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PubMed1998

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of large-cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the salivary glands: presentation of two cases, literature review, and differential cytodiagnosis of high-grade salivary gland malignancies.

Primary undifferentiated carcinoma of the salivary glands is a rare, high-grade neoplasm which accounts for a very small number (1-5.5%) of malignant salivary gland tumors. The large-cell variant (LCU) is less well-characterized than the small-cell form. We report on the fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy findings of 2 cases of LCU, one arising in the parotid gland, and the other in a buccal mucosa accessory salivary gland. The 2 cases were similar in composition: isolated and loosely cohesive large cells with abundant cytoplasm, and variability pleomorphic nuclei with prominent nucleoli. One case also featured multinucleated tumor giant cells and macrophage polykaryons; the latter has not previously been described in FNA biopsies of LCU. There was no evidence of squamous, myoepithelial, or widespread mucinous differentiation by morphological, cytochemical, or immunohistochemical analyses (focal rare mucin production identified on special stains in one case). The differential diagnosis is lengthy and consists of other high-grade primary salivary gland malignancies as well as metastatic lesions, including melanoma. The pattern of immunohistochemical reactivity (positive keratin, negative S-100, and HMB-45 antigens), and lack of conspicuous mucin production of significant lymphoidinfiltrate, were useful in establishing the correct diagnosis.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Seizure control following tumor surgery for childhood cortical low-grade gliomas.

Detailed preoperative electroencephalographic (EEG) studies are now recommended for children with seizures and cortical tumors to define seizure foci prior to surgery. To develop a historical perspective for better evaluation of results from series reporting tumor removal combined with resection of seizure foci, the authors reviewed seizure outcome in 60 children with seizures and low-grade neoplasms treated consecutively since 1981 by surgical resection without concomitant EEG monitoring or electrocortical mapping. Forty-seven of the 60 tumors were totally or near-totally resected; 45 patients were seizure-free and two were significantly improved 1 year following surgery. Of the 50 children in this series with more than five seizures prior to surgery, 36 were seizure-free, two were significantly improved, and 12 were not improved. Factors associated with poor seizure control included a parietal tumor location, a partial tumor resection, and a history of seizures for more than 1 year prior to surgery. The children at highest risk for poor seizure control at 2 years had experienced seizures for more than 1 year prior to surgery and had undergone partial resection of their parietal low-grade glial tumors or gangliogliomas. In contradistinction, the best seizure control was seen in patients with totally resected low-grade gliomas or gangliogliomas who had experienced seizures for less than 1 year (concordance rates for being seizure-free ranged from 78% to 86%). Long-term seizure control remained excellent. These results suggest that seizure control can be obtained 2 years following tumor surgery in the majority of children with presumed tumors after extensive tumor resection without concomitant EEG monitoring or electrocortical mapping.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Retinoblastoma protein expression in endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma.

The retinoblastoma (RB) gene was the first defined tumor suppressor gene. While originally described in retinoblastoma, more recently alterations in RB have been described in a number of other human neoplasms and there has been a suggestion that alteration of RB may play a significant role in the development of endometrial carcinoma. We examined RB protein expression by immunohistochemistry in a series of cases including normal endometrium, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrial carcinoma. A relatively homogeneous pattern of staining was observed in proliferative endometrium, while weak or absent reactivity was noted in secretory endometrium. A heterogeneous pattern of reactivity was observed in 10/10 cases of hyperplasia, 66/70 cases of endometrial adenocarcinoma, and 7/7 cases of uterine carcinosarcoma. An altered pattern of reactivity was observed in the remaining 4/70 cases of adenocarcinoma. All of the cases with altered reactivity were high grade neoplasms. We conclude that alteration of RB protein expression is uncommon in endometrial adenocarcinoma and when it does occur, it may represent a late event in carcinogenesis.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1995

Cortical architectural abnormalities and MIB1 immunoreactivity in gangliogliomas: a study of 60 patients with intracranial tumors.

Gangliogliomas are generally low grade neoplasms composed of mixtures of neoplastic glial and neuronal elements whose origin and exact nature are still controversial. We studied a series of 60 intracranial gangliogliomas looking for coexistent cortical architectural abnormalities (cortical dysplasia, microdysgenesis) and to determine if tumor behavior correlates with MIB1 (marker of cellular proliferation) labeling. The patients included 34 males and 26 females who ranged in age from 6 months to 55 years (mean 20 years). Thirty-eight tumors (63%) were located in the temporal lobe and 6 (10%) in the frontal lobe. Fifty-four patients (90%) presented with seizures (most with intractable epilepsy) and the duration of seizures ranged from 1 to 38 years (mean 14 years). In all cases, the predominant glioma component resembled a low grade fibrillary astrocytoma. In 14 tumors (23%), an oligodendroglial component was present. In one case, the glial component resembled an anaplastic astrocytoma. The tumors were characterized variously by perivascular chronic inflammation (N = 45, 75%), vascular proliferation (N = 36, 60%), granular bodies (N = 54, 90%), binucleated neurons (N = 36, 60%), calcification (N = 28, 47%), and cystic degeneration (N = 26, 43%). Meningeal involvement by tumor was observed in five (8%) cases. In 38 patients, sufficient tissue was resected to evaluate for the presence of concomitant cortical architectural abnormalities. Cortical architectural abnormalities were identified near to but clearly separate from the tumor in 19 (50%) patients. Only four patients including the anaplastic tumor died with tumor progression. MIB1 indices (positive tumor cells/1,000 tumor cells counted) in 54 cases ranged from 0 to 10.2 (mean 1.1 +/- 1.0).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Positron emission tomography in three children with pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma.

The pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma is generally considered a low-grade neoplasm with favorable prognosis. These tumors, however, can demonstrate primary anaplastic features, undergo malignant transformation, disseminate, or progress with poor outcome. Currently, there are no histologic or clinical features that reliably predict recurrent tumor or tumor progression. We report three children with confirmed pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma who were studied with positron emission tomography (PET) using [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) coregistered with magnetic resonance imaging. One patient had decreased FDG metabolism and, despite a gross total resection and benign pathology, had early local recurrence. Subsequent to a second surgical resection and radiation therapy, he has remained stable for 8 years. One patient with significant FDG uptake had gross total resection of an anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Follow-up FDG studies showed no abnormal metabolic activity, and he has been stable without adjuvant treatment for 5 years. The last patient had intermediate FDG uptake and a moderate-grade pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma by histopathology. She showed early tumor progression with spinal metastases. Following a near-total resection of the recurrent intracranial lesion and neuroaxis radiation, she has been stable for 4 years. Although there are still no reliable prognostic indicators for pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, PET with FDG correlates with histopathology, and increased uptake may be a marker for more malignant or aggressive tumors. The extent of surgical resection in regard to prognosis in our limited study is unclear but appears helpful in the anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma case. Adjuvant radiation therapy also may benefit certain patients. Further PET studies are warranted in this group of tumors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

mdm-2 oncogene expression in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

The mdm-2 protein is a 90-kD protein that forms a complex with the p53 protein, enabling cells from some human neoplasms to overcome the growth-suppressing activity of p53. Most non-Hodgkin's lymphomas lack p53 mutations, and the mechanism of inactivation of tumor suppressive function remains obscure. To assess the role of mdm-2 in lymphomagenesis, 22 cases were evaluated for mdm-2 gene amplification or rearrangement in Southern blots. Localization of the mdm-2 protein was performed on cryostat sections and compared with expression of the p53 gene product. No case exhibited mdm-2 gene amplification or rearrangement, but overexpression of nuclear mdm-2 gene protein product was found in three of six diffuse large cell (B-cell immunoblastic) lymphomas (30-70% of the tumor cells stained). The mdm-2 protein was absent from low- and intermediate-grade lymphomas with the exception of a few cells (5% or less) in four cases. The mdm-2-positive cases stained negative for p53. Southern blot analysis showed that samples overexpressing mdm-2 did not have amplification or rearrangement of the gene. In summary, amplification of the mdm-2 gene does not appear to play a prominent role in the pathogenesis of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, although overexpression of the protein gene product occurs, particularly in high-grade neoplasms.

Blotting, Southern↗

PubMed2006

Absence of expression of SMARCB1/INI1 in malignant rhabdoid tumors of the central nervous system, kidneys and soft tissue: an immunohistochemical study with implications for diagnosis.

Malignant rhabdoid tumors are high-grade neoplasms of the central nervous system (CNS), kidneys and soft tissue that usually occur in children. The histologic diagnosis of malignant rhabdoid tumor depends on identification of characteristic rhabdoid cells-large cells with eccentrically located nuclei and abundant, eosinophilic cytoplasm-and immunohistochemistry with antibodies to vimentin, keratin and epithelial membrane antigen. In most malignant rhabdoid tumors, the SMARCB1/INI1 gene, located in chromosome band 22q11.2, is inactivated by deletions and/or mutations, so genetic diagnosis is often possible. However, tissue may not be available for genetic analysis or studies not confirmatory. We assessed SMARCB1/INI1 expression in 17 rhabdoid tumors and 57 other tumors of the CNS, kidney or soft tissue using immunohistochemistry. In total, 12 brain, three renal and two soft tissue rhabdoid tumors were examined along with four glioblastomas, four pilocytic astrocytomas, four oligodendrogliomas, two ependymomas, two choroid plexus papillomas, five pituitary adenomas, four germinomas, four renal carcinomas with Xp11.2 translocations, two clear cell sarcomas, two Wilms' tumors, one renal medullary carcinoma, two desmoplastic small round cell tumors, two alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas, two embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas, one low-grade chondrosarcoma, two extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcomas, one mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, four malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, five metastatic carcinomas and four epithelioid sarcomas, two primary and two metastatic. The neoplastic cells of all rhabdoid tumors, the four epithelioid sarcomas and the renal medullary carcinoma did not express SMARCB1/INI1 by immunohistochemistry; neoplastic cells of all other tumors expressed SMARCB1/INI1. Immunohistochemistry to assess expression of SMARCB1/INI1 may be useful in the diagnosis of rhabdoid tumors of the CNS, kidneys and soft tissue.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

[Stromal tumors of the stomach. Our experience with 25 patients].

Stromal tumors (GIST) represent 5% of gastric neoplasms. Twenty-five patients with GIST underwent surgical operation: the tumor was benign, malignant, and borderline in 11, 12, and 2 cases, respectively. Main symptoms were abdominal pain (36%), and digestive haemorrhage (32%); 4 patients (16%) complained of abdominal mass. In 5 patients the diagnosis was incidental. Surgical operations (12 local resections, 9 partial gastric resections, and 4 total gastrectomies) were macroscopically curative in all the patients. In 3 patients the resection was extended to liver (1 case), spleen, pancreatic body-tail, and left kidney (1 case), and diaphragm (1 case) because of contiguous involvement of these organs. Postoperative mortality and morbidity were 4% and 20%, respectively. A patient with benign GIST passed away 36 months after operation because of breast cancer disease; other 9 patients are alive from 3 months to 25 years after operation. Three patients with low grade malignant GIST are well at mean follow up of 53 months. The 9 patients with high grade neoplasms are all dead (median survival time: 18 months). The 2 patients with borderline tumors are alive without evidence of disease at 3 and 8 years.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Osteogenic sarcoma. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma subtype.

A distinctly different entity from the now well-delineated malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) of bone is the MFH histopathologic subtype of osteogenic sarcoma. Although uncommon, recently the authors have encountered six cases of this neoplasm, in each of which the soft tissue component was devoid of bone elements and was microscopically indistinguishable from MFH of bone or soft tissue. Neoplastic osteoid and woven bone were present in the osseous component of each tumor, however. Radiologically, the lesions generally were osteoblastic but focally osteolytic with features typical of osteogenic sarcoma. Pain was the most common presenting symptom. There was no age or sex predilection. Immunocytochemical staining showed strong positivity with alpha-1-antichymotrypsin within malignant bizarre giant cells and occasional neoplastic osteoblasts in five cases. The biological behavior followed a very aggressive course. Four of the six patients developed pulmonary metastases 6 to 12 months after initial surgery; one patient presented initially with pulmonary metastases. Adequate tumor sampling as well as optimal correlation with clinical and radiographic information are required to distinguish the MFH subtype of osteogenic sarcoma from MFH of bone, both being high-grade neoplasms, however.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Dpc-4 protein is expressed in virtually all human intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: comparison with conventional ductal adenocarcinomas.

DPC4 (MADH4, SMAD4) encodes a nuclear transcription factor shown to be genetically inactivated in over one-half of conventional infiltrating ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) of the pancreas have been suggested to be distinct neoplasms with a significantly less aggressive course than conventional ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas, but molecular comparisons of these tumor types have previously been impaired by technical difficulties. Recently, immunohistochemical labeling for the DPC4 gene product has been shown to be an extremely sensitive and specific marker for DPC4 gene alterations in pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Therefore, we analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of Dpc4 protein in 79 IPMNs using a previously characterized monoclonal antibody. Twenty-nine of the IPMNs also had an associated infiltrating adenocarcinoma available for analysis. The labeling patterns observed were compared to those we have previously reported for conventional ductal carcinomas. All 79 of the intraductal components of the IPMNs strongly expressed Dpc4 protein. In 77 of the 79 cases (97%), the labeling was diffusely positive, and in 2 of the 79 (3%) the labeling was focally positive. Dpc4 expression was seen in 28 (97%) of the associated 29 invasive cancers. The one infiltrating carcinoma that showed loss of Dpc4 expression was associated with an intraductal component which showed focal loss of Dpc4 expression. The strong and almost universal expression of Dpc4 in IPMNs contrasts sharply with the loss of Dpc4 expression seen in approximately 30% of in situ adenocarcinomas of the pancreas (so-called pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms, grade 3; P: < 0.001) and in 55% of pancreatic duct carcinomas (P: < 0.0001). Differences in Dpc4 expression between IPMNs and ductal carcinomas suggest a fundamental genetic difference in tumorigenesis, which may relate to the significantly better clinical outcomes observed for IPMNs.

Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous↗

PubMed1997

Needle aspiration cytology of pancreatic cystic lesions.

Forty-two histologically confirmed cases of pancreatic cystic lesions with cytologic evaluation by needle aspiration biopsy (NAB) were reviewed. There were 21 inflammatory pseudocysts (IPC), nine mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCN), six microcystic serous adenomas (MSA), one macrocystic serous adenoma, and five papillary solid and cystic neoplasms (PSCN). Correct cytodiagnosis was made in all cases of IPC and MCN. The contents of IPCs were characterized by turbid or blood-tinged fluid containing cellular debris, numerous foamy macrophages, and other inflammatory cells. There were few or no epithelial lining cells. The aspirates from MCNs showed gelatinous mucoid material containing mucus-secreting cells that were present singly, in clusters, or in sheets. Depending on the individual case, benign or malignant columnar cells, or an admixture of these cells, were present in a mucinous background. The preoperative needle aspirates of five MSAs were acellular. In one case of MSA and in one example of macrocystic serous adenoma, small monolayered sheets of benign cubic epithelial cells were seen in the needle aspirates. Similar cytologic findings were noted in the materials obtained by intraoperative NAB performed under direct vision of the aforementioned five MSAs. Difficulties were encountered in typing three PSCNs that yielded in NAB cells resembling those of an islet cell tumor. They were diagnosed as low-grade neoplasms (PSCN vs. islet cell tumor). In two other patients, a cytodiagnosis of PSCN was correctly made as the NAB revealed monomorphic tumor cells wrapping around small capillary blood vessels.

Adenoma↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Intraoperative evaluation of endometrial carcinoma staging].

The new International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system for endometrial cancer is based on intraoperative examination of hysterectomy specimens not submitted to radiation. PURPOSE--This system aims to recognize the risk factors for intrabdominal lymph node metastases not detected by the earlier staging system, permitting to select the patients who must be submitted to lymphadenectomy. The major risks for metastases are: poorly differentiated neoplasms (grade 3), deep myometrial invasion (more than half of the thickness of the myometrium) and certain more aggressive histological types. METHODS--Intraoperative examination takes about 30 minutes. The uterus is laterally opened and several complete transversal cuts are made in order to choose the suspected deeper myometrial or cervical invasion areas for histological frozen examination. The findings were compared with the permanent slides. RESULTS--Good correlations between frozen and permanent sections were obtained, with an accuracy of about 90%. CONCLUSION--This new FIGO staging is under evaluation. The comparative results show a higher degree of confidence on the method performance. The complementary radiotherapic treatment is indicated according to the disease stage.

Endometrial Neoplasms↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 11 tumors including MIB1 immunoreactivity.

The dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT) is a rare, recently recognized neoplasm, characterized by a mixed glial-neuronal cell proliferation. We studied 11 cases of DNT including 6 males and 5 females (age range 2.1-39.4 years, mean 13.8 years). All patients presented with chronic epilepsy of 4.8 years mean duration. Nine tumors were located in the temporal lobe and 2 in the frontal lobe. Four tumors were located on the right side and 7 on the left. All tumors were characterized by a predominant oligodendrocyte-like cell component with intermixed normal appearing neurons and astrocytes. All were focally microcystic and 7 of 9 evaluable tumors were multinodular. Other observed histologic features included a focal arcuate vascular pattern in 7 tumors, calcification in 4 tumors, and a rare mitotic figure in 2 tumors. Necrosis and vascular hyperplasia were not observed in any of the tumors. Cortical architectural disorganization (cortical dysplasia) was observed in 9 of 10 evaluable cases. MIB1 (a marker of cellular proliferation) immunostaining was performed in all 11 tumors and MIB1 indices (number of positive tumor cells/100 tumor cells counted) ranged from 0-0.6 (mean 0.2). Four patients required at least 1 additional surgical procedure for tumor recurrence, related to an incomplete initial excision 2.1-4.4 years after their initial operation. All patients are seizure-free at their last follow-up. DNTs are low grade neoplasms which typically present with chronic epilepsy, are most frequently located in the temporal lobe, and occur most frequently in pediatric patients. Their appearance and association with cortical dysplasia suggest a maldevelopmental origin. The generally slow growth and relatively benign nature of DNT is reflected by their low MIB1 index.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Canine mast cell tumors express stem cell factor receptor.

c-kit protooncogene encodes a type III transmembrane receptor kinase, the stem cell factor receptor, or KIT. The ligand of the KIT. stem cell factor, is a cytokine that stimulates mast cell growth and differentiation. We have studied immunohistochemically KIT expression in 23 canine mast cell tumors (MCTs), 10 histiocytomas, 5 malignant melanomas, and in 2 cell lines derived from mast cells (HMC-1, human and C2, canine). As expected, KIT was detected both in the human mast cell leukemia cell line (HMC- ) and in the canine mastocytoma cell line C2. In normal canine skin, KIT expression was confined to mast cells. All canine MCTs expressed KIT, although the intensity of the staining reaction varied considerably among the 23 neoplasms. Grade III tumors showed the highest expression of KIT, whereas grade I tumors showed the lowest expression of KIT. Two patterns of KIT expression were detected in mast cells. In normal canine mast cells and in some neoplastic mast cells, KIT appeared mainly on the cell membrane. However, in many canine MCTs, KIT is accumulated in the cytoplasm, usually near the cell nucleus. The meaning of these two patterns is not clear. Expression of KIT could not be detected immunohistochemically in any of the other neoplasias investigated. According to our results, it can be concluded that most, if not all, canine MCT express KIT. Furthermore, there is an inverse correlation between the degree of differentiation and the expression of KIT. Moreover, according to our results, KIT can be used as a reliable immunohistochemical marker for canine mast cells and undifferentiated mast cell tumors.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The predictive value of immature dysplastic cells in CIN I and II smears.

This paper reports the predictive value of a subclassification of cervical intraepithelial neoplasm grade I and II smears. The follow-up period was a maximum of 1 yr. The subclassification was based on the presence of immature dysplastic cells ("IDC present") in the original smear. In 267 cases, these immature dysplastic cells were morphometrically defined. In an additional group of 14 cases, the immature dysplastic cells were exclusively in dense cell groupings which were unsuitable for morphometrical analysis; thus, only visual classification was possible. The predictive value negative (follow-up with negative findings or CIN I or II) of this method was 1.00. The predictive value positive (follow-up with CIN III) was 0.14. The sensitivity was 0.98 and the specificity 0.57. On the basis of this subclassification, cases that should be directly referred for further investigation can be selected. It is justifiable to follow-up the cases that are "IDC absent" with cytology alone. The described method is relatively simple, and can be performed in routine diagnostic laboratories. It is very valuable in settings where most of the initial smears and the follow-up are in the hands of general practitioners. Using the described method, patients who should be referred to the gynecologist for colposcopy and histology can be selected.

Cervix Uteri↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Logistic regression analysis of high grade spindle cell neoplasms. A fine needle aspiration cytologic study.

OBJECTIVE: To identify primary diagnostic cytologic criteria for various high grade spindle cell neoplasms. STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed 30 osteosarcomas, 29 malignant fibrous histiocytomas (MFH), 26 malignant melanomas, 13 chondrosarcomas, 12 leiomyosarcomas, 7 angiosarcomas and 5 liposarcomas. All specimens were coded as to the presence or absence of the following variables: high or low cellularity, tissuelike fragments, glandlike fragments, single cells, binucleated cells, multinucleated cells, lipoblastlike cells, histiocytelike cells, fibroblastlike cells, signet-ring cells, short spindle cells, long filamentous cells, stellate cells, osteoclastic giant cells, malignant giant cells, background cells, pointed nuclei, cigar-shaped nuclei, fishhook-shaped nuclei, round or ovoid nuclei, intranuclear vacuoles, macronucleoli, small nucleoli, mitotic figures, abnormal mitotic figures, pleomorphism, nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio (mild, moderate, marked increase), amount of cytoplasm (scant, moderate, abundant), fine or coarse granular cytoplasm, intracytoplasmic hemosiderin deposits, melanin, cytoplasmic vacuoles, fat, capillary vessel fragments, storiform pattern, necrosis, large or small amount of myxoid material, filamentous stroma, dense collagenous stroma, osteoid, chondroid and cells in lacunae. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the variables predictive of each diagnostic category. RESULTS: The statistical analysis selected positive expression of osteoid, osteoclastic giant cells and low cellularity as the primary criteria associated with osteosarcomas. Positive expression of fibroblastlike cells, large amount of myxoid material and multinucleated cells were identified to be the key criteria for MFH. The analysis selected the presence of melanin as the major criterion for malignant melanomas, cells lying in lacunae for chondrosarcomas, fishhook nuclei for leiomyosarcomas, intracytoplasmic iron deposits for angiosarcomas and lipoblastlike cells for liposarcomas. CONCLUSION: From the previously described cytologic criteria, statistical analysis helped identify several key features that are significant in the evaluation of pleomorphic spindle cell neoplasms.

Biopsy, Needle↗

PubMed1996

The localization of p34cdc2 in the cells of normal, hyperplastic, and malignant epithelial and lymphoid tissues of the oral cavity.

The expression of p34cdc2 has been examined in normal, hyperplastic, and malignant oral epithelia and lymphoid tissues. Four monoclonal antibodies were prepared against Xenopus p34cdc2, three of which react specifically with human p34cdc2 and not with p33cdk2. These produced similar patterns of staining in both fixed and frozen sections of human material. Staining occurred mainly in the proliferative compartments of normal and hyperplastic tissues. In normal oral epithelia, parabasal and basal cells were the most strongly stained, with lighter cytoplasmic staining in lower prickle cells. In tonsillar germinal centres, a high proportion of cells was stained, with fewer positive cells in interfollicular zones, a distribution in keeping with the known pattern of cell proliferation. In normal cells, the intracellular location of p34cdc2 was cytoplasmic until early prophase, but in oral squamous cell carcinomas and lymphomas, it was located in both cytoplasm and nucleus during interphase and a larger fraction of cells was positive than in the equivalent normal tissues. Higher-grade neoplasms showed both a higher intensity of staining and a higher proportion of p34cdc2-positive cells.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed1996

Soft tissue sarcoma of the head and neck in children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The experience of one institution in treating soft tissue sarcomas of the head and neck in a pediatric population is presented. METHODS: Case materials of 134 patients younger than 20 years who were referred to the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between 1970 and 1989 for treatment of sarcoma of the head and neck were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with rhabdomyosarcoma underwent multimodality treatment consisting of surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy. Wide resection was the treatment used for patients with nonrhabdomyosarcomatous soft tissue sarcomas (NRSTS). Adjuvant chemotherapy and irradiation were used to treat high grade neoplasms and residual disease. The clinical response to therapy was measured in terms of the disease-specific survival rate. RESULTS: Seventy-nine of 134 patients presented with untreated or biopsy-proven disease. Fifty-six had rhabdomyosarcoma and 23 had NRSTS: At 2 and 5 years, the disease-specific survival rates for patients with rhabdomyosarcoma were 74% and 63%, respectively, and patients with NRSTS had 80% and 75% disease-specific survival rates at 2 and 5 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck in children is effectively treated with multimodality therapy. Prognostic indicators for rhabdomyosarcoma include completeness of tumor resection and the development of recurrent disease. Aggressive surgical resection is the treatment of choice for patients with NRSTS: Prognostic indicators for NRSTS include completeness of tumor resection and the development of recurrent disease.

Adolescent↗