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PubMed1974

Properties of Physarum myosin purified by a potassium iodide procedure.

Myosin has been purified free of actin from Physarum actomyosin by a two step adaptation of the classical potassium iodide method for depolymerizing actin. On 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gels, the single major slowly moving protein band present in the calcium activated adenosine triphosphatase peak (90% pure) is associated with two fast moving bands of molecular weights of approximately 17,000 and 21,000 daltons, respectively. Densitometry shows the molar ratio of heavy chains to the 21,000 and 17,000 dalton chains on the gels to be 1:2:1. The highly purified myosin forms filaments up to 2.5 microm long in the presence of 5 mM magnesium and 0.05 M KCl. Calcium ions were not required for the formation of long filaments from this highly purified myosin. At low ionic strength (0.05 M KCl) the magnesium ATPase of the highly purified myosin is activated four- to tenfold by muscle actin. The extent of activation is a function of the actin concentration and levels off at high levels of actin. In 0.1 mM calcium salts the ATPase activity is approximately 60% of that in 1 mM EGTA. In summary, Physarum myosin is similar to a number of muscle myosins as well as to platelet and fibroblast myosin, which all possess light chains of two different molecular weights associated with the heavy chains. Under ionic conditions close to those in vivo, highly purified Physarum myosin aggregates into long filaments.

Actins↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of L-thyroxine and a saturated solution of potassium iodide in preventing damage to the thyroid following iodine-131-labeled antibody injection.

Following injection of radioiodinated antibodies in diagnostic amounts, there is variable uptake of radioiodine by the thyroid. Unless preventive steps are taken, radiation damage to the gland may occur. We have evaluated the role of L-thyroxine and a saturated solution of potassium iodide (SSKI) in preventing radiation damage to the thyroid glands of Sprague-Dawley adult male rats by measuring DNA strand breakage by the nucleoid sedimentation gradient method. Pretreatment with SSKI reduced DNA damage and also reduced 131I accumulation in the thyroid. Pretreatment with L-thyroxine also reduced DNA damage without significantly reducing 131I accumulation in the thyroid. The possible mechanisms of action of L-thyroxine and SSKI in preventing radiation damage to the thyroid are addressed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The effect of silver fluoride and potassium iodide on the bond strength of auto cure glass ionomer cement to dentine.

BACKGROUND: Diamine silver fluoride (Ag(NH3)2F), referred to as AgF, has been shown to reduce the incidence of caries in primary dentitions. The clinical application of this material has been limited by staining associated with both teeth and restorative materials. The application of potassium iodide (KI) after AgF eliminates stain formation. There is a lack of information as to how the addition of AgF followed by KI may affect the bond strength to dentine. The purpose of this study was to compare the bond strengths of auto cure glass ionomer cement to dentine surfaces that had been treated with AgF and KI and without treatment. METHODS: Ten recently extracted human third molars were embedded into methyl methacrylate resin and sliced to form a square block of exposed dentine surfaces. Each of the four surfaces were treated by one of the following procedures: (a) etching with 37 per cent phosphoric acid; (b) applying GC dentine conditioner; (c) etching, followed by application of AgF/KI then washing off the precipitate and air drying; and (d) etching, applying AgF/KI and air drying the reaction products on the surface. Fuji VII auto cure glass ionomer cement was bonded onto each sample and fracture tested. RESULTS: The dentine samples treated with AgF/KI followed by washing away the precipitate and air drying had bond strengths (2.83 MPa) not significantly different from samples that had been conditioned (2.40 MPa). Samples where the AgF/KI precipitate had been air dried onto the dentine surface had significantly lower bond strengths (1.49 MPa) than the washed samples. Samples that were etched had significantly lower bond strengths (1.91MPa) than the conditioned samples. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that the application of AgF/KI to etched dentine samples followed by washing off the precipitate, created bond strengths that were not significantly different to conditioned samples. Leaving the AgF/KI precipitate on the dentine surface significantly reduced the bond strength of auto cured glass ionomer cement to dentine. Washing away the reaction products and air drying is recommended as the clinical protocol for using AgF and KI on dentine surfaces prior to application of an auto cure glass ionomer cement.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1986

[Peroxidase activity of thyroid tissue in toxic diffuse goiter. Difference among thyroids administered antithyroid drugs and potassium iodide].

Peroxidase activity in thyroid tissue from 25 patients with Graves' disease was measured by Mini assay method (J. Biochem. 98, 637-647, 1985) employing guaiacol or iodide as a second substrate. The mean values of protein-based specific activity were 0.496 guaiacol unit/mg protein and 0.187 iodide unit/mg protein, reaching 16 fold and 28 fold those of normal thyroids, respectively. The mean value of ratio of iodide unit to guaiacol unit in each thyroid, 0.68, was also much higher than that of normal human thyroid, 0.16. No significant difference in peroxidase activity was observed between patients treated with methylmercaptoimidazole and those with propylthiouracil, but the activities of those groups were significantly higher than those of patients treated with potassium iodide, suggesting that inorganic iodine therapy plays some role in suppressing the synthesis of thyroid peroxidase in vivo.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Subcutaneous mucormycosis in a non-immunocompromised patient treated with potassium iodide.

A 55-year-old teacher had had painful subcutaneous swellings on both her arms for 6 years, after receiving intramuscular multivitamin injections for generalized weakness. She did not have fever, constitutional or systemic symptoms. Cutaneous examination revealed ill-defined, subcutaneous, firm, globular, indurated, tender swellings with central softening on both the arms. There was no systemic involvement or lymphadenopathy. Aspiration cytology from one of the lesions showed inflammatory exudate with a mucor-like fungus. Skin biopsy revealed granulomatous inflammation with fungal hyphae resembling mucor within the giant cells. The patient was diagnosed as subcutaneous mycormycosis and treated with saturated solution of potassium iodide. Both the lesions completely disappeared within 10 weeks without any side-effect of the therapy.

Female↗
PubMed1997

Potassium iodide for thyroid blockade in a reactor accident: administrative policies that govern its use.

A marked increase in thyroid cancer among young children who were in the vicinity of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant at the time of the 1986 accident strongly suggests a possible causal relationship to the large amounts of radioactive iodine isotopes in the resulting fallout. Although remaining indoors, restricting consumption of locally produced milk and foodstuffs, and evacuation are important strategies in a major breach-of-containment accident, stable potassium iodide (KI) prophylaxis given shortly before or immediately after exposure can reduce greatly the thyroidal accumulation of radioiodines and the resulting radiation dose. Concerns about possible side effects of large-scale, medically unsupervised KI consumption largely have been allayed in light of the favorable experience in Poland following the Chernobyl accident; 16 million persons received single administrations of KI with only rare occurrence of side effects and with a probable 40% reduction in projected thyroid radiation dose. Despite the universal acceptance of KI as an effective thyroid protective agent, supplies of KI in the US are not available for public distribution in the event of a reactor accident largely because government agencies have argued that stockpiling and distribution of KI to other than emergency workers cannot be recommended in light of difficult distribution logistics, problematic administrative issue, and a calculated low cost-effectiveness. However, KI in tablet form is expensive and has a long shelf life, and many countries have largely stockpiles and distribution programs. The World Health Organization recognizes the benefits of stable KI and urges its general availability. At present there are 110 operating nuclear power plants in the US and more than 300 in the rest of the world. These reactors product 17% of the world's electricity and in some countries up to 60-70% of the total electrical energy. Almost all US nuclear power plants have multistage containment structures with large steel and concrete shells and multiple redundancy of core cooling mechanisms. These successfully prevented the release of major amounts of radionuclides in the Three Mile Island partial loss-of-primary coolant accident in 1979. The Chernobyl accident, in a different type of reactor that is common in Eastern Europe, did not have effective outer shell containment and released almost 50 MCi of 131I compared to the 20 Ci of 131I released at Three Mile Island. Such accidents have precipitated extensive re-evaluation of the design and safety devices of all operating reactors. However, a major contributing factor to the accidents was human error and considerable efforts must be made to train plant operators so they have a better understanding of reactor operation and use of safety mechanisms.

Humans↗
PubMed1984

Renin-angiotensin system in hypothyroid rats: effects of potassium iodide and triiodo-L-thyronine.

Kinetic studies of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) were carried out by measuring plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma renin concentration (PRC) and plasma renin substrate (PRS). Changes in this system were studied during hypothyroidism, after administration of propylthiouracil (PTU), and in thyroidectomized rats. A significant decrease in PRA and PRC was observed in those animals previously treated with PTU. However, a significant increase in PRC, and a decrease in PRS, were found in T animals, but no changes in PRA were observed. In these animals, after daily administration of potassium iodide for 1 week (T + KI), no changes in RAS were observed in comparison with T rats. Nevertheless, administration of daily doses of triiodo-L-thyronine (T + T3) induced a significant increase in PRA, leaving PRC unaltered. In this case the changes in PRA were related to the increase in PRS after T3 treatment. These results suggest that two different mechanisms were involved in renin release, one activated in T rats and the other in pharmacological hypothyroidism.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Instrumental measurements of different homeopathic dilutions of potassium iodide in water.

Although more than 200 years have elapsed since the beginning of homeopathy and in spite of numerous confirmatory scientific experiments, the so-called memory of water is still a highly disputable and controversial theme in scientific circles. To make a contribution to solving this riddle, our research group tried to examine memory properties of water by the method of differential corona discharge Kirlian electrophotography of water-drop pairs. The method is based on a modified form of Kirlian photography with a subsequent thorough computer picture analysis. The potassium iodide (KI) mother solution (0.1M) was diluted in the standard way (without potentisation) or with potentisation (succussion by hand - by striking the vial 60 times against a large book as used traditionally) to 10(-3)M, 10(-6)M, 10(-10)M, 10(-16)M, 10(-17)M and 10(-24)M KI solutions. In the electrophotography method a drop of KI solution was compared with a drop of control water. To get a dependable system of results we compared homeopathic dilutions with ordinary distilled water, sham-potentised distilled water and non-potentised (standard) solutions. The results were analyzed by the Chi-square Goodness-of-fit test and the Sign test. They showed repeatable and statistically significant effects of concentration of KI dilutions as well as potentisation on the corona discharge process (from p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). This indicates that there is some physical basis of molecular (ionic) information imprinted into water.

Homeopathy↗
PubMed1991

[Effects of prophylactic doses of potassium iodide on the course of thyroid diseases (1986-1990) diagnosed due to the atomic accident at Czernobyl in adult patients at the outpatient endocrinologic hospital clinic in Lodz].

2521 patients of the Lódź Outpatient Endocrinological Clinic (2290 females, 231 males; inhabitants of the central region of Poland Lódź City, Lódź Metropolitan Area, Piotrków, Płock, Sieradz, Skierniewice and Włocławek Provinces in which committed dose equivalent to the thyroid was between 2.7-7.0 mSv [min.-max.] in Skierniewice Province and 4.6-11.7 mSv in Płock Province) were included in the study. The patients were divided into 5 groups: I--persons who did not take the protective dose of potassium iodide (KI) after Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident and did not received any treatment with thyroid preparations or hormones at that time (n = 1282), II--patients who receive KI, once or several times (n = 774), III--patients who took orally iodine tincture or other iodine-containing preparations for the above purposes (n-37), IV--patients who took tablets of Thyroideum (Polfa) Thyroideum siccum (dry thyroid extract), once or several times, as a prophylactic action (n = 79), V--patients who were in the course of continuous treatment with Thyreoideum or thyroid hormones at the time of Chernobyl accident (n = 349). The analysis was performed for all the patients jointly, as well as separately for: either sex, three age groups (18-30, 31-55, 56-70 yrs) and 7 administrative areas specified above. All the patients were subjected into complex clinical examination, serum TSH, T3, T4 concentrations, anti-thyroid membrane antibodies (ATMA) and antithyroglobulin antibodies (ATg) titres, as well as ultrasound, scintigraphy, and fine needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid (the last two according to indications) included. The patients were also examined by means of a special questionnaire (Patient's Inquiry Sheet), which was subsequently submitted to computer analysis. All the doctors' diagnoses from 1986 (17 different diagnoses) and 1990 (27 different diagnoses), as well as the course of diseases, were verified with use of a specially prepared IBM PC/AT computer program ChernStat.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Translation of specific vaccinia virus RNAs purified as RNA-DNA hybrids on potassium iodide gradients.

A procedure has been developed for purifying specific mRNAs by hybridization to fragments of DNA and isolation of the hybrids by potassium iodide equilibrium buoyant density centrifugation. The hybrids obtained are essentially free of unhybridized RNA as well as double-stranded RNA. Moreover, the RNA in the hybrids is undamaged and can be translated in vitro. Application of this procedure to mapping vaccinia virus genes is described. A total of 34 polypeptides have been assigned to three regions of the viral genome.

Centrifugation, Density Gradient↗