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PubMed1990

[The characteristics of triphasic estrogen-progesterone contraceptives and their theoretical indications].

In the long history of oral contraception, unfortunate events have been associated with the use of oestrogens and progestogens. The discovery of new progestational hormones with weak androgenic activity but powerful progestational action has led to the combination of very low doses of ethinyloestradiol with low doses of progestational hormones which progressively increase in three successive stages. The products thus show excellent safety, accompanied by a minimum of incidents, and are extremely reliable contraceptives.

Blood Coagulation↗
PubMed1977

The relationship between congenital defects and the use of exogenous progestional "contraceptive" hormones during pregnancy: a 20-year review.

This review of 20 years of medical literature on the occurrence of congenital defects among offspring of women who ingested "progestational" or contraceptive hormones during pregnancy emphasizes the need for additional studies with carefully selected control groups. Other problems encountered in interpreting the existing literature, including the use of imprecise definitions, confusing nomenclature and inadequate clinical information, are also discussed.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1994

Hormonal treatment in pregnancy: a possible risk factor for neuroblastoma.

In the last 4 years, 24 cases of neuroblastoma were treated in the Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, 8 of whom were under 1 year of age. Four of them were the product of a pregnancy-induced or preserved by gonadotropins, clomiphene citrate, or progestational hormones. These drugs are known to produce a higher than normal level of estradiol or progesterone in the early stages of pregnancy. Our observation led to the hypothesis that high levels of progestational hormones given during pregnancy are a risk factor for neuroblastoma in infancy.

20-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone↗
PubMed1997

The influence of endogenous and exogenous reproductive hormones on the mammary glands with emphasis on experimental studies in rhesus monkeys.

Endogenous and exogenous reproductive hormones have long been recognized as a risk factor for breast carcinoma. These hormones are thought to exert their influence by altering the kinetics of cell proliferation, differentiation or atrophy resulting in an increased population of susceptible cells. Prolonged exposure to endogenous hormones (predominantly estrogens and progestins) resulting from either early menarche, late menopause, and absent or reduced ovarian cyclic functions due to parity are associated with an increased risk. Oophorectomy, in contrast, provides a protection inversely related to age at ablation. The influence of exogenous hormones (birth control pills, hormone replacement therapy, etc.) on mammary carcinogenesis remains a controversial issue. The various viewpoints will be discussed. Among rhesus monkeys in captivity, experimental exposure to a variety of synthetic oral contraceptive steroids has resulted in a variety of proliferative changes including atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma in the mammary duct system. A much higher proportion of severe atypias and carcinoma was observed among those receiving progestational hormones in pure form or in combination with estrogens. Pure estrogenic compounds did not cause as severe a proliferation or atypia in as high a proportion as observed when progestational hormones were used in pure or combined form. In view of this finding it is important to use caution when considering addition of progestins to hormone replacement therapy in an effort to prevent endometrial carcinomas. This is particularly important if the patient has other risk factors for breast carcinoma.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Male contraception].

The only safe method of male contraception is vasectomy, with high reversibility secured by microsurgery. Italy, however, suffers from a lack of regulations on this subject. Hormonal treatment (testosterone plus progestational hormones) is far from providing reliability and safety, while some perspectives, theoretical only for the time being, are offered by studies on functional infertility induced by either speeding up (ganglioplegic, sympathomimetic, parasympatholytic, oxytocin, endothelin, angiotensin) or inhibiting (sympatholytic) the sperm transport through the epididymis, or altering the epididymal environment (alpha-chloridin, chlorodeoxyglucose).

Antispermatogenic Agents↗
PubMed1978

[Effect of long-term progestational treatment on the course of endometrial adenocarcinoma].

Author studied the effect of prolonged--6-8 month--treatment with Hormofort on the cells of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Light- and electronmicroscopic studies show, that after the treatment with progestative hormones cells of the adenocarcinoma seems significantly regrediate and simultaneously clinical remission can be observed. These data suggest, that progestative-norsteroids seems to elicit "cytostatic" effect on the endometrical tumour cells.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1998

[The Voice and menopause: the twilight of the divas].

The larynx is an hormonal target. Tone of the voice depends on the fact that there is or there is not male hormones, or on the presence of female hormones? At menopause, estrogens and gestagens may fade, and androgens may appear. Both are in harmony. But does the fact that estro-progestative hormones disappear at menopause allow androgenic action? Often androgens can be converted in estrogen and estron-sulfate. The voice, then, may stay feminine. Otherwise, the androgenic effects will affect the striated muscles of the vocal fold, the thickness of the stratified epithelium and the strength of the larynx. Of 100 women, our study has shown that 17 had a menopausal voice syndrome with lack of intensity, a voice fatigue, a narrow register. The hormonal replacement treatment is the treatment for voice professional. The singing voice, the speaking voice recover. For each woman, the specific treatment has to be adapted with vitamins and hormonal therapy to preserve the harmony of the voice and the being.

Androgens↗
PubMed2006

Downregulation of human endometrial IL-18 by exogenous ovarian steroids.

PROBLEM: To evaluate the influence of ovarian steroids on IL-18, IL-15 and angiopoietin-2 mRNA expression in the endometrium in the mid luteal phase. METHOD OF STUDY: We quantified IL-18/GAPDH, IL-18 BP/GAPDH, IL-15/GAPDH and angiopoietin-2/GAPDH in the endometrium by quantitative polymerase chain reaction on day 21 of the cycle. We first compared cytokines expression over two natural cycles (n = 15) then between natural and oestrogen-progestin replacement treatment (n = 18). RESULTS: Endometrial IL-18, IL-18 BP, IL-15 and angiopoietin-2 mRNA expression did not change over two natural cycles. Addition of exogenous hormones significantly decreased IL-18 and IL-18 BP mRNA expression but not influence IL-15 or angiopoietin-2 ratios. This was also observed with immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION: Exogenous oestro-progestative hormones influence endometrial IL-18 system expression involved in angiogenesis and in the uterine natural killer (uNK) cell activation pathway during the implantation process.

Angiopoietin-2↗
PubMed2002

Contraception for women in selected circumstances.

OBJECTIVE: To review new evidence regarding ten controversial issues in the use of contraceptive methods among women with special conditions and to present World Health Organization recommendations derived in part from this evidence. DATA SOURCES: We searched MEDLINE and PREMEDLINE databases for English-language articles, published between January 1995 and December 2001, for evidence relevant to ten key contraceptive method and condition combinations: combined oral contraceptive (OC) use among women with hypertension or headaches, combined OC use for emergency contraception and adverse events, progestogen-only contraception use among young women and among breast-feeding women, tubal sterilization among young women, hormonal contraception and intrauterine device use among women who are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive, have AIDS, or are at high risk of HIV infection. Search terms included: "contraception," "contraceptives, oral," "progestational hormones," "medroxyprogesterone-17 acetate," "norethindrone," "levonorgestrel," "Norplant," "contraceptives, postcoital," "sterilization, tubal," "intrauterine devices," "hypertension," "stroke," "myocardial infarction," "thrombosis," "headache," "migraine," "adverse effects," "bone mineral density," "breast-feeding," "lactation," "age factors," "regret," and "HIV." STUDY SELECTION: From 205 articles, we identified 33 studies published in peer-reviewed journals that specifically examined risks of contraceptive use among women with pre-existing conditions. TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS: Combined OC users with hypertension appear to be at increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke relative to users without hypertension. Combined OC users with migraine appear to be at increased risk of stroke relative to nonusers with migraine. The evidence for the other eight method and condition combinations was either insufficient to draw conclusions or identified no excess risk. CONCLUSION: Of ten contraceptive method and condition combinations assessed, the evidence supported an increased risk of cardiovascular complications with combined OC use by women with hypertension or migraine. As new evidence becomes available, assessment of risk and recommendations for use of contraceptive methods can be revised accordingly.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1985

How progestins prevent endometrial cancer.

This article discusses the role of progestational hormones in cancer of the endometrium in menopausal women and indicates the type of progestin and the doses which appear necessary to prevent anomalies of the endometrium. It is in fact established that the incidence of endometrial adenocarcinomas is augmented by the application of a continuous oestrogenic without countervailing progestational-stimulus. Progestogens have an antimitotic action on endometrial cells, which leads to reduction of the oestrogenic stimulus and the probability of the occurrence of tissue anomalies. However, it is probable, and theoretically possible, that the regular disintegration of the endometrium may be capable of removing the potentially anomalous cells before they develop into carcinomas. Any oestrogenic treatment, however, whatever the dose and mode of administration, is not more certain than any other. The association of a progestogen is necessary but the choice of the individual progestogen is dictated by custom or fashion. It seems that administration during 12 days per month in a manner designed to obtain rhythmic bleedings may be the best solution.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1982

Therapy of side effects of oral contraceptive agents with vitamin B6.

Studies carried out in different countries during the last 15 years have provided evidence that supplementation with (or excess of) estro-progestational hormones may be accompanied by an increased urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites, as happens in pyridoxine deficiency. Further methods of assessment of vitamin B6 in humans have confirmed an impaired status in women using hormonal contraception. Disturbances in the metabolism of tryptophan have been shown to be responsible for such symptoms as depression, anxiety, decrease of libido and impairment of glucose tolerance occurring in some of the OCA users. Administration of 40 mg of vitamin B6 daily not only restores normal biochemical values but also relieves the clinical symptoms in those vitamin B6 deficient women taking OCA's. Further studies are justified to clarify whether vitamin B6 supplementation may contribute to improving depression also in other situations with hyperoestrogenism (pregnancy, puerperium, estro-progestational treatments, etc.), as well as correcting metabolic impairments, such as a minor alteration of glucose tolerance.

Contraceptives, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bioidentical hormone therapy: a review.

OBJECTIVE: The terms "natural" or "bioidentical" hormone therapy (NHT) are used to describe hormone treatment with individually compounded recipes of certain steroids in various dosage forms, including dehydroepiandrosterone, pregnenolone, testosterone, progesterone, estrone, estradiol, and estriol. Based on the results of a person's salivary hormone levels, the final composition of the compounded dosage form is individualized to that specific person. Proponents claim that NHT is better tolerated than manufactured products. This paper is intended to review the concept of NHT and to determine whether there is sufficient scientific evidence to support its use. DESIGN: A literature search was performed in Medline using the following MeSH terms and key words: drug combinations; progestational hormones; hormone replacement therapy; endometrium; estrogen replacement therapy; climacteric; menopause; estradiol; estrogens; progesterone; drug monitoring; and drug compounding. Current Contents, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Lexis Nexis, Google, Medscape, MD Consult, and clinicaltrials.gov were searched with key words. RESULTS: There are a few observational studies and clinical trials comparing conventional hormone therapy with bioidentical hormone therapy. Studies generally lacked adequate study design, including small sample sizes and comparison of inequivalent doses, to prove safety and efficacy. Little evidence was found to support individualized hormone dosing based upon saliva hormone concentrations. CONCLUSION: Evidence suggests that, although individualized hormonal products may decrease some symptoms of menopause, it seems they have no proven advantage over conventional hormone therapies and their use is not supported by evidence regarding pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy.

Drug Compounding↗
PubMed1984

Rat liver sulfotransferases: effects of gonadal hormones and other factors on enzyme activities.

Estradiol benzoate (EB), testosterone propionate (TP), progesterone (PG), corticosterone (CS), 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) and phenobarbital (PB) were administered to Wistar rats and their effects on hepatic sulfotransferase (ST) activities toward androsterone (AD) and 4-nitrophenol (NP) were determined. ST activity toward AD was increased by pretreatment with EB and PG in male rats. ST activity toward NP was increased by administration of TP and PG in females, whereas the enzyme activity was suppressed by pretreatment with EB in males. Administration of CS, MC and PB did not significantly affect ST activities toward AD and NP. These results indicate that sex difference in rat liver ST activities appears to be primarily regulated by androgenic, estrogenic and progestational hormones.

Aging↗
PubMed1976

Importance of progesterone in DNA synthesis of pregnancy-dependent mammary tumors in mice.

Hormone responsiveness of pregnancy-independent mammary tumors in SHN mice and pregnancy-dependent tumors in GR/A mice and in F1-hybrids between these strains was studied. Force-bred female mice with palpable mammary tumors were given subcutaneous injections of several hormones singly or in combination twice daily from 1 day before to 1 day after parturition. One group received a graft of three pituitary glands under the kidney capsule (3AP) during days 12-14 of pregnancy. One day after parturition, the in vivo incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA of normal and neoplastic mammary glands was determined as the index of DNA synthesis. Plasma prolactin in some groups of GR/A mice was assayed by radioimmunoassay. In GR/A mice, estradiol benzoate (EB: 0.5 mug X 2/day) or 3AP had no effect on either normal glands or tumors, despite an increase in plasma prolactin level. Progesterone (P:100 or 1,000 mug X 2/day) significantly increased DNA synthesis of both normal and neoplastic glands when compared to the controls, while the plasma prolactin level in this group was low. The administration of human placental lactogen (HPL: 100 mug X 2/day) stimulated DNA synthesis of normal glands only. P plus HPL promoted DNA synthesis of tumors more than P alone, but not P plus EB. While DNA synthesis of the tumors of SHN was never affected by these hormone treatments, the hormone responsiveness of tumors of F1-hybrids was almost the same as that of GR/A mice; the effect of P was prominent. Correlation of DNA synthesis between pregnancy-dependent mammary tumors and normal glands was significant only in groups treated with P alone or in combination with other hormones.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Prolactin oversuppression.

Patients with primary infertility due to hyperprolactinemic corpus luteum insufficiency and oligomenorrhea were treated with Bromocriptin. Suppression of serum prolactin for up to four menstrual cycles resulted in a normalisation of the length of the cycle(32 vs 28 days) as well as of luteal progesterone secretion. In addition, ovulation occurred earlier after than before treatment (on day 14 vs day 18). When, however, prolactin concentrations reached levels of less than 120 muU/ml (3 ng/ml), which were observed during the 5th and 6th treatment course, reappearance of shortened luteal phase occurred probably due to oversuppression of prolactin. Premenstrual spottings were observed too. The data presented indicate that minimal prolactin is required for normal follicular maturation and luteal development. On the other hand, the gonadostat may be susceptable to the dopaminergic stimulus of Bromocriptin to a different extent as oversuppression of prolactin is not observed in hyperprolactinemic anovulatory syndromes. Thus, treatment with Bromocriptin requires a continuous monitoring of serum prolactin as well as individual treatment regimens.

Bromocriptine↗
PubMed2000

[Deciduosis of the appendix. Differential diagnosis of acute appendicitis].

Deciduosis of the appendix is a rare cause of acute appendicitis in pregnancy. Ectopic decidual cells localized in the submesothelial stroma may represent a physiologic reaction of the pluripotent stromal cells to progestational hormonal stimulation. Less frequently, deciduosis is based on a preexisting extragenital endometriosis, visible in a localization other than strictly submesothelial, in residuals of cyclic proliferation and bleeding, and in endometrial glandular formations embedded in the decidual cells.

Acute Disease↗