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PubMed2000

The effects of physical exercise on body fat distribution and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: The present cross-sectional study investigated the effects of physical exercise on body fat distribution and bone mineral density (BMD). METHODS: Subjects were 57 postmenopausal women (mean age, 60.5+/-6.4 years) who had exercised regularly for at least 2 years. Controls were 130 age-matched sedentary women. Age, years since menopause (YSM), height, weight, and body mass index (BMI, wt./ht.(2)) were recorded. Total fat mass, percentage of body fat, trunk fat mass, leg fat mass, the ratio of trunk fat mass to leg fat mass (trunk-leg fat ratio), total body lean mass, percentage of body lean, and lumbar spine BMD (L2-L4) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics and leg fat mass did not differ between the two groups. Total fat mass, percentage of body fat, trunk fat mass, and trunk-leg fat ratio were lower (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively), while total body lean mass, percentage of body lean mass, and lumbar spine BMD were higher in exercising women (P<0.05, P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). Performing physical exercise was inversely correlated with trunk-leg fat ratio (standardized regression coefficient=-0.178, P<0.01), but positively correlated with BMD (0. 203, P<0.01) irrespective of age, height, YSM, and total fat mass. CONCLUSION: Physical exercise has beneficial effects on body fat distribution and BMD in postmenopausal women. Reduction of upper body fat distribution with physical exercise may be more attributable to the decrease in trunk fat mass.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2004

Physical exercise results in the improved subjective well-being of a few or is effective rehabilitation for all cancer patients?

Physical exercise as an intervention in cancer patients has attracted increasing interest. This review examines the published randomised controlled trials on physical exercise, during and after cancer treatment, focusing primarily on recruitment of patients, patient compliance, content of the intervention programmes and outcome measures. We performed systematic searches of PubMed, PsychInfo, Cancerlit and the Cochrane Library using the MESH terms exercise, neoplasms, cancer, rehabilitation and intervention. We identified 12 randomised trials with sample sizes ranging from 21 to 155 patients. Only four studies reported the number of patients assessed for eligibility and the reasons for exclusion; 15% to 30% of patients assessed for eligibility were randomised into the intervention programmes. Drop-out rates in the trials ranged from 0% to 34%. Most studies included female breast cancer patients (nine studies, 62% of total number of patients). Interventions included aerobic exercise training (10 studies) and resistance exercise (two studies). The studies used a wide range of instruments to assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and the physical exercise capacity. The studies indicated promising effects on both physiological and psychological outcomes. Randomised clinical studies are few, small in scope, and mainly focus on breast cancer patients. Complete knowledge about the type of physical exercise most beneficial for patients at different stages of the disease progression is still lacking. Future work should identify fewer and more specific endpoints.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Physical exercise and psychological well being: a critical review.

The relation between physical exercise and psychological health has increasingly come under the spotlight over recent years. While the message emanating from physiological research has extolled the general advantages of exercise in terms of physical health, the equivalent psychological literature has revealed a more complex relation. The paper outlines the research evidence, focusing on the relation between physical exercise and depression, anxiety, stress responsivity, mood state, self esteem, premenstrual syndrome, and body image. Consideration is also given to the phenomena of exercise addiction and withdrawal, and implications for exercise prescription are discussed.

Affect↗

PubMed1992

Transient hypoalgesia under physical exercise--relation to silent ischaemia and implications for cardiac rehabilitation.

A series of studies with humans as well as experiments carried out on animals could show that physical exercise leads to temporary hypoalgesia. Reduced sensitivity to pain is not only demonstrable after long-distance exercise (such as marathon run) but also after intensive physical exercise on a laboratory ergometer. Pain threshold elevation is most pronounced during maximal exertion, but hypoalgesia remains present also after exercise is stopped demonstrating that a systemic analgetic effect is induced by the exercise process. Pre-exercise pain threshold level is returned to approximately 60 minutes after the exercise. The cause of the exercise-induced hypoalgesia is probably an activation of central pain inhibitory mechanisms by the "stimulus" of physical exercise (stimulation- or stress-induced analgesia). Central pain inhibitory systems are thereby triggered by the stimulation of afferent nerve endings (group III and IV) in the skeletal muscle. The same trigger mechanism also plays a role as a release stimulus for hormones such for beta-endorphin which is increased under physical exercise. Plasma-beta-endorphin is probably not directly involved in the exercise-induced hypoalgesia but is rather a "marker" for the activating of central analgesia mechanisms. Stress-induced hypoalgesia plays also a role in the coronary heart disease. The activation of endogenous analgetic mechanisms leads to a part of the myocardial ischaemia provoked by exercise being silent under exercise. Completely asymptomatic myocardial ischaemia patients display a generalized hypoalgesia which is demonstrable independent of an exertion stimulus and which indicates a central set-point change in the antinociceptive system.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Physical exercise interventions to improve disability and return to work in low back pain: current insights and opportunities for improvement.

INTRODUCTION: There is a body of literature that indicates that physical exercise interventions, with a primary focus on improvement of functioning instead of pain relief, might be effective to stimulate return to work and improve function in workers who are absent from work due to low back pain (LBP). Successful application and implementation of these interventions however, depends on multiple factors that need to be addressed carefully in clinical practice as well as research. METHODS: Descriptive literature review, to identify an overview of current knowledge with respect to the safety, content- and context-related aspects of physical exercise interventions, issues relating to timing, the influence of treatment confidence and patient expectations, and the process of changing provider and employer behavior. RESULTS: Physical exercises are not associated with an increased risk for recurrences. The effects of interventions may vary depending on content-related factors (i.e., type of exercises, dosage, frequency, skills of the healthcare providers, etc.) and contextual factors (i.e., treatment setting, compensation system, etc.). Treatment confidence and patients' expectations also significantly influence outcomes of physical exercise interventions. Timing is also important; interventions targeting return to work, applied during the acute phase of work absenteeism, compete with a high rate of spontaneous recovery and may therefore be inefficient. CONCLUSIONS: Despite numerous studies, more quantitative and qualitative investigations are needed to further clarify the requirements for a successful application and implementation of physical exercise interventions for disabled workers with low back pain.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed1999

Physical exercise in outpatients with epilepsy.

PURPOSE: To compare the exercise habits in a sample of adult outpatients with epilepsy with those of a general population of the same age and sex and furthermore to study physical exercise as a seizure precipitant and the risk of sustaining seizure-related injuries while exercising. METHODS: Two hundred four adult outpatients with active epilepsy responded to two questionnaires. The first one, addressing exercise habits, was a selected part of a broad self-assessing screening used every second year by a marketing and media research institute to reveal changes in the average Norwegian's lifestyle. The exercise habits of the epilepsy population were compared with those of the average population. The other questionnaire, addressing seizures and injuries related to physical exercise, consisted of eight sections and was developed at the National Center for Epilepsy in Norway. RESULTS: The portion of those never exercising was significantly higher among the patient group compared with the average population. Otherwise, the exercise patterns were very similar in the two populations. However, the patients exercised more often in fitness centers and together with friends, whereas individual activities like skiing and swimming were more often preferred by the average Norwegian. Of the 204 patients, 53 and 63% had never experienced seizures during or immediately after exercise, respectively. About 10% of the patients claimed that they had seizures quite often in connection with exercise. However, only 2% had genuine exercise-induced seizures, here arbitrarily defined as having seizures in >50% of the training sessions. Among those prone to have exercise-related seizures, there was a predominance of patients with symptomatic localization-related epilepsy (i.e., with an underlying structural brain lesion). Most exercise-related seizures occurred during strenuous activity. About 38% of the patients claimed to have personal experience regarding whether regular physical exercise influenced their seizure disorder; of these, 53% claimed there was no influence, 36% claimed there was a positive influence, and 10% reported a negative influence. Thirty-six percent of the patients had experienced injuries in connection with physical exercise, but in only 10% were these injuries associated with seizures. The injuries were mostly mild. CONCLUSIONS: The surveyed sample of epilepsy outpatients was more active than expected, and their exercise pattern closely resembled that of the average Norwegian population. In the majority of the patients, physical exercise had no adverse effects, and a considerable proportion (36%) claimed that regular exercise contributed to better seizure control. However, in approximately 10% of the patients, exercise appeared to be a seizure precipitant, and this applied particularly to those with symptomatic partial epilepsy. The risk of sustaining serious seizure-related injuries exercising seemed modest.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Bone remodelling in osteoarthrosic subjects undergoing a physical exercise program.

BACKGROUND: The connection between osteoarthritis (OA) and osteoporosis (OP) has attracted considerable attention but reports about bone mass density (BMD) in OA are often contradictory. Some data indicate that BMD is higher in OA patients than in healthy subjects, whereas other studies showed no differences. It has been observed that mud pack treatment (MPT) induces a decrease in cytokines with bone-resorbing effects. The aim of this study is to evaluate the response of bone and connective tissue to physical exercise and thermal treatment. METHODS: Forty osteoarthrosic patients were divided in group A (physical exercise and MPT), and group B (physical exercise alone). Blood and urine samples were collected before and after the treatments to assay blood metabolic markers and urinary hydroxyproline. RESULTS: In group A, some parameters show statistically significant differences before and after mud pack treatment (MPT). In group B, all parameters present no statistical significant changes before and after the physical exercise program. CONCLUSIONS: Few studies established the importance of exercise to maintain normal cartilage and bone metabolism. In group A of the present study, an influence on all the parameters of bone metabolism is evident. It is possible that physical exercise only if combined with MPT stimulates physiologic bone metabolism and favors skeletal health.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Effect of physical exercise on platelet activity and the von-Willebrand-factor in patients with persistent lone atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: The risk of stroke is of great clinical importance in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). It is not known whether physical exercise influences plasma coagulation and platelet aggregability during AF. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of physical exercise on platelet activity, thrombin generation, and levels of von-Willebrand-factor in patients with persistent AF. METHODS: Thirteen patients with lone AF (>or=1 year) were compared with 13 matched patients in sinus rhythm. Patients with AF were anticoagulated effectively with coumarin. All patients underwent bicycle ergometry using a respiratory gas exchange technique for 20 min at one-third of the age-adjusted maximal workload. Thereafter, workload was increased until maximal exercise capacity was reached. Platelet factor-4 (PF-4), beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG; marker for platelet activation), von-Willebrand-factor (vWF; marker for endothelial dysfunction), prothrombin fragment F1 + 2 (F1 + 2; marker for thrombin generation) and fibrinogen levels were determined throughout the study in all patients. RESULTS: Gas exchange variables, hemodynamic parameters and norepinephrine levels were comparable in the groups during moderate (45 +/- 5 W) and heavy exercise (198 +/- 38 W). In contrast to moderate exercise, PF-4 and beta-TG levels increased to 212 +/- 56% ( p < 0.05) and to 145 +/- 24% ( p < 0.05), respectively, in patients with AF during heavy exercise. In contrast, physical exercise had no significant effect on platelet activity in patients with sinus rhythm. Levels of vWF increased by delta24% ( p < 0.05) in all patients during maximal exercise, whereas F1 + 2 levels increased only in patients with sinus rhythm. CONCLUSIONS: Heavy physical activity increases platelet activity and vWF levels during AF, whereas moderate exercise has no procoagulatory effect. Coumarin therapy prevents exercise-induced thrombin generation only. Future studies are needed to prove the hypothesis that heavy physical exercise is a risk factor for thromboembolic events in patients with AF.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

[Clinical study on conducting physical exercise in lowering blood pressure of hypertensive patients and influencing their endocrine hormones].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of conducting physical exercise to lower blood pressure of hypertensive patients, relieve their symptoms and influence the cardiovascular endocrine hormone. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-five patients with II or III stage hypertension were divided into the experimental group and the control group and observed. The comparison of conditions before and after treatment, and between experimental and control groups was carried out. RESULTS: The effect in lowering blood pressure and relieving symptoms in the experimental group were obviously better than those in the control group, P < 0.05. Angiotensin-II (AT-II) level much reduced after the exercise experiment, P < 0.05. Peripheral renin activity (PRA) level had a tendency of reduction, but atrial natriuetic factor (ANF) and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-k-PGF1 alpha) showed a tendency of increasing. CONCLUSION: Physical exercise combined with medical treatment could control the symptoms of hypertensive patients, in some of them could gradually using the way of doing physical exercise to replace the hypotensive medicament, the effect of the combined treatment can be obtained within a month. The change of cardiovascular endocrine hormone indicated that the physical exercise can be helpful in lowering blood pressure and improving blood circulation in hypertensive patients.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗

PubMed1998

Cellular activation in response to physical exercise: the effect of platelets and granulocytes on monocyte reactivity.

After physical exercise monocytes have been shown to express more lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tissue factor activity compared with monocytes at rest. This is in contrast to LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production, which is reduced after physical exercise. Furthermore, LPS-induced tissue factor activity in monocytes at rest has been shown to be dependent on platelets and granulocytes, whereas LPS-induced TNF-alpha is not affected by these cells. The aim of the present study was to test how platelets and granulocytes affect LPS-induced tissue factor activity in monocytes observed after exercise. This was done by separating the different blood cells before and after exercise, followed by recombination of the cells in plasma and quantification of LPS-induced tissue factor activity in vitro. Two groups of subjects with different aerobic endurance levels were tested to reveal possible differences as a result of physical conditioning. The results of the present study showed that the major effect of exercise was associated with a change in the reactivity of monocytes themselves, since monocytes from blood samples taken after running recombined with platelets, and granulocytes showed the greatest increase in tissue factor activity. Platelets and granulocytes stressed by physical exercise had no further enhancing effect on LPS-induced tissue factor activity other than that observed at rest. The lowest LPS-induced tissue factor activity in all combinations of blood cells was found in athletes, compared with less trained subjects, both at rest and in response to exercise.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Fibrinopeptide A after strenuous physical exercise at high altitude.

To examine hemostasis after physical exercise at altitudes easily accessible to tourists by public transport, 20 young male volunteers were exposed to 3,457 m above sea level. Ten of them were subjected to an exhaustive exercise for about 8 min on a bicycle ergometer. The preexercise samples (n = 20) taken 1 h after arrival showed no significant alteration of coagulation compared with control values at 600 m. After the exercise the clotting times (P less than 0.001) and euglobulin lysis times (P less than 0.001) were shortened, whereas factor VIII activity (P less than 0.001) was elevated. There was, however, no significant difference in fibrinopeptide A levels between the exercise and the control group. Ethanol gelation test remained negative. We found no rise in fibrin(ogen) degradation products and fibrin(ogen) fragment E and thus conclude that there is no evidence for clinically relevant intravascular coagulation after short-term strenuous physical exercise at altitude.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

[Nutrition and physical exercise in diabetes mellitus].

Correct food intake and physical exercise, together with insulin or oral antidiabetics constitute the basic triad of diabetes treatment. The authors discuss the general rules of dietetic measures in diabetes and review the importance of physical exercise, its indications and limitations in the metabolic control of the diabetic subject.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Physiological mechanisms of the regulation of lipoprotein biosynthesis in liver during physical exercise and in different phases of the restoration period].

Changes in serum lipoprotein pattern and in total content of low density lipoproteins (LDL) and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) were studied in blood and liver tissues of rats during physical exercise and restoration. Physical training induced synthesis of liver lipoproteins, in particular of their protein components. An initial period of lipoprotein synthesis in the liver tissue was preceded by transient activation of lysosomes in hepatocytes and their translocation towards nuclei. When lysosome translocation was depressed by vinblastine or colchicine injected 1 h before the physical exercise, an increase in total amount of LDL and VLDL fractions in liver and blood could not be observed. The inhibition of lysosomal proteolytic activity by hordox also impaired an increase in blood and liver lipoproteins. The data obtained suggest that activation of lysosomes and their translocation towards nuclei are important for induction of lipoprotein synthesis in liver tissue during physical exercise.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

The collagen biomarker of aging can be influenced by physical exercise also in senescent rats.

The normal processes of aging lead gradually to impairment of the function of most organs and to a gradually increasing force of mortality. This can to some extent be counteracted by life-long physical exercise as evidenced by epidemiological studies. The same is seen in animal experiments, where the mean survival time but not the maximum lifespan is increased by life-long physical exercise. In previous studies we have shown that the with aging increasing thermal stability of collagen-a biomarker of aging-is slowed down by life-long physical exercise in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Here we investigate whether late onset physical exercise also has a beneficial effect on this biomarker of aging. We found that mild exercise (100m/day in a treadmill) retards the increase of thermal stability of collagen, when the rats are trained from 27 to 30 months of age. On the other hand more extensive exercise (400m/day from 24 to 27 and 200m/day from 27 to 30 months of age) has the opposite effect, which is in agreement with our previous study on rats trained from 12 to 24 months of age. We conclude that senescent rats can also benefit from physical exercise and that the optimum amount of training decreases with age.

Aging↗

PubMed2000

Mood and energy regulation in seasonal and non-seasonal depression before and after midday treatment with physical exercise or bright light.

The effects of two non-drug treatments (physical exercise and bright light) on mood, body weight and oxygen consumption were compared in age-matched groups of female subjects with winter depression, non-seasonal depression or without depression. It was found that oxygen consumption in the pre-treatment condition was similar in non-depressed subjects (n=18) and depressed non-seasonals (n=18), while comparatively lower values were obtained in winter depression (n=27). Neither mood nor metabolic parameters changed significantly in the group of nine untreated winter depressives. One week of physical exercise (1-h pedaling on a bicycle ergometer between 13.00 and 14.00 h) increased oxygen consumption in the group of nine winter depressives and lowered oxygen consumption in nine-subject groups of depressed and non-depressed non-seasonals. One week of bright light treatment (2-h exposure to 2500 lux between 14.00 and 16.00 h) increased oxygen consumption in nine winter depressives and nine non-depressed subjects, while no significant change in oxygen consumption was found in nine subjects with non-seasonal depression. Weight loss was observed in the groups treated with physical exercise and in the group of light-treated winter depressives. Winter depression responded equally well to exercising and light, while a significant therapeutic difference in favor of exercising was found in non-seasonal depression. Overall, the results of the study suggest that energy-regulating systems are implicated in the antidepressant action of the non-drug treatments.

Body Weight↗

PubMed1994

Physical exercise and reduced risk of breast cancer in young women.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic evidence strongly suggests that cumulative exposure to ovarian hormones is a determinant of breast cancer risk. Because physical activity can modify menstrual cycle patterns and alter the production of ovarian hormones, it may reduce breast cancer risk; yet few epidemiologic studies have assessed this relationship. PURPOSE: The major objective of this study was to determine whether young women (aged 40 and younger) who regularly participated in physical exercise activities during their reproductive years had a reduced risk of breast cancer. METHODS: Using a case-control design, we conducted personal interviews of a total of 545 women (aged 40 and younger at diagnosis) who had been newly diagnosed with in situ or invasive breast cancer between July 1, 1983, and January 1, 1989, and a total of 545 control subjects. Case patients and control subjects were individually matched on date of birth (within 36 months), race (white), parity (nulliparous versus parous), and neighborhood of residence. Lifetime histories of participation in physical exercise activities on a regular basis were obtained during the personal interview. RESULTS: After adjustment for potential confounding factors, we found that the average number of hours spent in physical exercise activities per week from menarche to 1 year prior to the case patient's diagnosis was a significant predictor of reduced breast cancer risk (two-sided P for trend < .0001). The odds ratio (OR) of breast cancer among women who, on average, spent 3.8 or more hours per week participating in physical exercise activities was 0.42 (95% confidence limits [CLs] = 0.27, 0.64) relative to inactive women. The effect was stronger among women who had had a full-term pregnancy. Comparing most active (> or = 3.8 hours/wk of exercise) women to inactive women, the ORs were 0.28 (95% CL = 0.16, 0.50) for parous and 0.73 (95% CL = 0.38, 1.41) for nulliparous women. CONCLUSIONS: Most previously identified risk factors for breast cancer are reproductive and menstrual events that cannot be readily altered. The protective effect of exercise on breast cancer risk in the women whom we studied suggests that physical activity offers one modifiable lifestyle characteristic that may substantially reduce a woman's lifetime risk of breast cancer. IMPLICATIONS: Whether the protective effects of exercise on breast cancer risk are due to alterations in ovarian function and whether they extend into women's menopausal years need to be established. Our results suggest that implementation of regular physical exercise programs as a critical component of a healthy lifestyle should be a high priority for adolescent and adult women.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Physical exercise and psychological well-being: a population study in Finland.

BACKGROUND: Regular physical exercise has been characterized as a positive health behavior having physiological benefits. It may also yield psychological benefits. The purpose of the present study was therefore to explore the association between physical exercise frequency and a number of measures of psychological well-being in a large population-based sample. METHODS: A total of 3403 participants (1856 women and 1547 men) of the Finnish cardiovascular risk factor survey, ranging in age between 25 and 64, completed questionnaires. Besides answering questions concerning their exercise habits and perceived health and fitness, the participants also completed the Beck Depression Inventory, the State-Trait Anger Scale, the Cynical Distrust Scale, and the Sense of Coherence inventory. RESULTS: The results of this cross-sectional study suggest that individuals who exercised at least two to three times a week experienced significantly less depression, anger, cynical distrust, and stress than those exercising less frequently or not at all. Furthermore, regular exercisers perceived their health and fitness to be better than less frequent exercisers did. Finally, those who exercised at least twice a week reported higher levels of sense of coherence and a stronger feeling of social integration than their less frequently exercising counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate a consistent association between enhanced psychological well-being, as measured using a variety of psychological inventories, and regular physical exercise.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Impact of physical exercises on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of students].

The paper deals with the impact of physical classes at a higher educational establishment on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of students. First- and second-year students who did physical exercises in accordance with the curriculum and fourth-year students who did not were followed up. Blood pressure and heart rate before and after exercise and the maximum oxygen consumption were used as parameters that characterized the state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. No physical exercises in third- and fourth-year students were shown to negatively affect their cardiorespiratory system. The current introduction of physical exercises at all courses of higher educational establishments is positively appreciated.

Adolescent↗