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PubMed1993

Influence of a high-fibre food (myco-protein) on appetite: effects on satiation (within meals) and satiety (following meals).

The effect of meals containing Quorn myco-protein or chicken upon satiety and satiation were investigated in 18 lean, healthy male and female subjects using a within-subjects design. Both meals were designed to be similar in every respect with the exception of dietary fibre content (11 vs 3 g). Following consumption of a lunch containing Quorn myco-protein (high fibre) subsequent energy intake at an evening ad libitum test meal was reduced by 18% (P < 0.001) when compared with the response to an isocaloric chicken-containing (low-fibre) lunch. Using the Universal Eating Monitor (a device which weighs continuously the portion of food being consumed) the within-meal effects of a lunch containing Quorn or chicken were investigated. This study showed that during consumption, Quorn elicited similar eating behaviour when compared to a chicken meal. Amount selected, overall eating rate and the decrease in motivation to eat did not differ between the Quorn and control conditions. These two studies show that Quorn (high-protein, dietary fibre combination) has a strong impact on late satiety, but is similar in its effects during and immediately after consumption. These data have clear implications for the use of Quorn myco-protein for the control of appetite and body weight.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

[Suitability of coarse rapeseed meals from various procedures for fattening broiler chickens. 2. Goitrogenic effect of rapeseed meals].

In a fattening experiment with rapeseed meals produced by different techniques (cf. Part I) on broiler chickens, each experimental ration contained 10% of a variant rapeseed meal. The thyroid glands of the broiler chickens (allotted to 8 groups according to their diets) were examined for mass gain and submitted to various histopathological, biochemical and morphometric procedures. The variants of rapeseed meal applied to the animals in the groups IV, III and I have been found to be toxic. In contrast, the effects of the other variants of rapeseed meal on the morphology of the thyroid gland have been negligible.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Food-conditioned odour rejection in the late stages of the meal, mediating learnt control of meal volume by aftereffects of food consumption.

In a two-bottle choice test, rats drank more of the fluid having a novel odour than that having an odour which had previously been presented in the later part of meals on concentrated maltodextrin solution. Rats are normally more averse to a novel odour than to a familiar odour; therefore, the conditioned reaction to the odour acquired in these circumstances is likely to be an ingestive aversion, rather than merely a lack of preference. Furthermore, this learnt odour rejection was seen only in the second half of the meal, indicating that it is dependent on an ingestion-induced state of repletion. Together then, these observations are evidence that the volume of meals rich in carbohydrate can be controlled by learnt rejection of particular food flavours in the presence of visceral cues specific to repletion (previously dubbed "conditioned satiety"), the only known mechanism by which aftereffects of ingested energy could reduce meal volume.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1988

Soy protein meals stimulate less gastric acid secretion and gastrin release than beef meals.

Soy protein is a widely used, inexpensive, and nutritious source of dietary protein. In contrast to beef protein, the effects of soy protein on gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin concentration have not been evaluated. We compared the effects of meals containing the same amounts of either isolated soy or beef protein on acid secretion and serum gastrin concentration in normal humans. Acid secretion measured by in vivo intragastric titration was 30%-40% less with soy than beef protein (p less than 0.05), whether isolated soy protein alone was compared with a mixed beef meal containing carbohydrate and fat or whether soy or beef meals containing similar amounts of fat were compared. Average gastrin rises were 65%-75% less with soy than with beef (p less than 0.01). The explanation for less gastrin release with soy than with beef is unclear, but lower serum gastrin concentrations with soy probably accounted for reduced acid secretion. These results indicate that the source of dietary protein in a meal may be an important determinant of gastric acid secretion and gastrointestinal hormone release.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Lack of influence of hysterectomy on meal size and meal number in Fischer-344 rats.

Based on our previous observation that, when eating the same amount of food per 100 g b.wt., male rats gain five to seven times more weight than females who have an estrous cycle every 4 to 5 days, we questioned whether lower weight gain seen in female rats could be the result of increased energy cost in preparing endometrium for anticipated fertilization. Because the uterus modulates estrogenic effects on other hormone-dependent behaviors, for example, sexual receptivity and lordosis, we performed this study to determine if estrogen-mediated cyclical changes in food intake and feeding pattern occur after hysterectomy. Fifteen female Fischer 344 rats were randomized during the estrous phase to either hysterectomy with ovarian preservation or sham operation. A rat eater meter was used to continuously measure food intake, meal number, and meal size for two estrous cycles before and four cycles after surgery. Both groups showed the estrous phase linked cycling in meal number, meal size, and food intake. No differences existed between the two groups in these indices either before or after surgery. No differences existed between groups in rate of body weight gain after surgery, 0.95 +/- 0.13 g/day in hysterectomized and 0.77 +/- 0.1 g/day in sham-operated rats. We conclude that hysterectomy has no effect on rate of weight gain, food intake, and estrus linked cyclical feeding pattern in Fischer 344 rats.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

A review of the nutritional needs of Meals on Wheels consumers and factors associated with the provision of an effective meals on wheels service-an Australian perspective.

OBJECTIVE: A review of the literature was undertaken to identify the nutritional needs of elderly MOW consumers and factors affecting the ability of existing programs to meet those needs. The focus was on the Australian experience but drawing on the world literature. DESIGN: Keyword search of English language based computer databases of the medical and health literature. RESULTS: Several studies suggest the nutritional intake of MOW consumers is below recommended levels, although the risk of nutritional deficiency has not always been identified. The literature indicates the effectiveness of Meals on Wheels programs are affected by a range of issues including the appropriateness of nutritional standards, menu selection, portion control, level of consumption and customer satisfaction. The literature recommends control of time and temperatures associated with food handling procedures, along with education of providers and customers, to assist in the provision of a safe food supply. CONCLUSIONS: Meals on Wheels is an important service, providing meals to housebound consumers. While the effectiveness of such programs is dependent on a range of variables, the nutritional impact of the service and the standard of food hygiene are fundamental assessment criteria. SPONSORSHIP: This work was supported by a grant from the NSW Meals on Wheels Association, Australia. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2000) 54, 275-280

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Weight loss with meal replacement and meal replacement plus snacks: a randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether snacking would improve weight loss and weight maintenance in overweight individuals within the context of a structured meal replacement (MR) weight loss program. DESIGN: A prospective 24 week, 2 (snacking vs nonsnacking) x 2 (MR vs meal replacement augmented with snacks (MRPS)) randomized trial. Participants were instructed to limit their total daily intake to 1200 (women) or 1500 (men) kcals. Those receiving the MR program were instructed not to snack while those in the MRPS program were told to snack three times per day. SUBJECTS: A total of 100 participants were block-randomized, based on prestudy snacking status (high vs low), to receive a standard meal replacement program (MR) or MRPS. MEASUREMENTS: Weight, height, blood pressure, lipid fractions, glucose, and insulin were assessed at the baseline, 12-, and 24 weeks. RESULTS: Completers analysis at 24 weeks demonstrated a significant time effect (F(1,46)=44.6, P<0.001), indicating that all participants lost significant amounts of weight regardless of group assignment. An intention-to-treat model resulted in similar results. By week 24, the average weight loss across groups was 4.6 kg. There also were significant improvements across all groups among completers for systolic blood pressure (P=0.047), cholesterol (P=0.001), LDL (P=0.001), glucose (P=0.004), and insulin (P=0.001) at week 12, and glucose (P=0.001) and insulin at week 24 (P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that a participant's preferences for snacking did not affect their response to treatment. Snackers and nonsnackers responded equally well whether they received a standard meal replacement program or one augmented with snacks.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Comparison of the flux of carbon to hepatic glycogen deposition and fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis on refeeding rats fed ad libitum or meal-fed rats with a chow-diet meal.

Meal-fed rats and rats fed ad libitum had similar rates of hepatic glycogen deposition on refeeding with a chow meal. In contrast, the rate of hepatic lipid synthesis (cholesterol plus fatty acids) was 6-fold higher on refeeding in the meal-fed group compared with the 'ad libitum' group. There were no significant differences in the gastrointestinal or hepatic contents of glucose or lactate between the two groups. It is suggested that in the meal-fed group exogenous glucose may be directly converted into glycogen, whereas the substrate for lipid synthesis is a C3 unit.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1988

The effect of meal composition on the degree of satiation following a test meal and possible mechanisms involved.

1. Possible links between metabolism and satiation were investigated using volunteer subjects given test meals based on milk solids. Satisfaction was rated by the subjects on a six-point scale and the course of metabolism was followed by measurement of the respiratory quotient (RQ). 2. The time-course of satiation was the same for a high-carbohydrate, a high-fat and a high-protein meal, in spite of the very different time-course of metabolism. The degree of satiation was reduced by added sodium chloride, without affecting the RQ rise. On the other hand, calcium chloride produced a suppression of the RQ rise without altering the satiation. 3. It is proposed that the results indicate that the primary receptors responsible for post-prandial satiation lie within the gut wall and that there is probably a number of receptor types. Likely candidates for these receptors are the gut hormone-secreting cells. 4. Although very-low-protein meals produce less satiation than meals containing 220 g protein/kg dry weight, there is no additional satiation obtained by increasing the protein level further. This is not inconsistent with the possibility of a protein hunger separate from an energy hunger.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Changes in intragastric meal distribution are better predictors of gastric emptying rate in conscious pigs than are meal viscosity or dietary fibre concentration.

The effect of dietary fibre on the gastric emptying rate of solids is controversial. Similarly, the mechanisms by which it modulates food intake are partially unknown. Gastric emptying and proximal v. distal stomach filling were evaluated in triplicate on four conscious pigs using scintigraphic imaging. Each animal received in an isoenergetic manner a concentrate low-fibre diet enriched in starch (S) and two high-fibre diets based on sugar beet pulp (BP) or wheat bran (WB). All meals had the same viscosity before ingestion (100.0-100.5 Pa.s). Viscosity of the gastric contents was measured in four additional animals fitted with a gastric cannula. The gastric emptying rate of BP diet was significantly slower than S and WB diets (t1/2 78.4 (sem 5.68), 62.8 (sem 10.01) and 111.6 (sem 10.82) min for S, WB and BP diets respectively, P<0.05). For BP diet only, rate of distal stomach filling was steady during the first 120 min after the meal whereas that of S and WB diets decreased in an exponential manner. Numerous backflow episodes from the distal into the proximal stomach were observed for BP diet that generated the larger intragastric viscosity (0.26 (sem 0.03), 0.3 (sem 0.02) and 0.52 (sem 0.002) Pa.s for S, WB and BP respectively). In conclusion, viscosity of the meal or the percentage total fibre, unlike viscosity of the gastric contents, are poor predictors for emptying. The reduced emptying rate observed with BP is associated with major changes in intragastric distribution of the meal absent with WB and S diets.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2004

Food intake, growth rate, food conversion and food choice in broilers fed on diets high in rapeseed meal and pea meal, with observations on sensory evaluation of the resulting poultry meat.

1. Experiments were done to measure the effects of 100 and 200 g/kg of either pea meal or low glucosinolate, low erucic acid rapeseed meal on food intake and growth, food choice and meat organoleptic quality in broiler chickens. 2. The test diets were formulated to be iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous with a soy-wheat control diet. In all diets, lysine was fixed at 11.0 g/kg and all other indispensable amino acids were present in excess of requirements. 3. Food intake was little affected by the inclusion of 100 g/kg of pea meal in the diet but 200 g/kg of peas caused a decrease. Rapeseed produced a decrease in food intake at both dietary concentrations. 4. Weight gain was similarly affected, but food conversion from d 0 to d 42 was little affected by the inclusion of either peas or rapeseed. 5. Absolute breast muscle weight was affected by diet but there was no significant difference in breast weight as a proportion of total body weight. 6. From d 7 onwards, selection against the pea-containing diet approached statistical significance. Between d 7 and d 14, birds ate almost twice as much of the control as of the pea-containing diet. Birds offered a rapeseed meal diet ate similar amounts of that and the control diet. 7. The breast meat from birds given 200 g rapeseed/kg was the only meat identified as different but no strong aversion was expressed by the tasting panel.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2001

Substrate oxidation and control of food intake in men after a fat-substitute meal compared with meals supplemented with an isoenergetic load of carbohydrate, long-chain triacylglycerols, or medium-chain triacylglycerols.

BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that hunger may be delayed and food intake reduced under metabolic conditions that spare carbohydrate oxidation. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to examine the role of glucose metabolism in the control of food intake in men by using medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCTs) to spare carbohydrate oxidation. DESIGN: In 10 male volunteers, isolated and deprived of any time cues, we studied the effects of 4 lunches on hunger ratings, the duration of satiety, the amount of food ingested at dinner, energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, and plasma variables until the time of the dinner request. One lunch was a basic 2310-kJ meal containing 40 kJ fat substitute (Sub lunch). The 3 other lunches consisted of the same basic meal supplemented with either 1200 kJ long-chain triacylglycerols (LCT lunch), 1200 kJ MCTs (MCT lunch), or 900 kJ carbohydrate plus 300 kJ LCTs (Cho lunch). RESULTS: Energy expenditure was not significantly different after the different lunches, but carbohydrate oxidation was lower after the MCT and LCT lunches than after the Cho lunch. Fat oxidation was greater after the MCT and LCT lunches. The time of the dinner request was significantly delayed after the Cho lunch. Food intake at dinner was significantly lower after the MCT lunch than after the Sub and Cho lunches, but the dinner meal request was not delayed. CONCLUSION: Carbohydrate may have a greater role in the duration of satiety than does fat, but MCTs may play an active role in other aspects of the control of food intake, especially in satiation at the next meal.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Microbial phytase improves amino acid utilization in young chicks fed diets based on soybean meal but not diets based on peanut meal.

Studies were conducted to evaluate the ability of supplemental microbial phytase to improve performance of young chicks fed phytate-containing, amino acid-deficient diets. Diets based on corn and peanut meal or soybean meal (SBM) and dextrose were fed to young chicks housed in battery cages for 10- and 13-d experimental periods. Assays were designed to evaluate phytase supplementation of both amino acid-deficient and amino acid-adequate diets. Weight gain, feed intake, and gain:feed values of chicks increased (P < 0.05) when deficient amino acids were serially supplemented to either the corn-peanut meal or SBM-dextrose diets. Phytase supplementation (600 and 1,200 U/kg) to the corn-peanut meal diet resulted in no significant differences in weight gain, feed intake, or gain:feed values of chicks when the diet was either deficient or adequate in amino acids. However, phytase supplementation (1,200 U/kg) produced significant increases (P < 0.05) in gain:feed values, but not weight gain, of chicks when they were fed the amino acid-deficient, but not the amino acid-adequate, SBM-dextrose diet. This gain:feed response to phytase supplementation of the amino acid-deficient SBM-dextrose diet occurred in both crossbred (New Hampshire x Columbian) and commercial (Ross x Hubbard) chicks. A digestibility assay was also performed using cecectomized roosters fed dehulled SBM containing three levels of phytase (0, 600, and 1,200 U/kg). When averaged across nine essential amino acids and cystine, true amino acid digestibility (TAAD) values were increased by approximately 2% when 1,200 U/kg phytase was included with SBM and administered to cecectomized roosters. However, neither TAAD values nor TMEn were significantly improved by the phytase addition.

6-Phytase↗

PubMed1999

Early postmolt performance of laying hens fed a low-protein corn molt diet supplemented with corn gluten meal, feather meal, methionine, and lysine.

Commercial White Leghorn hens (65, 63, or 70 wk of age in Experiments 1, 2, and 3, respectively) were induced molted by feed withdrawal until approximately 28% body weight was lost. All hens were then weighed, and seven replicate groups of 12 hens each were fed molt diets. In Experiment 1, three diets consisted of a corn basal diet (7.9% CP) or this diet supplemented with corn gluten meal (CGM) and Lys or feather meal (FM), Met, and Lys. In Experiments 2 and 3, varying levels of FM and FM with Met and Lys were evaluated. A 16% CP corn-soybean meal diet was used as a positive control in all experiments. The molt diets were fed for 17, 15, and 17 d in Experiments 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and production performance was measured for 8 wk from the beginning of feeding the layer diet. In all experiments, hens fed the 16% CP corn-soybean meal molt diet returned to egg production and regained body weight at a faster rate than did hens fed any of the other diets. In Experiment 1, early egg production of hens fed the corn basal diet supplemented with CGM and Lys or supplementation with FM, Met, and Lys was greater (P < 0.05) than that of hens fed the basal diet alone. In Experiment 2, very early egg production (Week 1) and body weight gain were lower (P < 0.05) for hens fed the corn basal diet than for hens fed the basal supplemented with FM, Met, and Lys. The addition of 5.75 or 8.5% FM or 5.75% FM plus Met and Lys generally increased (P < 0.05) early egg production and postmolt body weight gain compared to the corn basal diet in Experiment 3. The present study thus indicated that improved early postmolt performance may be achieved by supplementation of a low-protein corn molt diet with various combinations of CGM, FM, Met, and Lys.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1985

Effects of meals and meal times on uptake of lead from the gastrointestinal tract in humans.

Twenty three adults ingested 203Pb as lead acetate on the 12th hour of a 19 h fast. Retention measured 7 days later in a whole-body counter was 61% and whole-body turnover rates suggested that initial uptake had been considerably greater. Balanced meals eaten with 203Pb reduced lead uptake to 4% and the influence of the food lasted for up to 3 h. The effects of phytate, ethylene-diaminetetra acetate (EDTA), caffeine, alcohol, glucose, a liquid meal and a light snack were tested separately with intermediate results. The effect of a meal was probably largely due to its content of calcium and phosphate salts but lead uptake was probably further reduced by phytate which is plentiful in whole cereals and it was probably increased by a factor in milk. Uptake with skimmed milk was the same as with whole milk and we suggested that the factor was not fat. Comestibles with low mineral and phytate contents reduced lead uptake by intermediate amounts, possibly by stimulation of digestive secretions. The avid uptake of lead during a fast, the large reduction of lead uptake with meals and the likelihood of variations in gastric-emptying rates and dietary habits may be major causes of variation in body burdens of lead in the population.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of the metabolic response to a glucose tolerance test and a standardized test meal and the response to serial test meals in normal healthy subjects.

The plasma glucose and insulin response to a standardized meal test breakfast was compared with the time-honored glucose tolerance test in the same normal healthy subjects. The amplitude of glycemic excursion and between-subject variation was less with the more physiologic standardized test meal than with that seen with the glucose tolerance test. The glucose tolerance test's prime function is to amplify any glucose intolerance, thus aiding diagnosis, whereas a standardized meal gives a more clinically relevant metabolic status. The administration of serial test meals during the same day in a smaller group of normal subjects indicated, as seen previously with repeated glucose tolerance tests, a diminishing carbohydrate tolerance during the day.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Addition of ruminally degradable crude protein and branched-chain volatile fatty acids to diets containing hydrolyzed feather meal and blood meal for lactating cows.

This study investigated the effects of amounts of RDP and branched-chain VFA on milk production and DMI by 32 early lactation Holstein cows fed diets based on corn silage and corn. All supplemental dietary protein was supplied by animal protein by-products and urea. Hydrolyzed feather meal and ring-dried blood meal served as sources of supplemental protein and were fed in a 3:1 ratio on a N basis. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Main factors were percentage of RDP (8.0 vs. 9.5% of dietary DM) and amount of branched-chain VFA in the diet (0 vs. 90 g/d per cow). Urea was used to adjust the amount of degradable CP. Individual DMI, milk production, and milk composition were monitored during wk 5 to 19 of lactation. Ruminal fluid and blood were collected to examine the treatment effects on ruminal VFA patterns and plasma urea N concentrations. The DMI, total milk production, and milk component yield were unaffected by treatments. The molar percentages of isobutryate, isovalerate, and n-valerate increased when branched-chain VFA were fed, and concentrations of urea N in plasma increased with higher percentages of RDP. A combination of feather meal and blood meal can be used as supplemental protein to support high milk production (> 37 kg/d) in early lactation. No production benefits were observed by increased dietary RDP or branched-chain VFA.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1999

Evaluation of ruminally protected methionine and lysine or blood meal and fish meal as protein sources for lactating Holsteins.

Forty lactating Holstein cows averaging 55 days in milk were used in a randomized block designed experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of ruminally protected Met and Lys compared with that of ruminally undegradable protein for supporting lactation. Cows were fed total mixed diets for 15 wk. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous with the same base ingredients resulting in base crude protein percentage of 15.5. Supplemental crude protein supplied by urea, soybean meal, or a 50:50 (wt/wt) mixture of fish and blood meal increased total dietary nitrogen to 18.0% of diet DM. Two additional diets consisted of the basal diets soybean meal and urea, which were supplemented with ruminally protected DL-Met and Lys-HCL at 10 and 25 g/d, respectively (soybean meal + amino acids (AA), urea + AA). Mean measures of dry matter intake, milk yield, milk protein percentage, and milk fat percentage were not affected by protein supplement. Milk protein yield, milk fat yield, casein yield, and casein percentage also were not affected by source of supplemental protein. Results indicate that at the level of crude protein intake relative to milk production in this experiment, the source of protein did not affect lactational performance.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗