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PubMed2001

The influence of two different dental local anaesthetic solutions on the haemodynamic responses of children undergoing restorative dentistry: a randomised, single-blind, split-mouth study.

OBJECTIVES: This investigation was designed to study the haemodynamic effects of two different local anaesthetic solutions during restorative dental treatment in children. DESIGN: A randomised, single-blind, split-mouth cross-over design was employed using children undergoing bilaterally similar restorative treatments over two visits. SETTING: The study was performed in a dental hospital paediatric dentistry department. METHODS: Ten children participated. At one visit the local anaesthetic was 2% lidocaine (lignocaine) with 1:80,000 epinephrine (adrenaline); at the other the anaesthetic was 3% prilocaine with 0.03IU/ml felypressin. Local anaesthetic was administered at a dose of 0.5 ml/10 kg body weight. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured before and during treatment with an automatic blood pressure recorder. Data were analysed by ANOVA and Student's paired t test. RESULTS: Significant differences between treatments in diastolic blood pressure (F = 2.37; P = 0.05) and heart rate (F = 2.98; P< 0.02) were noted. The heart rate increased ten minutes following the injection of the epinephrine-containing solution. The diastolic blood pressure fell 20 minutes after injection of lidocaine with epinephrine. CONCLUSION: The choice of local anaesthetic solution influences the haemodynamic response during restorative treatment in children.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2000

The work patterns of male and female dental practitioners in the United Kingdom.

AIM: The aim of the study was to determine differences between male and female dental practitioners in the type of dentistry they practice, and their working practice, and to compare these data to previously published studies of the working practices of female dentists in the United Kingdom. DESIGN: A postal questionnaire survey. PARTICIPANTS: A 1 in 10 sample of individuals taken from the UK Dentists Register. RESULTS: The data revealed that women dentists are more likely than male dentists to work in the Community Dental Service. Within general dental practice women are more likely to work part-time, to carry out National Health Service treatment and to specialize in orthodontics or paediatric dentistry. More women than men take career breaks, and the reasons for taking career breaks differ between male and females. Women take longer career breaks on average. However, differences between male and female practitioners in the total duration of their career breaks are largely accounted for by child rearing. Finally, male dental practitioners are more likely than female dental practitioners to report reading professional journals. The findings are analysed in the light of previous surveys of the working practices of female dental practitioners both within the United Kingdom and internationally. CONCLUSION: The main finding reported here is that there are no differences between men and women in the number and length of career breaks taken, if childcare is excluded.

Dentists↗

PubMed2004

Attitudes towards the use of hand over mouth (HOM) and physical restraint amongst paediatric specialist practitioners in the UK.

PURPOSE: To assess the views of paediatric specialist dental practitioners in the United Kingdom of the use of the hand over mouth technique and physical restraint. METHODS: Questionnaire survey of all specialist dental practitioners in paediatric dentistry in the United Kingdom (n = 216). Replies were received from 179 individuals (82.8%). RESULTS: The majority of the sample (over 80%) described HOM as having three components, broadly mirroring the description of the technique in clinical textbooks. Approximately 60% of the respondents reported that HOM should never be used (106 individuals, 59.2%). Those who endorsed the use of HOM suggested it should be used with cases of hysterical, tantrum behaviour (57 respondents, 32%). The use of physical restraint was endorsed for certain disabled patients by 110 individuals (62%); for very young patients by 69 respondents (39%); premedicated patients by 35 respondents (20%); physically resistive patients by 25 respondents (14%). Forty-three respondents (24%) felt there were no psychological consequences of the use of HOM or physical restraint; 91 (51%) felt that HOM would result in the child fearing dental treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Specialist paediatric dental practitioners in the UK are familiar with the technique of HOM although they also feel that this technique should never be used. A large proportion of practitioners felt that the use of physical restraint was appropriate with certain disabled patients. The most commonly anticipated psychological sequeala which may accompany the use of these techniques was subsequent fear of dental treatment.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2002

An investigation of paediatric dentists' attitudes towards parental accompaniment and behavioural management techniques in the UK.

OBJECTIVE: Good behavioural management techniques are essential for treating children. Recent research has investigated parental and paediatric attitudes towards various behavioural management techniques. However, in the UK, very little is known about paediatric attitudes towards such issues. Accordingly, the aim of this investigation was to conduct a survey in order to provide insight into the current thinking of paediatric dentists across the UK. STUDY DESIGN: A questionnaire was developed for this study on the basis of previous surveys investigating the attitudes of paediatric dentists towards the use of various behavioural management techniques in Australia and the USA. Areas covered in the questionnaire included: attitudes towards parental accompaniment; attitudes regarding parental expectations; and attitudes towards the use of various different child management techniques. The questionnaire was sent out to all registered members of the British Society of Paediatric Dentistry (n = 304). RESULTS: 245 responses (80.5%) were returned, of which 218 provided valid and useable information (72%). A majority of 80% of respondents supported parental accompaniment of the child during the course of treatment. Separate analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedures revealed significant differences between acceptability of parental accompaniment and the year in which dentists had qualified (P < 0.05). More recently qualified dentists were less accepting of parental accompaniment. Only a minority of dentists reported feeling pressured by parental expectations with regard to their child's treatment. However, an independent sample t-test revealed that male dentists experienced greater perceived conflict between dental and parental expectations, than female dentists (P < 0.05). In terms of specific behavioural management techniques, the most favoured was 'tell-show-do' with 87% of respondents citing this as their most commonly used method. Least acceptable were 'hand over mouth' techniques, followed closely by active restraint and papoose board. CONCLUSION: In general, paediatric dentists in the UK favoured less 'restraining' methods of behavioural management. There was widespread support for parental accompaniment in the dental operatory and a desire to work in participation with parents in order to facilitate the child's good behaviour and more effective dental treatment. Further studies comparing the effectiveness of various techniques used with regard to treatment time and clinical outcomes, are now required.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Predictive factors for child behaviour in the dental environment.

AIM: This was to evaluate the potential factors that influence behaviour in the paediatric dentistry environment of children aged 48 to 68 months who have never before been to a dentist. STUDY DESIGN: Cross sectional. METHODS: Child behaviour was evaluated using the Frankl scale during both clinical examination procedures and prophylaxis. All mothers of the 118 children investigated underwent a test to assess their anxiety (Manifest Anxiety Scale-MAS) and responded to a questionnaire on the medical history of the child as well as socioeconomic factors. The children were given a test to assess their anxiety (Venham Picture Test-VPT). STATISTICS: The statistical tests adopted were the Chi-squared test and both simple and multiple unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS: Children with high anxiety, those had previously experienced toothache and those had behaved uncooperatively during prior medical experiences, had a greater probability of behaving uncooperatively during their first dental consultation. CONCLUSIONS: Dental professionals can identify the presence of predictive factors for child behaviour prior to the first clinical examination by including relevant questions in the dental and medical history, thereby facilitating a more positive initial contact between paediatric dentists and their patients.

Behavior Control↗

PubMed2004

[Clinical evaluation of the INJEX system, a local anesthesia system without needles: a comfort evaluation study].

UNLABELLED: The use of needless local anaesthesia systems in dentistry can be of a help in treating needle phobia patients. The aim of this comfort study was to compare a classical local infiltration anaesthesia with a needle-free system. INJEX (ROSCH AG Germany). A split mouth design study was performed. All patients in this study needed 2 restorations. In order to receive objective information on both systems needle-phobia patients were banned. Therefore the first restoration was performed with the classical system (with needle) and the well-acceptance was evaluated. The second restoration was done with the needle-free system. Both patient and dental practitioner performed an evaluation after each treatment. Evaluation by the patient was given by a questionnaire on the comfort of the treatment using Faces Pain Scale, Lickert Scale and a modified version of the Abbreviated Acceptability Rating Profile. By the dental practitioner the comfort of the treatment and the amount of local anaesthesia needed was evaluated. The study was approved by the ethical committee of Ghent University Hospital Belgium. CONCLUSION: The INJEX system can be a valuable alternative to use in paediatric dentistry, although non needle phobia patients in this study did not preferred the needle free INJEX system above the classical local injection.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

[Epidemiological study of oral dental health of 4-year-old children in french nursery schools].

UNLABELLED: The departmental service of maternal and infantile protection (PMI) of Moselle (Lorraine region), together with the Paediatric Dentistry Department from Nancy University, organized a study of the dental health of 4-year-old children. AIMS OF THE STUDY: To assess the children dental health; to evaluate parental knowledge of dental health; to identify the factors associated with caries amongst children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was a cross sectional observation. A random sample of 4-year-old children was selected among 11 586 children in nursery schools. The study was based on a clinical examination performed by a dentist and a structured questionnaire completed by parents. RESULTS: The overall proportion of children affected by caries was 37.5%. The mean dmft score was 1.51 (sd = 2.82) and 11.6% of the children had caries which affected their upper incisors, a sign of early childhood caries. Only 6.2% had received dental treatment on at least 1 occasion. There was a clear disparity in dental health: 1 child out of 3 suffered from caries but 1 out of 2 children in priority education districts was affected, compared with only 1 out of 4 children coming from a rural area. The questionnaires completed by parents showed a lack of knowledge of dental health and inadequate use of current prevention facilities. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the variables that were significantly associated with caries in 4 year-old children were the mother's education, the low social background, the level of consumption of drinks containing sugar by both children and parents, the consumption of fluoride, and the level of knowledge about fluoride. CONCLUSION: Preventive measures must be developed in close relationship between pediatricians and dentists. Initial training of health care professionals has to be reinforced. Health care professionals in paediatrics are far more likely to meet mothers and young children than are dentists.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed2005

Sedation of anxious children undergoing dental treatment.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety about dental treatment maybe a barrier to its uptake in children. Sedation can be used to relieve anxiety and manage behaviour, unfortunately it is difficult to determine from published research which agents, dosages and techniques are effective. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relative efficacy of the various conscious sedation techniques and dosages for behaviour management in paediatric dentistry. SEARCH STRATEGY: Computerised: MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Dissertation Abstracts, SIGLE, the World Wide Web (Google) and the Community of Science Database were searched for relevant trials and references. Searches were carried out for MEDLINE and EMBASE up to June 2003 and for the remaining databases December 2002. Reference lists from relevant articles were scanned and the authors contacted to identify trials and obtain additional information. There were no language restrictions. Trials pre-1966 were not searched. SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies were selected if they met the following criteria: randomised controlled trials of conscious sedation comparing two or more drugs/techniques/placebo undertaken by the dentist or one of the dental team in anxious children up to 16 years of age. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Information regarding methods, participants, interventions and outcome measures and results were independently extracted, in duplicate, by two authors. Specialist advice was asked to categorise interventions. Authors of trials were contacted for details of randomisation and withdrawals and a quality assessment was carried out not using any formal scoring system. The Cochrane Oral Health Group statistical guidelines were followed. MAIN RESULTS: Fifty-three studies were included with 2345 subjects in total. Overall quality of studies was found to be disappointing with poor reporting often the main problem. Data reported could not be easily aggregated into groups to facilitate description of results. Meta-analysis of the available data was also not possible for the same reason. The variety of differing drug regimens compared made it difficult to isolate groups of studies that were sufficiently similar in design to allow sensible comparison. Where groups of studies could be isolated, then the differing outcome measures used made their meta-analysis impossible. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Authors were not able to reach any definitive conclusion on which was the most effective drug or method of sedation used for anxious children. A list of proposed areas of study was described.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗

PubMed2006

Sedation of anxious children undergoing dental treatment.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety about dental treatment or behaviour management problems can be a barrier to its uptake in children. Sedation can be used to relieve anxiety and manage behaviour, unfortunately it is difficult to determine from published research which agents, dosages and techniques are effective. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relative efficacy of the various conscious sedation techniques and dosages for behaviour management in paediatric dentistry. SEARCH STRATEGY: Computerised: MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Dissertation Abstracts, SIGLE, the World Wide Web (Google) and the Community of Science Database were searched for relevant trials and references up to December 2004. Reference lists from relevant articles were scanned and the authors contacted to identify trials and obtain additional information. There were no language restrictions. Trials pre-1966 were not searched. SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies were selected if they met the following criteria: randomised controlled trials of conscious sedation comparing two or more drugs/techniques/placebo undertaken by the dentist or one of the dental team in anxious children up to 16 years of age. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Information regarding methods, participants, interventions and outcome measures and results were independently extracted, in duplicate, by two authors. Authors of trials were contacted for details of randomisation and withdrawals and a quality assessment was carried out not using any formal scoring system. The Cochrane Oral Health Group statistical guidelines were followed. MAIN RESULTS: Sixty-one studies were included with 3246 subjects in total. Overall quality of studies was found to be disappointing with poor reporting often the main problem. Data reported could not be easily aggregated into groups to facilitate description of results. Meta-analysis of the available data was also not possible for the same reason. The variety of differing drug regimens compared made it difficult to isolate groups of studies that were sufficiently similar in design to allow sensible comparison. Where groups of studies could be isolated, then the differing outcome measures used made their meta-analysis impossible. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Review authors were not able to reach any definitive conclusion on which was the most effective drug or method of sedation used for anxious children. A list of proposed areas of study was described.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗

PubMed2006

Effectiveness of oral midazolam for paediatric dental care: a retrospective study in two specialist centres.

AIM: To analyse retrospectively the outcomes for children undergoing oral care under conscious sedation with oral midazolam and local analgesia at Leeds dental Institute, England and Westmead Dental Hospital, Sydney, Australia. Secondly, the study assessed the suitability of oral midazolam for paediatric dental treatment. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study of clinical outcomes based on dental records. METHODS: All children included in the study had been treated between September 2000 to August 2004 and full dental records were available. The dental records were examined using a standard pro forma sheet and data collected for: age, previous behaviour using the Frankl [1962] scale, units of work planned and achieved using the modified index of O'Sullivan and Curzon [1991], midazolam dosage and treatment outcome. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 101 children aged 1-11 years in both Leeds (57 children) and Westmead (44 children). There were significant differences between Leeds and Westmead with respect to age (mean +/-SD) in years 5.0+/-1.0 versus 2.9+/-1.6; number of treatment visits 1.7 versus 1.1; sedation dose used 0.5-0.7 mg/kg versus 02.-0.3; type and amount of treatment planned 8.3 units versus 3.3 and achieved 7.5 versus 2.2, for both centres respectively. There was also a difference in overall success rates of rendering the children dentally fit of 65% v. 91%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Oral midazolam was found to be a useful drug for the management of young children with behaviour problems. It was found, however, not to be effective in all cases and for the provision of all types of paediatric dentistry. The results indicate that, when using oral midazolam in children, the treatment should be restricted to simple restorations and extractions over a maximum of two visits.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2006

Anterior crowns for primary anterior teeth: an evidence based assessment of the literature.

AIM: To review the literature concerning the restoration of primary anterior teeth with pre-formed crowns or with the use of crown forms. METHODS: A search of the dental literature was made electronically using key words: crowns, primary teeth, anterior teeth, strip crowns, stainless steel crowns, veneered crowns, (a)esthetic, restorative. All papers were reviewed and assessed for their relevance to paediatric dentistry and then graded according to a set or predetermined criteria. These criteria were used to identify those reports that met 100% of the criteria, graded A; 75% grade B1; more than 50% graded B2 and all others graded C. RESULTS: There were 90 papers in all using the key words. Of these none were rated grade A; B1 or B2 and all remaining valid papers (not single restoration case reports), 50 were graded C. Failure rates varied between 0% and 50% for strip crowns; 32-39% for veneered metal crowns. The review indicated there is some evidence as to the efficacy and value of using anterior primary teeth crowns because of the improved aesthetics that they achieve. There was an obvious lack of prospective well controlled studies and more studies are needed. CONCLUSION: No clinical studies concerning anterior crowns on primary teeth were identified that met all or even a majority of criteria, indicating that there was little, good scientific support for any of the techniques which clinicians have utilized for many years to restore primary anterior teeth. While a lack of strong clinical data does not preclude the use of these techniques it points out the strong need for well designed, prospective clinical studies to validate the use of these techniques.

Bibliometrics↗

PubMed2006

Restoration of primary teeth with crowns: a systematic review of the literature.

AIM: To review the literature concerning the restoration of primary teeth with pre-formed metal crowns (PMC). METHODS: A search of the dental literature was made electronically using key words: stainless steel crowns primary molars, nickel-ion crowns primary molars, nickel chrome crowns primary molars, preformed crowns primary molars, esthetic crowns primary molars, aesthetic crowns primary molars and metal crowns primary molars. All papers were read and assessed for their relevance to paediatric dentistry and then graded according to a predetermined set of criteria. The relevant papers that met nearly 100% of the criteria were graded A; 75% graded B1; more than 50% graded B2 and all others were graded C. RESULTS: Using all the search words, 112 papers were found and fourteen were acceptable. Of these none were rated A or B1, seven B2 and seven C. Failure rates of PMC varied between 1.9 and 30.3%. In all studies the failure rate of PMC was lower than comparable restorations and in some studies this was statistically significant. The review indicated that there was some evidence as to the efficacy and value of using pre-formed metal crowns for primary molars. CONCLUSION: Preformed metal crowns were indicated for the restoration of badly broken down primary molars and their success rate was superior to all other restorative materials. However, there was an obvious lack of prospective will-controlled studies and more research is needed.

Bibliometrics↗

PubMed2005

[Contribution of day care general anaesthesia for dental care in children and handicapped patients].

Dental surgeons, pediatrists and doctors daily note the precocity and the importance of caries in children. This evolution makes essential the general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry among the therapeutic arsenal of pedodontists. Fortunately, with the greatest knowledge of the child physiology, the better control of the anaesthetic operative protocols, general anaesthesia is very efficient. Furthermore, the development of the day care treatment now allows the access of these treatments to an increasingly large public. For pedodontists and anaesthetist, generals anaesthesia is essentially indicated for children with many decays, presenting behaviour disorders, a physical or cerebral handicap, a turmoil engraves general state. This operating mode aims to restore: This particular aspect of the dental practice remains still too little developed and cannot answer the demands. The necessity made it a rule to set up a theoretical and practical training. This specialized dentistry waits for recognition on behalf of supervisory organisms and a similar message spread by all nursing persons.

Anesthesia, General↗

PubMed2004

Investigation of caries prevalence in children with cleft lip, alveolus, and palate.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of dental caries in children with orofacial clefts. PATIENTS: A total of 623 children aged 6-16 years with cleft lip, alveolus, and palate were included in the study. They were compared with 47,646 schoolchildren from Leipzig (Germany). METHODS: This cross-sectional study used the standard dental indices dmf(t) and DMF(T) for clinical assessment. Children underwent a dental examination under standard conditions of seating and lighting in the out-patient department of paediatric dentistry as part of a regular checkup. RESULTS: The prevalence of caries was significantly higher in children with cleft lip, alveolus, and palate in permanent and deciduous teeth. CONCLUSION: These assessments not only provide a baseline for oral health parameters in young patients with clefts, but also underline the need for a more aggressive approach to the prevention of oral disease to optimize clinical outcome.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

What is the evidence for paediatric dental sedation?

BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE: Sedation can be used to relieve anxiety and manage behaviour in children, unfortunately it is difficult to determine from published research which agents, dosages and techniques are effective. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relative efficacy of the various conscious sedation techniques and dosages for behaviour management in paediatric dentistry. DESIGN AND KEY METHODS: Relevant databases and reference lists from articles were searched up to December 2005. Studies were selected if they met the following criteria: randomised controlled trials of conscious sedation comparing two or more drugs/techniques/placebo undertaken by the dentist or one of the dental team in anxious children up to 16 years of age. RESULTS: Sixty-five studies were included with 3372 subjects in total. Overall quality of studies was found to be disappointing with poor reporting often the main problem. CONCLUSIONS: Authors were not able to reach any definitive conclusion on which was the most effective drug or method of sedation used for anxious children due to issues with the quality and validity of published studies to date.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Factors affecting resorption in traumatically intruded permanent incisors in children.

There is a lack of consensus concerning the management of intruded permanent teeth. The objectives of the present study were to determine the prevalence of resorption for intruded permanent teeth and to establish the effect of factors on the timing, prevalence and rate of resorption and to examine the relationship between the timing of onset and the subsequent rate of resorption. Sixty-one intruded permanent incisors treated at the Paediatric Dentistry units in Belfast and Newcastle upon Tyne, during the period 1990-99 with a minimum follow-up period of 1.5 years, were studied. The timing and presence of resorption and its rate of occurrence over time were set as the principal outcomes. There was a significantly earlier onset and higher prevalence of resorption in more severely intruded teeth (P< 0.05). There was also a significant relationship between the degree of apical development and resorption with an increased prevalence in the more fully developed roots (P< 0.001). Resorption was detected significantly earlier in teeth with higher rates of resorption (P< 0.05). However, the treatment method did not significantly affect the prevalence or rate of resorption. In conclusion, the occurrence of root resorption after intrusive trauma appears to be related to the severity of the original injury and the stage of root development rather than the repositioning procedure.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Survival of intentionally retained permanent incisor roots following crown root fractures in children.

Retaining tooth roots, following crown loss, confers a number of benefits including the preservation of alveolar bone. Intentional root retention in adults has been widely investigated but little is known about this treatment approach in children. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical outcomes associated with permanent anterior root retention in a young population. The study group comprised 53 children who had received treatment in the paediatric dentistry clinic, Charles Clifford Dental Hospital, Sheffield, UK, over the past 10 years, following a complicated crown root fracture of a permanent maxillary incisor at or below the gingival margin. Data relating to patient age at crown root fracture, gender, previous trauma history, tooth vitality, treatments performed and clinical outcomes were obtained retrospectively using patient records. The mean age of the subjects at initial crown root fracture was 12.1 years (range 8.3-15.8 years) and there were more than twice as many males (n = 37, 70%) as females (n = 16, 30%). In just over half of the cases seen (n = 29, 54%), the tooth involved was already nonvital at the time of crown root fracture. For the majority of these nonvital teeth (n = 27, 93%), primary treatment had comprised placement/replacement of a calcium hydroxide root dressing. The remaining two teeth did not require root treatment as a satisfactory gutta percha root filling was already present. A variety of treatments was undertaken for the 24 vital roots: in 15 (63%) cases the pulp was extirpated and calcium hydroxide placed; three (12%) cases were subject to a pulpotomy; five (21%) cases were left untreated with the hope that vitality would be maintained following gingival healing and in one case the radicular pulp was extirpated and immediately obturated with gutta percha. The mean time that the roots were kept under review was 2.6 years (+/- 1.57, range 0.6-6.8). During this period, only five roots (9%) had to be removed due to persistent periapical infection. There were no complications associated with the five cases where vital root submergence had been permitted but all three cases which had initially undergone a pulpotomy subsequently presented with pulpal necrosis necessitating pulpal extirpation and calcium hydroxide therapy. These findings indicate that efforts to retain permanent anterior roots in a young population are justified in view of the high clinical success rate of over 90% over a 2-year period.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

An investigation of root-fractured permanent incisor teeth in children.

- The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the type of healing which occurred in root-fractured permanent incisor teeth in children. The objectives were to determine whether gender, age, stage of root development or location of the fracture affected the healing type. The method involved careful scrutiny of clinical records and radiographs of children who attended a unit of paediatric dentistry in a dental hospital. Relevant information was entered onto a data collection sheet. The results were tabulated and analysed by the chi2-tests using the SPSS statistical package. The results are based on 34 root-fractured teeth in 33 children aged 8-15 years. Root development was incomplete in 27 of the root-fractured teeth and complete in seven teeth. A good healing outcome was seen in 27 (79.4%) of the teeth and poor healing in 7 (20.6%). The only factor which was found to be statistically significantly related to healing was the stage of root development. It can be concluded that root-fractured teeth with immature roots have a better chance of showing good healing than teeth with mature roots.

Adolescent↗