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PubMed1987

The prevalence of cleft lip and palate in the Japanese: their birth prevalence in 40,304 infants born during 1982.

To determine the prevalence of cleft lip and palate (CL/P) among the Japanese, 40,304 infants born between Jan. 1, 1982, and Dec. 31, 1982, were investigated. Eighty-three infants (0.206%) were found with these abnormalities in approximately 2.06/1000 live births. Among fifty-two infants in whom it was possible to classify the types of cleft, seventeen (32.7%) had cleft lip only (CL), twenty-four (46.1%) had cleft lip and palate (CLP), and eleven (21.2%) had isolated cleft palate (CP).

Cleft Lip↗
PubMed2000

The prevalence of alcohol, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines and stimulants amongst injured drivers and their role in driver culpability: part ii: the relationship between drug prevalence and drug concentration, and driver culpability.

Blood samples from 2,500 injured drivers were analysed for alcohol, cannabinoids (measured by the presence of THC), benzodiazepines and stimulants. The relationship between the prevalence and concentration of drugs and the culpability of the driver was examined using an objective method for assessing culpability. There were no significant differences between males and females with respect to culpability. However, there was a relationship between age and culpability: drivers under 26 years and over 60 years were more likely to be culpable. Drivers who tested positive for alcohol only, benzodiazepines only and the combinations of alcohol and THC and alcohol and benzodiazepines were significantly more likely to be culpable for the crash compared with the drug-free group. Conversely, a lower percentage of drivers who only tested positive for THC were culpable for the crash compared with drug-free drivers. This difference was not statistically significant. For car drivers in single-vehicle crashes, the majority of drivers were judged culpable irrespective of drug use. In multiple-vehicle crashes, car drivers testing positive for alcohol only or benzodiazepines only were more likely to be culpable for the crash compared with drug-free drivers. For motorcycle riders in both single- and multiple-vehicle crashes, there were no significant differences between the drug-positive and drug-free groups. A higher percentage of drug-free riders in multiple-vehicle crashes were culpable compared with riders who only tested positive for THC, but this difference was not statistically significant. There was a significant concentration-dependent relationship between alcohol and culpability: as blood alcohol concentration increased, so did the percentage of culpable drivers. When THC was used alone, there was no significant increase in culpability. For those drivers with benzodiazepines at therapeutic concentrations and above, there was a significant increase in culpability. The relationship between stimulants and culpability was not significant, although a higher proportion of stimulant-positive drivers were culpable compared with drug-free drivers. The combinations of alcohol and THC, and alcohol and benzodiazepines also produced a significant increase in culpability, but this increase was not significantly greater than that produced by alcohol alone.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1989

National survey of the prevalence and risk factors of glaucoma in St. Lucia, West Indies. Part I. Prevalence findings.

Although blacks appear to be at higher risk for blindness from glaucoma, there is little information available on the epidemiology of this disease in this population. Using a cluster sampling technique with systematic allocation of clusters, the authors conducted a national survey of black individuals 30 years of age and older, in St. Lucia. A total of 1679 individuals underwent a screening examination that included visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement, and cup/disc (C/D) evaluation. Every third person had a screening field on the Humphrey field analyzer. Individuals with either elevated IOP, abnormal C/D ratio, or an abnormal screening visual field were referred for a definitive examination and threshold visual fields. A total of 520 people were referred. Identified by stringent criteria for the diagnosis of glaucoma, which required reliable threshold visual fields abnormal by the mirror image method, 147 individuals had glaucoma for a prevalence of 8.8% in the 30 years of age and older population.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The European Childhood Obesity Group (ECOG) project: the European collaborative study on the prevalence of obesity in children.

During the European Congress on Obesity held in Barcelona in 1996, the European Childhood Obesity Group (ECOG) proposed a study designed to estimate the prevalence of obesity by country. An overview of existing systems revealed that most countries have no suitable structure in place for the determination of obesity in children and that the most practical sources of samples would be the school systems. A protocol was drawn up for these countries, whereas for those countries already collecting data, guidelines were defined to clarify the criteria allowing inclusion in the common analysis. The target population is 7-9-y-old children. The study design consists of separate cross-sectional population studies by country with a cluster probability sample of 2000 children attending primary school. The minimum common data will be age, weight, height, and hip, thigh, and waist circumferences. The participating countries will be encouraged to collect harmonized data on social indicators, lifestyle, diet, physical activity, and anthropometric measures of the parents. Children will be measured either by centrally based traveling examiners or, in countries with limited resources, by local staff. Each country will computerize its own data and send a copy to a center responsible for the common analysis. The main analysis will be of body mass index distribution in children from the different populations and determination of the proportion of children with a BMI above the 90th percentile of a common reference population. Members of the ECOG in 14 European countries have confirmed their interest in the project.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1979

The prevalence of middle ear disease among learning impaired children. Does a higher prevalence indicate an association?

The prevalence of middle ear disease among children who are educationally classified as learning disabled as compared to that found in normal children is discussed. A higher incidence of middle ear pathology was found among the learning impaired children. The potentially hazardous effects that middle ear disease can have upon academic and linguistic development are emphasized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Smoke exposure is associated with a lower prevalence of serum thyroid autoantibodies and thyrotropin concentration elevation and a higher prevalence of mild thyrotropin concentration suppression in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III).

Few modifiable exposures influencing autoimmune thyroid disease have been identified. Studies evaluating cigarette smoke and thyroid disorders have yielded conflicting results. The relationship between smoking and thyroid abnormalities was evaluated in the 1988-1994 Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), a cross-sectional study that used a complex, multistage, stratified, clustered sampling approach to reflect the entire noninstitutionalized United States population. Among 18,148 persons who underwent thyroid testing, data regarding age, gender, iodine status, smoke exposure, and thyroid tests were complete for 16,046 persons. After excluding those taking thyroid-altering medications, 15,592 remaining subjects were analyzed. Subjects with serum cotinine levels greater than 15 ng/ml were classified as smokers. Outcome measures included the presence of 1) antithyroperoxidase antibody levels of 0.5 IU/ml or more or antithyroglobulin antibody levels of 1.0 IU/ml or more, 2) TSH concentration greater than 4.5 mU/liter, 3) TSH concentration less than 0.1 mU/liter, and 4) TSH concentration of 0.1-0.4 mU/liter. Fewer smokers (11%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = [10-13%]) had thyroid autoantibodies compared with nonsmokers (18%, 95% CI = [17-19%]). Prevalence in smokers after adjustment for age, gender, race-ethnicity, and iodine status was 13%, 95% CI = [12-15%]. Fewer smokers (2.6%, 95% CI = [2.0-3.2%]) had elevated TSH compared with nonsmokers (5.5%, 95% CI = [4.7-6.3%]). The adjusted rate in smokers was 3.4%, 95% CI = [2.6-4.3%]). Among persons with thyroid autoantibodies, smokers had 40% lower odds of TSH elevation compared with nonsmokers (adjusted odds ratio [95% CI] = 0.6 [0.4-0.97]). Among persons without TSH elevation, smoke exposure was associated with 200% greater odds of low normal TSH 0.1-0.4 mU/liter (adjusted odds ratio [95% CI] = 2.0 [1.3-2.9]). Smoking appears to be negatively associated with serological evidence of thyroid autoimmunity and hypothyroidism and positively associated with mild TSH decreases. Eliminating smoke exposure may help prevent the low normal TSH measurements that are characteristic of mild hyperthyroidism. Understanding the underlying mechanism could help identify potential pathways for the prevention of autoimmune thyroid disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Prevalence and persistence of Brucella abortus strain 19 infections and prevalence of other biotypes in vaccinated adult dairy cattle.

The prevalence and persistence of Brucella abortus strain 19 shedding from the udder were studied in adult cattle in infected dairy herds that were vaccinated by 4 methods. Specimens were cultured from 1,736 cows in 55 vaccinated herds. Of the 744 brucella isolates, 98 were strain 19 and were from cattle in 25 of the herds. Shedding was highest among conjunctival vaccinates (1.4%) and higher in those given the standard subcutaneous dose (0.83%) than in those given a reduced subcutaneous dose (0.45%). Isolations were not made from intradermally vaccinated cattle. The persistence of strain 19 shedding was related to the length of time after the initial isolation. Approximately 20% of the shedders that remained in the herds were seropositive 13-18 months later. Cattle were selected for bacteriologic studies largely on positive results of rivanol or complement-fixation tests inasmuch as the card and tube agglutination tests were unreliable. Of the 646 field strain isolates, 95.8% were biotype 1, 2.5% were biotype 2, and 1.7% were biotype 4.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The incidence and prevalence of AIDS and prevalence of other severe HIV disease in England and Wales for 1995 to 1999: projections using data to the end of 1994.

Projections of the future incidence of AIDS cases are needed for planning purposes, to help set research priorities, and to describe the most likely pattern of transmission of HIV infection in the past that underlies the observed and projected incidence of AIDS. Earlier reports of projections for England and Wales were published in 1988, 1990, and 1993. During 1995 a group of experts has worked, using AIDS case reports to the end of December 1994, to make new projections to the end of 1999. The expert group concludes that, after adjustment for underreporting, there will be between 1840 and 2300 new cases of AIDS in England and Wales in 1997, and between 1760 and 2455 new AIDS cases in 1999. For planning purposes, a figure of 2025 new AIDS cases is projected for 1997, and 2010 for 1999. The planning projections for new AIDS cases in 1997 and 1999 among the main exposure categories, after adjustment for underreporting, are as follows: homo/bisexual males 1305 and 1235, people exposed heterosexually 490 and 525, and injecting drug users 140 and 155. Between 1995 and 1999, it is expected that new AIDS cases may fall by 7% in homo/bisexual males, and rise by 25% in the heterosexual exposure category and by 29% in injecting drug users. The incidence of AIDS in the children of mothers infected with HIV is expected to rise steadily from 30 new cases in 1994 to 45 in 1997 and 55 in 1999. New cases in recipients of contaminated blood or blood factors are expected to fall to 35 in 1997 and 30 in 1999, compared with a peak 10 years earlier of over 70 new cases each year. It is projected that 4010 AIDS cases will be alive in England and Wales at the end of 1999, and that the same number of people will be alive with other forms of severe HIV disease. Since 1989 the proportion of reported AIDS cases who live in the NHS Thames regions has remained constant at between 70% and 75%. We expect this concentration of AIDS cases in the south east, particularly within London, to remain unchanged. Compared with the report published in June 1993, the planning projections for 1997 are 37% lower for cases acquired heterosexually, and the upper boundary of the range in this exposure category has fallen from 1140 to 495. The reduction in the planning projection has resulted from a substantial decline in the rate of increase in the number of new AIDS cases arising each year from heterosexual exposure. The range of uncertainty has narrowed largely because more extensive seroprevalence data are now available. For homo/bisexual males, the planning projection for 1997 has fallen by 3%, because the 1993 report presented an over optimistic view of the extent to which patients received treatment and prophylaxis before the onset of AIDS, since such management became available in 1988. Unlike the 1993 working group, the 1995 working group has access to data from several years on the uptake of treatment and prophylaxis given before the diagnosis of AIDS. It is estimated that about 21,900 adults (range 20,400 to 23,400) were infected with HIV in England and Wales at the end of 1993. This total includes 12,350 who had been infected through male homosexual exposure, 2050 men and women infected through injecting drug use, 6800 men and women infected through heterosexual exposure, and about 3000 adults alive with AIDS. Various data indicate that HIV transmission among homo/bisexual men has been substantial since 1989. Use of data from the unlinked anonymous HIV prevalence monitoring programme suggest that between 500 and 1000 HIV infections due to homosexual male exposure occurred each year in 1992 and 1993. Should HIV transmission continue at this level, a high incidence of AIDS within the homo/bisexual male community will be inevitable for many more years. Most HIV infections and AIDS cases due to heterosexual exposure are thought to have been acquired abroad. The future of the epidemic in this exposure category is therefore unclear.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of silent myocardial ischemia in persons with diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance and association of hemoglobin A1c with prevalence of silent myocardial ischemia.

Silent myocardial ischemia detected by exercise treadmill or pharmacologic sestamibi stress testing was present in 67 of 196 patients (34%) who had diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance and in 89 of 640 patients (14%) who had normal glucose tolerance (p <0.001). Among those who had diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance, silent myocardial ischemia was present in 27 of 54 patients (50%) who had a hemoglobin A1c level > or =7.6% and in 39 of 137 patients (28%) with a hemoglobin A1c level <7.6% (p <0.005).

Biomarkers↗
PubMed2002

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in high prevalence of tuberculosis and low prevalence of HIV.

The authors' data show a higher rate of pleural and meningeal involvement among extrapulmonary TB cases than expected by previous works. Special attention should be given to tuberculous meningitis cases among all extrapulmonary TB cases because of its high mortality rate. The most common extrapulmonary involvement is pleural. Pleural involvement is most common among the young male military service personnel. These data underscore the importance of determining pleural involvement among extrapulmonary TB cases and emphasize the need to consider clinic and epidemiologic differences in the diagnosis and evaluation of extrapulmonary TB. Finally, it seems unlikely that HIV infection currently has a role in the cause of extrapulmonary TB in the authors' region.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The prevalence of doping in Flanders in comparison to the prevalence of doping in international sports.

For many years, doping has been considered a major problem in sports. Recent doping cases have shocked the general public and press reports have further generated the idea that a great number of athletes are doped. In this study statistical data provided by the International Olympic Committee (1996 - 2000) to IOC accredited laboratories and results from the Flemish anti-doping program (1993 - 2000) are discussed. During these periods, the average percentage positive samples in the IOC accredited laboratories and in Flanders were 1.8 % and 4.1 %, respectively. The percentage of positive samples was significantly higher for in-competition than for out-of-competition samples. During the period 1993 - 2000, doping was detected in all sports in Flanders, for which a representative number of samples (n > 50) was tested except mini-soccer, where no positive doping samples were found. The use of doping among male athletes is significantly higher than for female athletes. Bodybuilding and power lifting had the highest incidence of positive cases in Flanders. The distribution of detected drugs among the different groups of prohibited substances shows a significant increase in the number of samples containing cannabis over the last years. The occurrence of cannabis in all sports and the high frequency of detection in Flanders, indicate that cannabis is predominantly misused as a "social" drug rather than for doping purposes. In Flanders, multiple prohibited substances were detected in 41 % of all positive cases. At least 27.6 % out of those were due to co-administration of drugs.

Belgium↗
PubMed2001

Antimicrobial resistance prevalence rates in hospital antibiograms reflect prevalence rates among pathogens associated with hospital-acquired infections.

To determine whether routine antibiograms (summaries reporting resistance of all tested isolates) reflect resistance rates among pathogens associated with hospital-acquired infections, we compared data collected from 2 different surveillance components in the same 166 intensive care units (ICUs). ICUs reported data during the same months to both the infection-based surveillance and the laboratory-based surveillance. Paired comparisons of the percentage of isolates resistant were made between systems within each ICU. No significant differences existed (P>.05) between the percentage of isolates resistant from the infection-based system and laboratory-based system for all antimicrobial-resistant organisms studied, except methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus species. The mean difference in percentage resistance was higher from the infection-based system than the laboratory-based system for S. aureus (mean difference, +8%, P<.001) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (mean difference, +9%, P<.001). Overall, hospital antibiograms reflected susceptibility patterns among isolates associated with hospital-acquired infections. Hospital antibiograms may underestimate the relative frequency of methicillin resistance among Staphylococcus species when associated with hospital-acquired infections.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1995

Helicobacter pylori associated with a high prevalence of duodenal ulcer disease and a low prevalence of gastric cancer in a developing nation.

This study examines the relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer--in particular, the presence or absence of bacteria, the grading of gastritis, and the degree of inflammation in the antral and oxyntic mucosae. The grading of gastritis and the detection of H pylori were determined by histology using the Sydney system. Of the 1006 patients examined, 34.5% had duodenal ulcer disease, 3.5% gastric ulcer disease, and 2% with coexistent ulceration. Most patients (50.2%) were classified as having non-ulcer dyspepsia. Altogether 2.4% of patients had gastric cancer and two further patients had carcinoma in the gastric stump. Of the ulcer disease patients, 87.2% had histological evidence of H pylori infection. After patients who had taken antibiotics or bismuth compounds in the preceding four weeks were excluded, 98.9% of the duodenal ulcer disease, 100% of the gastric ulcer disease, and 100% of the coexistent ulcer disease patients had evidence of H pylori infection. In patients with gastric cancer who had not taken antimicrobial agents in the four weeks before endoscopy, 83.3% had evidence of H pylori infection. Thus, there was a high rate of duodenal ulcer disease and a low rate of gastric ulcer disease in southern China, an area of low gastric cancer mortality. There was a specific topographical relationship between H pylori, the histological response, and gastroduodenal disease. Our data suggest that the status of a nation as either 'developed' or 'developing' can not be used to predict the upper gastrointestinal disease profile of its population.

Adolescent↗