain various types of acid mucopolysaccharides, e.g. heparin and agar mucopolysaccharides. Due to their content of heparin, mast cells and basophil cells could be stained rapidly. Other cells e.g. mononuclear phagocytes and malignant epithelial cells, could be loaded with these acid mucopolysaccharides and subsequently stained by DAPI.

Amidines↗