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PubMed1976

Relationship of mineral status and intake to periodontal disease.

A periodontal index (PI), based on visual and radiographic data, was used to evaluate the severity of periodontal disease in a group of 80 dental patients. The average PI was 3.1 +/- 1.8 SD (0=no detectable lesions; 8=most severe lesions). The PI was directly related to patient age (r=0.73; P is less than 0.01). The serum concentration of calcium copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, and zinc was measured. Regression of PI on the serum constituents demonstrated that serum copper was linearly related (r-0.64; P is less than 0.001) to the PI. The other serum parameters were not correlated to the PI. Dietary protein, calcium, and vitamin A were slightly related to the PI, based on a 24-hr dietary recall. Dietary trace elements were not related to the PI. These results indicate that the serum copper concentration, in some way is related to the severity of periodontal disease. Possibly the observation is linked to the role of copper in the inflammatory response since inflammation is a characteristic of periodontal disease.

Calcium↗
PubMed2005

[Cell transplantation for periodontal diseases. A novel periodontal tissue regenerative therapy using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells].

A major goal of periodontal therapy is to reconstruct healthy periodontium destroyed by periodontal diseases. Basic studies have revealed that transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) into periodontal defects promotes regeneration of periodontal tissue. We have developed a novel method for periodontal therapy using MSC. Human bone marrow cells are obtained from the iliac crest and expanded in vitro at Cell and Tissue Engineering Center in Hiroshima University Hospital. MSC are, then, isolated and mixed with Atelocollagen at final concentrations of 2 x 10(7) cells/mL. These MSC in Atelocollagen are transplanted into periodontal osseous defects at the periodontal surgery. The results in all seven patients who received the own MSC transplantation have shown good clinical course. Further basic studies and the continuous clinical trial are needed to prove the effectiveness of the clinical application.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Periodontal diseases.

The periodontal diseases are highly prevalent and can affect up to 90% of the worldwide population. Gingivitis, the mildest form of periodontal disease, is caused by the bacterial biofilm (dental plaque) that accumulates on teeth adjacent to the gingiva (gums). However, gingivitis does not affect the underlying supporting structures of the teeth and is reversible. Periodontitis results in loss of connective tissue and bone support and is a major cause of tooth loss in adults. In addition to pathogenic microorganisms in the biofilm, genetic and environmental factors, especially tobacco use, contribute to the cause of these diseases. Genetic, dermatological, haematological, granulomatous, immunosuppressive, and neoplastic disorders can also have periodontal manifestations. Common forms of periodontal disease have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, pulmonary disease, and diabetes, but the causal relations have not been established. Prevention and treatment are aimed at controlling the bacterial biofilm and other risk factors, arresting progressive disease, and restoring lost tooth support.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

Gingival crevicular fluid EMAP-II, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta levels of patients with periodontal disease.

BACKGROUND: Periodontal diseases may differ, which could be attributed to the factors that might modify the host response to microbial pathogens. The aim of this study was to examine gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of EMAP-II, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta in patients with different periodontal diseases (EMAP-II, endothelial-monocyte activating polypeptide; MIP-1alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha; MIP-1beta, macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta). METHODS: Eighty-two subjects were included in this study. GCF samples were collected from 26 patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (G-AgP), 26 patients with chronic periodontitis (CP), 15 with gingivitis and 15 periodontally healthy subjects. Clinical periodontal parameters were recorded. GCF EMAP-II, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta levels were quantified by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: GCF EMAP-II levels of G-AgP group were higher than those of gingivitis and healthy groups (p<0.008). G-AgP group showed a trend for higher GCF EMAP-II levels compared with CP group (p>0.008). G-AgP, CP, gingivitis and healthy groups had comparable GCF MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta levels. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that elevated GCF EMAP-II could contribute to the pathogenesis of G-AgP. Alternatively, EMAP-II reflects the extent of the inflammatory activity in the periodontal tissues. At this point, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta levels in GCF do not seem to play a discriminatory role in periodontitis. Our data document for the first time the essential role of EMAP-II in the pathogenesis of different periodontal diseases.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1978

[Periodontal disease index].

Periodontal disease indices are a must in epidemiologic studies, analytical epidemiology making special demands. The indices hitherto commonly used do not meet all demands; consequently, they can be applied only in certain studies, especially in the sense of descriptive epidemiology. For 15 years, the periodontal disease index according to Kötzschke has proved to be useful for large-scale correlation calculations, being well suited for making evident the effects of the most different factors. At the beginning of any experiment and investigation, exact considerations must be given to the aim and special objectives of an index.

Gingival Pocket↗
PubMed1983

Phase variation of hyaluronidase-producing peptostreptococci associated with periodontal disease.

Peptostreptococci isolated from diseased periodontal pockets produced large amounts of extracellular hyaluronidase throughout their growth cycle. Phase variants, obtained by re-streaking aged colonies of the wild types, had different colonial morphology and shorter generation times. These variants produced less hyaluronidase, and enzyme production occurred only during the early stationary phase.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Natural history of periodontal disease in adults: findings from the Tecumseh Periodontal Disease Study, 1959-87.

The purpose of this epidemiological study was to estimate the degree of change in periodontal attachment level in a sample of adults examined in 1959 and 1987 in Tecumseh, Michigan. Out of 526 individuals between the ages of five and 60 years in 1959, a sample of 325 resided within an 80-km-radius area in 1987. Of those, 167 were re-examined. Loss of periodontal attachment (LPA) was determined with a Michigan #0 probe on four tooth sites (disto-buccal, mid-buccal, mesio-buccal, mid-lingual) for all teeth present. Of the individuals contacted, 28 had lost all their teeth during the 28 years. Of the 167 adults examined, two refused periodontal probing. Out of the 165 adults with LPA measurements in 1987, only 22 (13.3%) had an average increased loss of 2 mm or more per person between 1959 and 1987; five adults (3.0%) had an average LPA increase of 3 mm or more, and only two adults (1.2%) had an average LPA increase of 4 mm or more. The attachment level in 59.3% of all the tooth sites examined in 1959 in the 165 individuals either did not change or changed within +/- 1.0 mm. On the basis of bivariate analyses, the individuals with high LPA increase (greater than or equal to 2 mm) had the following characteristics significantly different from those with low LPA increase: They were older, smoked, had tooth mobility at baseline, higher gingivitis, plaque, calculus, and tooth mobility scores at follow-up, lower education level, and irregular dental attendance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adjunctive diagnostic methods for monitoring progressive periodontal diseases.

Diagnosing periodontal diseases involves determining the classification of the disease and the recognition of disease severity at the time of the clinical examination. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as radiographs and periodontal probing, have several limitations. Newer diagnostic techniques have been developed that could help determine whether specific sites are actively breaking down or if the site will experience future active disease. The newest technique is a genetic susceptibility test to identify patients who are at an increased risk for periodontal disease before problems develop. The screening of at-risk patients after initial therapy with these newly developed monitoring tests may lead to improved treatment and prevention of periodontal disease.

Clinical Enzyme Tests↗
PubMed1998

Entamoeba gingivalis in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients with periodontal disease.

Necrotic periodontal disease is a progressive painful oral lesion in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients, and the etiology is unknown. Earlier studies of HIV-1-infected patients have shown significant changes in the viral and fungal oral microflora. The aim of this study was to relate the occurrence of protozoa to clinical symptoms and immunosuppression. Oral symptoms were registered in 45 patients at different stages of the HIV-1 infection and in 15 HIV-seronegative healthy controls. Saliva and dental plaque were analyzed for the presence of protozoa. Entamoeba gingivalis was the only protozoa found in the oral cavities of HIV-1-infected patients with periodontal disease. Its presence was not related to the degree of immunodeficiency but to the HIV diagnosis. This study describes for the first time the findings of E. gingivalis in the oral cavities of HIV-1 infected patients.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1979

Effect of age and removable partial dentures on gingivitis and periodontal disease.

The periodontal disease variables manifested in the individuals with partial dentures were more severe, which suggests that the contribution of denture status is significant. Age, while related to increased bone loss, did not appear to be of significance. Common sense suggests that poor oral hygiene in persons wearing removable partial dentures also is a contributing factor.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Ten years of experience with the complex periodontal and orthodontic rehabilitation of patients with periodontal diseases].

In periodontal diseases where the loss of periodontal tissue is very extensive, displacement of the teeth may be observed. In the interest of complete healing, periodontal treatment must be followed by orthodontic treatment in such patients. If the basic rules relating to adult patients with a reduced, but healthy periodontium are adhered to, the orthodontics can be carried out with certainty in adults who have been rehabilitated from a periodontal aspect. An improved long-term result may be observed in the patients who participate in such complex rehabilitation. Teeth that have been restored to their correct position are not only aesthetically more attractive, but also function more appropriately, are easier to keep clean, and can be treated more simply.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Interleukin (IL)-1 and Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide stimulation of IL-6 production by fibroblasts derived from healthy or periodontally diseased human gingival tissue.

BACKGROUND: Human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) play a key role in tissue repair and destruction. These cells express low levels of interleukin (IL)-6 constitutively and increased levels after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or the cytokines IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). However, little information is available on IL-6 production by fibroblasts derived from diseased tissue. The present study compared constitutive and induced IL-6 production by human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) derived from healthy and diseased periodontal tissue. We also evaluated whether IL-1 acted in a synergistic manner with LPS in inducing IL-6 production by HGF and whether LPS acted via CD14. METHODS: HGF derived from healthy and diseased tissue and foreskin fibroblasts were grown to confluency, photographed, and counted, and their constitutive IL-6 production was quantitated by ELISA. Healthy and diseased HGF were also pretreated with IL-1alpha, followed by incubation with Porphyromonas gingivalis or Escherichia coli LPS. Culture supernatants were assessed for IL-6 protein by ELISA and cell lysates for mRNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In order to determine if LPS stimulation was mediated through the LPS receptor, CD14, surface receptors on HGF were assessed by flow cytometry and the total RNA CD14 mRNA was assessed. RESULTS: Higher quantities of IL-6 were produced by the diseased HGF before and after stimulation than by the healthy HGF. Pretreatment with IL-1alpha followed by LPS stimulation of the healthy and diseased HGF cell lines resulted in an additive effect on IL-6 production. Pretreatment with IL-1alpha followed by a second incubation with the same stimulant produced higher amounts of IL-6 than cultures incubated with LPS alone or following IL-1alpha pretreatment. Similar amounts of IL-6 mRNA were present in unstimulated HGF from either diseased or healthy tissue and in those incubated with IL-1alpha only. After incubation with IL-1alpha and LPS, diseased HGF produced slightly more mRNA than healthy HGF. CD14 was not expressed by healthy or diseased HGF even after stimulation with either P. gingivalis or E. coli LPS. CD14 message was also undetectable. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these results indicate heterogeneity among gingival fibroblasts and an additive effect of IL-1 and P. gingivalis LPS on IL-6 production by HGF. Furthermore, the LPS effect on HGF was not mediated by CD14.

Cell Count↗
PubMed2001

Pre-treatment conceptions of periodontal disease and treatment in periodontal referrals.

BACKGROUND: Patients preconceptions of periodontal therapy have not been extensively studied and are poorly understood. AIMS: To register specific anxieties and preconceptions held by patients referred for specialist periodontal treatment and to investigate the risks such patients were prepared to take of progressive periodontal problems before deciding that periodontal treatment was necessary. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 79 patients referred for specialist treatment completed a structured questionnaire. Participants completed visual analogue scales to quantify the risks which they were prepared to take of various symptoms of periodontal disease before they believed treatment was essential. RESULTS: The majority (71%) had anxieties about pending treatment with the main concern being pain. Those who had sought information prior to treatment mainly did so from close relatives. The majority of patients opted to take no or a very low (<20%) risk of any periodontal problems and, therefore, were supportive of treatment. The loss of many teeth due to periodontal disease was the least acceptable outcome followed by tooth mobility. Patients were prepared to accept a significantly higher risk of bleeding on brushing (p<0.0001) than any of the other outcomes investigated. Females recorded substantially lower risk scores than males particularly in relation to developing recession or tooth mobility in the absence of treatment. Patients who were worried about experiencing pain during treatment recorded lower risk scores than those who had no anxiety regarding pain. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the Norwegian periodontal referrals studied were prepared to take very low risks of further periodontal symptoms despite high levels of anxiety and evidence of a lack of knowledge regarding periodontal treatment.

Adult↗