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PubMed2005

Semantic memory disorders in Alzheimer's disease: clues from semantic priming effects.

Semantic memory deficits are a common landmark in Alzheimer's disease, but the nature of these impairments remains to be clarified. The tests used to explore this memory system are not specific and involve cognitive processes often disturbed in Alzheimer's disease. A complementary way to investigate semantic memory in neuropsychology is by using the semantic priming paradigm. Here, semantic priming refers specifically to the modification of a stimulus processing behind the presentation of a related stimulus; it is a short-lived phenomenon considered an implicit measure of semantic memory integrity. However, semantic priming studies have yielded contradictory results in Alzheimer's disease, with authors reporting normal priming, less-than-normal priming, or increased priming effects (hyperpriming). The aim of this paper is to review the literature investigating semantic priming in Alzheimer's disease, and to discuss the contradictory results in the context of current models of semantic processing. For a clear comprehension of the semantic priming patterns in this pathology, we will precise the methodology used and the characteristics of the Alzheimer's disease patients examined. Besides, the surprising hyperpriming phenomenon - often observed in Alzheimer's disease at the early stage of dementia--will also be explained in detail. These results from semantic priming represent invaluable clues to widen our knowledge and conceptions about deterioration of the semantic memory in Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed1991

[Multiple sclerosis in children. Impact of memory disorders].

Three cases of multiple sclerosis, characterized by disorders of superior functions such as memory loss, either isolated (1 case) or as part of a frontal syndrome (2 cases) are reported. The importance of these disorders, often presenting as the main symptoms, their good prognosis and their rarity in adulthood are underlined. From a pathophysiologic point of view, the authors discuss the role of the frontal, near the limbic area, localization of the plaques.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Mental akinesia and memory disorders following carbon monoxide poisoning].

A 32-year old woman presented with serious memory impairment and a mental syndrome named loss of psychic auto-activation or psychic akinesia following carbon monoxide poisoning. The MRI findings were bilateral pallidal lesions probably associated with thalamic lesions. The evolution was favourable.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Verbal memory disorders in local lesions of the right and left hemispheres].

Disturbances of verbal memory were examined in patients with local cerebral affections. The patients were asked to reproduce triads of words selected with regard to their semantic (situation or synonymic associations) or sensor (phonetic association) similarity. The ability to reproduce the triads was found to be different depending on the kind of the triads and the pathological focus localization. Patients with the pathological focus in the posterior divisions of the left hemisphere could hardly reproduce the triads of the semantically-similar words, while those with the pathological focus in the posterior divisions of the right hemisphere had difficulties in reproducing the triads of the phonetically-similar words. There were no differences as regards the triad type in patients with the pathological focus localization in the frontal divisions of the left hemisphere. A problem of multi-channel coding of the information for its processing and storage is discussed.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed1996

The nature and prevalence of memory disorder late after stroke.

This study aimed to investigate the incidence and nature of memory impairment late after stroke. Out of 193 patients between 12 to 36 months post-cerebrovascular accident contacted in a postal survey, 113 replied that they had experienced memory impairment following the stroke. Seventy of these patients were assessed on an adapted version of the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test, Warrington's Recognition Memory Test for words and faces, and an every day memory questionnaire. The Token Test and the Benton Facial Recognition Test were also administered as measures of language and visuoperceptual processing. Thirty-five of the patients were impaired on one or more of the memory measures. Of these, 16 showed no evidence of dysphasia or visuoperceptual impairment. The 16 cases of selective memory impairment typically had mild to moderate deficits, and only three were impaired across all three tests. The results suggest that memory impairment following stroke does not necessarily involve general memory impairment. The evidence for material-specific memory deficits was much weaker.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Experience with the use of posterior pituitary hormones in memory disorders of different etiology].

Results of using vasopressin and pituitrin in 20 patients with memory disturbances of various genesis (due to circulatory disturbances in the vertebrobasilar system, cerebral atherosclerosis, neurasthenia, brain concussion, epilepsy) are reviewed. The therapeutic efficacy of the hormones was evaluated with the use of a complex of psychophysiological methods. Objective changes in the patients' neurological status and subjective state were taken into account. A high therapeutic efficacy of the hormones in the treatment of amnestic syndromes is demonstrated.

Adult↗