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PubMed1992

Changes in ego defenses with recovery from depression.

This study aimed to determine whether patterns of ego defense change with short-term treatment of psychiatric illness. The subjects were 37 inpatients and outpatients with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of major depressive disorder being treated using standard clinical methods. Ego defenses before and 7 to 9 weeks after commencement of treatment were measured using a shortened version of the Defense Style Questionnaire. There was a significant decline in the use of immature defenses with symptomatic recovery, but no change in the neurotic or mature defenses. Patients with additional axis I diagnoses and/or abnormal personality traits (N = 15) used more neurotic defenses than their counterparts with major depression alone (N = 22), but this pattern did not change with time. The study demonstrates the short-term mutability of immature defenses in relation to an episode of psychiatric illness and provides empirical support for the concept of temporary regression in the context of psychiatric illness episodes.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed2002

Personality factors associated with dissociation: temperament, defenses, and cognitive schemata.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate temperamental, psychodynamic, and cognitive factors associated with dissociation. METHOD: Fifty-three subjects with DSM-IV-defined depersonalization disorder and 22 healthy comparison subjects were administered the Dissociative Experiences Scale, the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire, the Defense Style Questionnaire, and the Schema Questionnaire. RESULTS: Subjects with depersonalization disorder demonstrated significantly greater harm-avoidant temperament, immature defenses, and over-connection and disconnection cognitive schemata than comparison subjects. Within the group of subjects with depersonalization disorder, dissociation scores significantly correlated with the same variables. CONCLUSIONS: Particular personality factors may render individuals more vulnerable to dissociative symptoms. Risk factors associated with dissociative disorders merit further study.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Immunolocalization of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (DAP IV) in the developing human brain.

By means of immunohistochemical techniques we have investigated the presence of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV immunoreactivity in brain material derived from human fetuses, newborns and aged persons. It was revealed that the enzyme protein is abundantly present in the immature human CNS. On the contrary the adult human brain contains much less dipeptidyl aminopeptidase immunoreactivity. It is speculated that the enzyme might play an important role in neuronal proliferation and/or differentiation especially with regard to its possible action on certain neuronotrophic peptides (IGF II, growth hormone).

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Construct validation of children's behavior problem dimensions: relationship to activity level, impulsivity, and soft neurological signs.

A construct validation study of dimensions of children's behavior problems was carried out with use of multiple linear regression. The Ss were 76 latency-aged boys in residential treatment. The dimensions involved were Conduct Disorder and Inadequacy-Immaturity. The predictor variables were activity level, impulsivity, and soft signs of neurological damage. Results indicated that Conduct Disorder was significantly predicted by activity level, in combination with impulsivity. Inadequacy-Immaturity was significantly predicted by activity level and soft signs. A third dimension, Personality Disorder, was found to be uncorrelated with the three predictor variables.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Does defense style vary with severity of mental disorder? An empirical assessment.

Bond's Defense Style Questionnaire was administered to control subjects from the general population (n = 50) and to psychiatric outpatients with neurosis (n = 42), high-level personality disorder (n = 37) and low-level personality disorder (n = 22). Factor analysis yielded 4 defense styles ranging on a continuum from immature to mature; the reliabilities of the subscales as measured with Cronbach's alpha were adequate. Three of the styles - the mature, neurotic and immature - were similar to the styles in Bond's original study, but the fourth style consisted of items reflecting inhibition instead of omnipotence as in the original study. The level of defense maturity varied with severity of disorder. The construct and criterion validity of the measure are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The development of the MMPI-A Immaturity Scale: findings for normal and clinical samples.

The Immaturity (IMM) Scale was developed as a supplementary scale for the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A). This study describes the development of the IMM Scale and presents some concurrent validity data derived from the MMPI-A normative sample of 1,620 adolescents and a clinical sample of 122 adolescent inpatients. The IMM Scale was examined in relation to Biographical and Life Events data to identify external correlates for the MMPI-A normative sample. In the clinical sample, external correlates were derived from diagnostic and rating form data provided by the adolescents' treatment staff and by their parents. Current findings were discussed in terms of the relationship of correlate patterns to descriptions of the preconformist and conformist stages of Loevinger's (1976) concept of ego development, and future research directions were suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Histogenetic analysis of ovarian germ cell tumors by DNA fingerprinting.

The histogenesis of ovarian germ cell tumors (11 mature teratomas, three malignant transformations of mature teratomas, two immature teratomas, and four dysgerminomas) was investigated genetically using minisatellite DNA probes 33.15 and 33.6 for person-specific restriction fragment length polymorphism (DNA fingerprint) analysis. The DNA fingerprints of six ovarian teratomas were identical with those of mononuclear cells from each host, while some polymorphic bands observed in the host mononuclear cells were lost in the DNA fingerprints of the other five cases. The cases of malignant transformation of mature teratoma and immature teratoma showed that some polymorphic bands of DNA fingerprints from the host mononuclear cells were absent in the tumor tissues. In four cases with dysgerminomas, the DNA fingerprints of tumors were completely identical with those of the respective host mononuclear cells. The present results suggest that mature cystic teratomas of the ovary arise from germ cells arrested at various stages of meiosis, while immature teratomas are derived from postmeiotic germ cells. Malignant transformation may occur exclusively in the mature teratomas arising from postmeiotic germ cells. Dysgerminomas develop from premeiotic oogonia (primordial germ cells). Thus, DNA fingerprints are a useful and sensitive tool for identifying the pathogenesis of germ cell tumours.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Classification of immature and mature cells of the neutrophil series using morphometrical parameters.

Quantitative morphological data of six classes of immature and mature cells of the neutrophil series of the bone marrow of normal persons were used for statistical classification experiments (myeloblasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes, metamyelocytes, bands and segments). On each cell, parameters were measured directly from the image or calculated from the shape of the density histogram or the counting densitogram using a Texture Analysis System (E. Leitz, Wetzlar, Germany). The parameters were analyzed with the interactive statistical pattern recognition system ISPAHAN. One half of the data were used as a learning set and the other half as the test set. The parameters were compared according to their performance in discrimination between the classes, alone and in combinations. Parameters not contributing to an improvement of the discrimination were disregarded. Eleven parameters were selected and used for classification by two different methods: a stepwise and a "one-shot" method. Stepwise classification resulted in a 79% correct classification rate. Most errors occurred between cell classes in neighboring stages of maturation. In 96% of all cases the computer classification was either in accordance with that of the technician or with a cell class of a neighboring maturation stage. One step classification by the computer was in agreement with the technicians in 82% of the cases. For 98% of the cells the computer classification was either in accordance with that of the technician or with a cell class of a neighboring maturation stage. The data set was collected by two technicians, operating independently. Differences in their interpretation of the maturation stage were found by comparing the performance of classifiers based on both cell samples. Since the images of the cells were not available for reexamination, the causes of disagreement in classification between the technicians and between computer and technicians could not be evaluated.

Biometry↗
PubMed1993

From strength to strength: "inner strength" with immature ego states.

The ego-strengthening literature concentrates on the use of hypnotic techniques with the entire or total personality. Ego-state therapy conceptualizes the ego as a system of subpersonalities or ego states that have shifting energies. At any particular time the ego state with the most energy is dominant or executive. Any technique that can be used with an individual patient can also be used with an identified ego state. The "inner-strength" hypnotic technique has been used for ego strengthening and mobilization of inner resources. In this paper the "inner-strength" technique is used with ego states that have been identified as responsible for specific symptoms. We will discuss indications for the appropriate use of this technique in ego-state therapy and the mechanisms of its role in the resolution of symptoms in the cases presented.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A Christian philosopher's view of recent directions in the abortion debate.

From the standpoint of a Christian philosopher, heeding the teaching and exhortations of Pope John Paul II and previous popes, I examine three directions in which the recent philosophical debate has developed. In the last seven or eight years there has been 1) a renewed focus on the biological issue of when a human individual comes to be, 2) new arguments for the proposition that personhood is a characteristic acquired after birth, and 3) refinements of the early argument of Judith Thomson. Replying to these developments, I defend, on philosophical grounds, the pro-life position. I argue that a distinct, whole (though immature) human individual comes to be at conception, that he or she is a person, with full moral worth, from the moment he or she comes to be, and the mothers and fathers have a special responsibility to their children which entails (at least) that they ought not to choose to abort them. I conclude by briefly indicating, from the standpoint of Christian faith, why Christian philosophers should vigorously pursue this debate.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1981

[Adenosine deaminase activity in leukemia patients].

The activities of adenosine deaminase (ADA) were measured in the blood plasma, erythrocytes, and lymphocytes of healthy reference persons and in patients affected with leukaemia. ADA is increased in patients with acute immature cell leukaemia, in patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia it is comparatively low in lymphocytes. In chronic myeloic leukaemia ADA activities are different depending on the activity of the disease. ADA-activities in the blood plasma, erythrocytes, and lymphocytes do not correlate with each other. ADA-activities in leukaemias may be regarded as an indicator of increased purin metabolism rather a as parameter of disturbed cellular immunofunction.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

Processing and presentation of exogenous HLA class I peptides by dendritic cells from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected persons.

Dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with viral peptides are a potential form of immunotherapy of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. We show that DCs derived from blood monocytes of subjects with chronic HIV-1 infection on combination antiretroviral drug therapy have increases in expression of HLA, T-cell coreceptor, and T-cell activation molecules in response to the DC maturation factor CD40L comparable to those from uninfected persons. Mature DCs (mDCs) loaded with HLA A*0201-restricted viral peptides of the optimal length (9-mer) were more efficient at activating antiviral CD8(+) T cells than were immature DCs or peptide alone. Optimal presentation of these exogenous peptides required uptake and vesicular trafficking and was comparable in DCs derived from HIV-1-infected and uninfected persons. Furthermore, DCs from HIV-1-infected and uninfected persons had similar capacities to process viral peptides with C-terminal and N-terminal extensions through their proteasomal and cytosolic pathways, respectively. We conclude that DCs derived from HIV-1-infected persons have similar abilities to process exogenous peptides for presentation to CD8(+) T cells as those from uninfected persons. This conclusion supports the use of DCs loaded with synthetic peptides in immunotherapy of HIV-1 infection.

Antigen Presentation↗
PubMed2003

Temperament in young adulthood and later mortality: prospective observational study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between a clinician assessment of temperament in early adulthood and cause specific mortality. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Glasgow University. PARTICIPANTS: 9239 male former students aged 16-30 (mean 20.5) years who participated in an ongoing health survey from 1948-68. A physician recorded free text assessment of temperament, which seemed to capture aspects of personality (trait) and mental health (state), was coded into: stable, anxious, schizoid, hypomanic, odd, depressed, immature, hypochondriacal, unstable, and obsessive. Associations between temperament and mortality were investigated using Cox proportional hazards models. MAIN RESULTS: There were 878 deaths. Most students-8342 (90.3%)-were assessed as stable, the remaining 897 (9.7%) having at least one, and 103 (1.1%) having more than one, temperament type. The second most common temperament was anxiety, recorded in 520 (5.6%) students. In multivariable analyses, having at least one temperament type was associated with increased all cause and stroke mortality, hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals): 1.23 (1.01 to 1.50) and 1.95 (1.06 to 3.59) respectively, compared with stable students. Students with more than one temperament type had higher risk of death from: all causes, 2.05 (1.36 to 3.09); stroke, 3.26 (1.01 to 10.56); and cancer, 2.90 (1.62 to 5.20). Anxiety was positively associated with all cause and cancer mortality, respective hazard ratios: 1.36 (1.07 to 1.72) and 1.51 (1.04 to 2.20). Men labelled hypomanic had increased cardiovascular mortality risk, 1.90 (1.05 to 3.44). CONCLUSIONS: Markers of early adult psychological distress are associated with increased mortality. Mechanisms underlying these associations require investigation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Preterm infants and STRESS: a tool for the neonatal nurse.

Preterm infants are not physiologically or developmentally prepared for life outside the supportive environment of the mother's womb. Their response to stimuli is often immature and disorganized rather than adaptive. The Roy Adaptation Model's theory of an adaptive person may provide a framework for nurses to assess, plan, and evaluate nursing care for fragile preterm infants. The article examines actual and potential stressors of the premature infant; describes commonly observed disorganized, ineffective responses; and proposes a clinical tool (the STRESS tool: signs of stress, touch interventions, reduction of pain, environmental considerations, state, and stability) that nurses can use when caring for medically fragile infants.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2002

Personality dimensions in social phobics with or without depression.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the personality traits of social phobics using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). METHOD: A sample of 178 social phobics was assessed with the TCI, and compared with controls. The patients were classified into two groups, according to the absence (SP group) or to the presence (SP+D group) of depression. RESULTS: We found significant elevated scores for harm avoidance (HA) in social phobics when compared with controls (16.2 +/- 2.7), in both the SP (26.2 +/- 3.5), and the SP+D (28.9 +/- 4.7), groups. Lower self-directedness scores were found in the SP and in the SP+D groups when compared with the controls. Patients with the generalized type of social phobia had higher HA scores as compared with other social phobics. CONCLUSION: The personality profile obtained in these social phobics, whatever their depressive symptomatology, reflects a dramatically anxious and avoidant temperament associated to an immature character.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[High altitude pulmonary edema. Study of 21 cases].

BACKGROUND: The effect of altitude on subjects between 8 to 22 and 23 to 51 years, that resided at sea level, or in the highlands, and developed altitude lung edema, is presented in series of 21 prospective registered patients at 4,800 to 5,000 m altitude in the Andes mountains of Ecuador. PATIENTS MATERIAL AND METHODS: The 21 sick patients were evaluated at 2 h and at 8 hr after exposition to the high altitude. They were immediately evacuated from the high altitudes. Clinical and radiological methods were used. The statistical analysis was performed with chi(2) test with Yates correction and relative risk. RESULTS: The younger patients tended to develop illness with a higher frequency (p < 0.01). The place of residence influenced the development of the illness only for the group of persons between the ages of 23 to 51 years (p < 0.03); and also in comparing all of the subjects from the coast with those from the highlands. CONCLUSIONS: A inverse relationship was found between the age and the possibility of the development of altitude pulmonary edema, possibly due t a basic incrementation of the pressure of the pulmonary artery, or because of a relative immaturity of the adaptative mechanisms. The place of residence was significantly associated with a higher frequency of pulmonary edema in persons between the ages of 23 to 51 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Epidemiologic findings of the etiology of psychogenic diseases].

In an epidemiological longitudinal field study, a sample of high risk probands suffering from medium psychogenic impairment was investigated with regard to the etiological relevancy of factors influencing psychogenic disorders (psychoneuroses, character neuroses, psychosomatic and/or psychosomatic functional diseases). The study focused the question of the etiological impact of personality, life events, and social support. With theoretical reference to the psychodynamic concept of personality trained physicians and psychologists investigated 240 probands in a half standardized psychodynamic interview which included psychometric and social empiric instruments. Expert ratings and self ratings were used to assess the current psychogenic impairment. The impact of the constructs personality, critical life events, and social support on psychogenic impairment was specified in two path models. In both models psychodynamic personality variables had the highest impact on the criterium. Psychodynamically consistent, the ability to establish mature object relations and the maturity of ego functions was inversely related to the degree of psychogenic impairment, whereas an immature organisation of defense mechanisms exerted an aggravating influence on the severity of impairment. The present path analyses altogether point to a possible central etiological impact of personality and/or psychodynamic variables on the severity of psychogenic impairment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗