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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Neuroimmunological aspects of fetus and newborn brain damage in complicated pregnancy.

PROBLEM: The role of neuroautoimmune mechanisms in pathogenesis of perinatal damage of fetus and neonate brain during complicated pregnancy is considered to be important. METHOD: To determine neurospecific antigens (NSA) and their antibodies, ELISA and two-site column enzyme immunoassay were used. RESULTS: The contents of NSA and anti-brain antibodies, associated with fetal brain congenital development defects, account for the development of neuroautoimmune shifts in the mother-fetus system. The time of NSA appearance in serum from pregnant women, the dynamics of their level during pregnancy, and the appearance of anti-brain antibodies were determined, not by the nosology of extragenital pathology, but by the degree of fetus suffering, i.e., by the state of its central nervous system, connected with the decompensation of metabolic processes and homeostatic disorder in a mother-fetus system. CONCLUSIONS: Approved immunodiagnostic test systems should be recommended as markers for determination of pregnancy risk group, prognosticating perinatal pathology of neonatal and childhood CNS disorders.

Brain↗
PubMed1990

Localization on pig chromosome 6 of markers GPI, APOE, and ENO1, carried by human chromosomes 1 and 19, using in situ hybridization.

In the pig, the linkage group around the halothane gene (HAL), composed of S-GPI-HAL-H-A1BG-PGD, has been assigned to bands p1.2----q2.2 of chromosome 6. In man, ENO1-PGD and APOE-GPI constitute two syntenic groups situated on different chromosomes (1 and 19, respectively). Since GPI and PGD are linked in the pig, we have hybridized the human cDNA probes for ENO1 and APOE to pig chromosomes. These markers were assigned to pig chromosome 6, in the q2.2----q2.4 and cen----q2.1 regions, respectively, using in situ hybridization. Since GPI and APOE are situated in the same region, we combined the use of high resolution chromosome analysis and in situ hybridization to give a more precise localization in the q1.2 and q1.2----q2.1.2 regions of chromosome 6. A possible linear order of these genes is proposed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells into neural-like cells induced by sodium ferulate in vitro.

Human marrow stromal cells (hMSCs) are multipotential stem cells, capable of differentiating into bone, cartilage, fat and muscle. Several recent reports demonstrated that hMSCs have been also differentiated into neural cells. However, only a few reported inducers are applicable for clinical use. This work is to explore the effects of sodium ferulate (SF) on differentiation of hMSCs into neural cells in vitro. We found that hMSCs could be induced to the cells with typical neural morphology when cultured with SF. The cells express neural proteins, such as nestin, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). About 30% of the hMSC-derived cells expressed nestin when cultured with SF for 3 h, but no expression was detected after 24 h. The percentages of positive cells for NSE or GFAP were about 67% and 39% separately at 6 h, and reached the plateau phage after treatment with SF for 3 days. The data suggest that SF can induce hMSCs to differentiate into neural-like cells in vitro.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1991

Inactivation of enolase from carp (Cyprinus carpio) muscle by 2,3-butanedione.

Enolase from white muscle of carp (Cyprinus carpio) is inactivated by 2,3-butanedione in borate buffer. Magnesium ions as well as substrate--2-phosphoglycerate markedly altered the rate and extent of inactivation. The partially inactivated enzyme shows unaltered Km but decreased Vmax after 10 min incubation with butanedione, however after 60 min incubation the Km value increased 2.5 fold.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Controlled outgrowth of dissociated neurons on patterned substrates.

The cytoarchitecture of nervous tissue is lost during the dissociation procedures used to form primary cell cultures. As a first step toward reestablishing an ordered arrangement of these cells in vitro, we developed a set of procedures for patterning the outgrowth of cells cultured on 2-dimensional substrates. These procedures used a combination of surface chemistry and photolithographic techniques. The adhesive properties of either silicon or silicon dioxide (quartz) surfaces were controlled by covalently binding small organic molecules to the surface with silane coupling agents. The attachment and growth of either embryonic mouse spinal cells or perinatal rat cerebellar cells were found to be promoted by binding certain amine derivatives to the surface. In particular, cells grown on surfaces bound with diamines and triamines, but not with monoamines, formed cultures whose morphology was similar to that of cells cultured on conventional substrates, i.e., glass coated with poly(D-lysine). The attachment of cells to a substrate was inhibited by binding alkane chains (e.g., n-tetradecane) to the surface and plating the cells in media containing 5-10% (vol/vol) serum. Patterns of selected adhesivity were formed using photochemical resist materials and lithographic masking techniques compatible with the silane chemistry. Cultures of either spinal cord cells or cerebellar cells could be confined to square regions on the scale of 50 micron. Cerebellar cells could be confined to grow on lines with widths less than 10 micron. This width is comparable to the diameter of granule cell somata. The patterned growth of cerebellar cells was maintained up to 12 d in vitro. Over this time period the granule cells were observed to develop electrical excitability and immunoreactivity for neuron-specific enolase. Purkinje neurons also developed electrical excitability when grown on the chemically modified surfaces. Immunochemical reactivity of the patterned cultures for glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) showed that glia are patterned along with the associated granule cells. Interestingly, the GFAP-positive glia that proliferated on surfaces bound with amine derivatives attained primarily a tile-shaped, fibroblast-like morphology, while those proliferating on glass coated with poly(D-lysine) developed primarily a spindle-shaped, process-bearing morphology. Granule cells preferentially associated with the spindle-shaped glia.

Amines↗
PubMed1993

[An immunohistochemical study of retinoblastoma].

Various immunohistochemical marders were detected in 27 specimens of human retinoblastoma by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique, using mono- and polyclonal antibodies. The glial markers, glial fibrillary acidic protein and Leu-7 were detected in the retinal tissue component and reactive perivascular glial cells in the tumor mass. In only 4 of the 27 specimens, Leu-7 was positive in the glial cells randomly interspersed among the tumor cells and not associated with blood vessels. The neuronal marker, neuron-specific enolase, stained strongly positive in undifferentiated tumor cells in most (21/27) of the specimens. Rhodopsin, the photoreceptor marker which exists only in the outer segments of photoreceptor cells, was detected in the fleurettes of 1 tumor and in the rosettes of 6 tumors, these results support the view that retinoblastoma is chiefly neuronal in nature with tendency to differentiate into photoreceptor cells and rarely into glial cells.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1994

[Retinoblastoma: cell origin and differentiation].

50 retinoblastoma paraffin blocks were studied immunohistochemically (NSE, GFAP) and histochemically (colloidal-iron, RNA), and 13 cases by EM. The Rb cells demonstrated varying degrees of positive or negative reaction to NSE, most F-W and H-W rosettes being positive and the fleuretes weakly positive or negative. The GFAP positive cells were mainly found in the periphery of the tumor mass and around the blood vessels, and sparsely among the NSE positive cells. Fleuretes were clearly shown by RNA-Brachet staining. F-W rosettes and fleuretes showed similar ultrastructures as the photoreceptor of normal retina. The results confirmed that retinoblastoma originates from the retinoblast with potential of differentiation into photoreceptors and neurons. The glial components pertained to reactive gliosis, however, the rare possibility of forming a small portion of the tumor could not be ruled out.

Eye Neoplasms↗
PubMed1996

Identification of a glucan-associated enolase as a main cell wall protein of Candida albicans and an indirect target of lipopeptide antimycotics.

Growth-subinhibitory nonlytic doses of cilofungin (lipopeptide antibiotic affecting (1,3)-beta-D-glucan synthesis) inhibited the incorporation of 46- to 48-kDa glucan-associated (46K) protein into the growing cell wall of Candida albicans. The purified 46K protein constituent strongly reacted with a monoclonal antibody against enolase, a major cytoplasmic enzyme of the fungus. In addition, two internal fragments of 12- and 15-amino acid residues from a tryptic digest of 46K protein showed 100% identity with amino acids in positions 34-45 and 66-80 of enolase. By immunoelectron microscopy with polyclonal and monoclonal anti-enolase antibodies, the 46K protein was clearly detected in the inner layers of the fungal cell wall. Thus, consistent with the proposed immunogenic and diagnostic roles of enolase in candidiasis, biochemical, immunochemical, and ultrastructural evidence strongly suggest that the cilofungin-susceptible 46K protein is a cell wall-associated form of this enzyme.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Octameric enolase from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima: purification, characterization, and image processing.

Enolase (2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolase; EC 4.2.1.11) from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima was purified to homogeneity. The N-terminal 25 amino acids of the enzyme reveal a high degree of similarity to enolases from other sources. As shown by sedimentation analysis and gel-permeation chromatography, the enzyme is a 345-kDa homoctamer with a subunit molecular mass of 48 +/- 5 kDa. Electron microscopy and image processing yield ring-shaped particles with a diameter of 17 nm and fourfold symmetry. Averaging of the aligned particles proves the enzyme to be a tetramer of dimers. The enzyme requires divalent cations in the activity assay, Mg2+ being most effective. The optimum temperature for catalysis is 90 degrees C, the temperature dependence yields a nonlinear Arrhenius profile with limiting activation energies of 75 kJ mol-1 and 43 kJ mol-1 at temperatures below and above 45 degrees C. The pH optimum of the enzyme lies between 7 and 8. The apparent Km values for 2-phospho-D-glycerate and Mg2+ at 75 degrees C are 0.07 mM and 0.03 mM; with increasing temperature, they are decreased by factors 2 and 30, respectively. Fluoride and phosphate cause competitive inhibition with a Ki of 0.14 mM. The enzyme shows high intrinsic thermal stability, with a thermal transition at 90 and 94 degrees C in the absence and in the presence of Mg2+.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Evolution of enzymatic activities in the enolase superfamily: characterization of the (D)-glucarate/galactarate catabolic pathway in Escherichia coli.

The genes encoding the enzymes in the (D)-glucarate/galactarate catabolic pathway have been identified in the Escherichia coli genome. These encode, in three transcriptional units, (D)-glucarate dehydratase (GlucD), galactarate dehydratase, 5-keto-4-deoxy-(D)-glucarate aldolase, tartronate semialdehyde reductase, a glycerate kinase that generates 2-phosphoglycerate as product, and two hexaric acid transporters. We also have identified a gene proximal to that encoding GlucD that encodes a protein that is 72% identical in primary sequence to GlucD (GlucD-related protein or GlucDRP). However, whereas GlucD catalyzes the efficient dehydration of both (D)-glucarate and (L)-idarate as well as their epimerization, GlucDRP is significantly impaired in both reactions. Perhaps GlucDRP is an example of gene duplication and evolution in progress in the E. coli chromosome.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed2004

Evolution of enzymatic activity in the enolase superfamily: functional studies of the promiscuous o-succinylbenzoate synthase from Amycolatopsis.

o-Succinylbenzoate synthase (OSBS) from Amycolatopsis, a member of the enolase superfamily, catalyzes the Mn2+-dependent exergonic dehydration of 2-succinyl-6R-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1R-carboxylate (SHCHC) to 4-(2'-carboxylphenyl)-4-oxobutyrate (o-succinylbenzoate or OSB) in the menaquinone biosynthetic pathway. This enzyme first was identified as an N-acylamino acid racemase (NAAAR), with the optimal substrates being the enantiomers of N-acetyl methionine. This laboratory subsequently discovered that this protein is a much better catalyst of the OSBS reaction, with the value of k(cat)/K(M), for dehydration, 2.5 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1), greatly exceeding that for 1,1-proton transfer using the enantiomers of N-acetylmethionine as substrate, 3.1 x 10(2) M(-1) s(-1) [Palmer, D. R., Garrett, J. B., Sharma, V., Meganathan, R., Babbitt, P. C., and Gerlt, J. A. (1999) Biochemistry 38, 4252-8]. The efficiency of the promiscuous NAAAR reaction is enhanced with alternate substrates whose structures mimic that of the SHCHC substrate for the OSBS reaction, for example, the value of k(cat)/K(M) for the enantiomers of N-succinyl phenylglycine, 2.0 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1), is comparable to that for the OSBS reaction. The mechanisms of the NAAAR and OSBS reactions have been explored using mutants of Lys 163 and Lys 263 (K163A/R/S and K263A/R/S), the putative acid/base catalysts identified by sequence alignments with other OSBSs, including the structurally characterized OSBS from Escherichia coli. Although none of the mutants display detectable OSBS or NAAAR activities, K163R and K163S catalyze stereospecific exchange of the alpha-hydrogen of N-succinyl-(S)-phenylglycine with solvent hydrogen, and K263R and K263 catalyze the stereospecific exchange the alpha-hydrogen of N-succinyl-(R)-phenylglycine, consistent with formation of a Mn2+-stabilized enolate anion intermediate. The rates of the exchange reactions catalyzed by the wild-type enzyme exceed those for racemization. That this enzyme can catalyze two different reactions, each involving a stabilized enediolate anion intermediate, supports the hypothesis that evolution of function in the enolase superfamily proceeds by pathways involving functional promiscuity.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1998

Purification of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Zymomonas mobilis and identification and sequence analysis of the corresponding genes.

The pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex of the gram-negative bacterium Zymomonas mobilis was purified to homogeneity. From 250 g of cells, we isolated 1 mg of PDH complex with a specific activity of 12.6 U/mg of protein. Analysis of subunit composition revealed a PDH (E1) consisting of the two subunits E1alpha (38 kDa) and E1beta (56 kDa), a dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) of 48 kDa, and a lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) of 50 kDa. The E2 core of the complex is arranged to form a pentagonal dodecahedron, as shown by electron microscopic images, resembling the quaternary structures of PDH complexes from gram-positive bacteria and eukaryotes. The PDH complex-encoding genes were identified by hybridization experiments and sequence analysis in two separate gene regions in the genome of Z. mobilis. The genes pdhAalpha (1,065 bp) and pdhAbeta (1,389 bp), encoding the E1alpha and E1beta subunits of the E1 component, were located downstream of the gene encoding enolase. The pdhB (1,323 bp) and lpd (1,401 bp) genes, encoding the E2 and E3 components, were identified in an unrelated gene region together with a 450-bp open reading frame (ORF) of unknown function in the order pdhB-ORF2-lpd. Highest similarities of the gene products of the pdhAalpha, pdhAbeta, and pdhB genes were found with the corresponding enzymes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other eukaryotes. Like the dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferases of S. cerevisiae and numerous other organisms, the product of the pdhB gene contains a single lipoyl domain. The E1beta subunit PDH was found to contain an amino-terminal lipoyl domain, a property which is unique among PDHs.

Acetyltransferases↗
PubMed1994

Purification of the plasmin receptor from human carcinoma cells and comparison to alpha-enolase.

We have characterized a receptor for plasmin (Pli-R) from a human tumor cell line, MCF7MF. The Pli-R was purified from a MCF7 0.1% Triton X-100 solubilisate by affinity chromatography. A protein of 55-60 kDa was obtained, which bound plasminogen and plasmin specifically. Chemical cross-linking of M(r) 90 kDa [125I]-Pli to the surface of MCF7 cells with DSP results in the formation of a labelled complex of M(r) 145 kDa, suggesting a M(r) of 55-60 kDa for the receptor. Comparing Pli-R with alpha-enolase (a candidate for plasminogen receptor in U937 cells) we have found a high homology between both proteins, but not an identity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Structure and expression of rat muscle-specific enolase gene.

The structure of rat muscle-specific enolase (beta beta enolase) gene was determined. It comprises 12 exons of various lengths (59-223 bp) spanning about 6 kbp and its exon-intron organization is similar to that of neuron-specific enolase (gamma gamma enolase) gene. A transcriptional start site was identified by a combination of S1 nuclease mapping and primer extension analyses. In the 5'-flanking region we found a TATA-box-like sequence and several MyoD-binding motifs. The in vitro cell free transcription of the truncated genomic DNA fragment using HeLa cell extract showed that the transcription start site has been correctly identified and the promoter sequences work well.

Amino Acid Sequence↗