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Results for “Prevention”

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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources

PubMed1996

[The hospital, a site for prevention? From prevention of drug dependence to general drug promotion].

1. Hospital centres should develop into pilot centres of health promotion. This would require hospitals to undergo a change in their self-awareness and self-understanding. The target groups of health prevention measures are the co-workers and staff, patients and hospital visitors. 2. Prevention of addiction should be integrated into an overall health promotion concept. 3. Prevention of addiction and dependence should cover all psychoactive substances, not only alcohol. Alcohol dependence prevention programmes should not be unhesitatingly transposed to drug medication and drugs causing addiction. 4. Primary prevention must focus on preventing addiction by measures that are person-related, workplace-related and employer-related, as well as on measures preventing that addictive substances are within easy reach of the patients.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed1998

[Can sports injuries be prevented? Troubling shortage of controlled trials on the effects of prevention].

A review of literature on the prevention of sports injuries shows many preventive measures to have been suggested, but few clinical trials to have been performed. A database search yielded only seven prospective, randomised studies, of which two showed soccer and running injuries to be preventable using a combination of preventive measures. Other clinical trials have shown it possible to prevent certain types of injury in other sports as well. The use of prophylactic ankle stabilisers and/or proprioceptive ankle disc training to reduce the incidence of ankle sprain is well documented. Of two studies presenting preventive measures to reduce the incidence of knee ligament injuries, one showed the risk of knee sprain in American football to be reducible by means of a knee brace, and the other that the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer could be reduced by proprioceptive training. Several commonly used preventive measures, such as stretching, taping, mental training and controlled rehabilitation, still await further documentation or the scrutiny of a clinical trial.

Athletic Injuries↗

PubMed2000

Community interventions for preventing smoking in young people.

BACKGROUND: Decisions to smoke are made within a broad social context. Community interventions use co-ordinated, widespread, multi-component programmes to try and influence behaviour. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of community interventions in preventing the uptake of smoking in young people. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Tobacco Addiction group specialised register, Medline and 21 other health, psychology and public policy electronic databases were searched, the bibliographies of identified studies were checked and contact was made with content area specialists. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and non randomised controlled trials that assessed the effectiveness of multi-component community interventions compared to no intervention or to single component or school-based programmes only. Reported outcomes had to include smoking behaviour in young people under the age of 25 years. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Information relating to the characteristics and the content of community interventions, participants, outcomes and methods of the study was extracted by one reviewer and checked by a second. Studies were combined using qualitative narrative synthesis. MAIN RESULTS: Thirteen studies were included in the review, 44 studies did not meet all of the inclusion criteria. All studies used a controlled trial design, with four using random allocation of schools or communities. Of nine studies which compared community interventions to no intervention controls, two, which were part of cardiovascular disease prevention programmes, reported lower smoking prevalence. Of three studies comparing community interventions to school-based programmes only, one found differences in reported smoking prevalence. One study reported a lower rate of increase in prevalence in a community receiving a multi-component intervention compared to a community exposed to a mass media campaign alone. One study reported a significant difference in smoking prevalence between a group receiving a media, school and homework intervention compared to a group receiving the media component only REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There is some limited support for the effectiveness of community interventions in helping prevent the uptake of smoking in young people.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2007

Evaluation results of the CDC/ASPH Institute for HIV Prevention Leadership: a capacity-building educational program for HIV prevention program managers.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this research was to evaluate changes over time in the capacity of participants of the CDC/ASPH Institute for HIV Prevention Leadership (Institute), a capacity-building program for HIV prevention program managers in minority-based, community-based organizations. Capacity was defined as the application of new skills and knowledge to participants' jobs and confidence in using those new skills and knowledge to strategically manage and apply "best practices" to their HIV prevention activities. METHODS: This is a longitudinal study involving measuring scholar capacity at three points in time: pre-Institute, post-Institute, and 6 months' post-Institute. Only responses from participants who completed all three surveys are included in this final analysis of the data (N = 94). RESULTS: Results indicate that participants from 3 years of the Institute (2002-2004) increased their capacity in HIV prevention programming and strategic planning and management. Significant changes were seen in the frequency and self-efficacy with which participants conduct several HIV prevention programming activities. Participants also reported conducting strategic planning activities at more appropriate intervals and were significantly more confident in conducting these activities. CONCLUSION: The Institute has positively and significantly increased the capacity of participants to conduct more effective HIV prevention programs on a national level.

Administrative Personnel↗

PubMed2001

The public health perspective in health promotion and disability prevention for older adults: the role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

As the United States federal public health agency, the role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in health promotion and disability prevention with older adults encompasses research, surveillance and program activities in aging. This article characterizes the objectives and context of prevention in later life and summarizes CDCs functions, collaborative partnerships with public health agencies and other organizations, and range of activities in older adult health. As a major focus of these efforts, chronic disease risk reduction is examined through CDC's efforts in the area of physical activity; a longitudinal investigation of osteoarthritis in an older biracial rural population; and chronic illness self-management programs as a prototype for secondary prevention. Other CDC activities highlighted include addressing the burden of vaccine-preventable diseases through CDC-funded programs to improve immunization coverage in older adults, and falls prevention interventions and resources. Future directions in aging at CDC are also outlined.

Accidental Falls↗

PubMed1994

Prevention of folic acid-preventable spina bifida and anencephaly.

The results of the British Medical Research Council's randomized controlled trial proved that folic acid can prevent spina bifida and anencephaly. The trial provided critical scientific data upon which to base public health policy for preventing folic acid-preventable spina bifida and anencephaly. Within weeks of publication of the results, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the US developed and issued guidelines for women who had had a pregnancy affected by spina bifida or anencephaly. A year later, the US Public Health Service issued the recommendation that all women of child-bearing age who are capable of becoming pregnant should consume 0.4 mg of folic acid per day. The Public Health Service needed a year to make inferential judgements about dose, target groups, safety, timing of ingestion, and existing and proposed vitamin and drug policies and regulations. Current policy discussions concern whether to permit manufacturers of vitamins or food products to claim that folic acid will prevent folic acid-preventable spina bifida and anencephaly and whether to allow a food staple to be fortified with folic acid.

Anencephaly↗

PubMed2004

Physicians' roles in preventing dental caries in preschool children: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.

CONTEXT: Almost 20% of children aged 2 to 5 years have untreated dental caries. Physician interventions to prevent and manage dental caries in preschool children could help address this common problem. OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence for effectiveness of five possible physician interventions- (1) screening and risk assessment, (2) referral, (3) provision of dietary supplemental fluoride, (4) application of fluoride varnish, and (5) counseling-for the prevention of dental caries for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. DATA SOURCES: Articles from 1966 to 2001 addressing the effectiveness of primary care clinicians' interventions to prevent or manage dental caries were identified in MEDLINE. The evidence for effectiveness of supplemental fluorides, fluoride varnish, and counseling for caries prevention performed by dental personnel was also examined through existing and new systematic reviews. DATA SYNTHESIS: For most key questions related to the five interventions, the evidence for primary care clinician effectiveness was rated as poor owing to the scarcity of studies. Ten surveys of physicians' knowledge and behavior about fluoride supplementation provided fair evidence, suggesting that supplementation decisions were often made without consideration of other fluoride exposures. Reviews of the dental literature identified fair evidence supporting the effectiveness of both fluoride supplements and varnish, although information describing effectiveness and adverse outcomes of supplementation with the most recent dosage schedule is not available. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence for the effectiveness of traditionally recommended primary care clinician interventions (screening, referral, counseling) to prevent dental caries in preschool children is lacking. There is fair evidence for the effectiveness of two fluoride-based interventions (fluoride supplementation and varnish) applicable in primary care practice. However, there is also fair evidence indicating that physicians' consideration of fluoride exposure is incomplete, thus increasing the risk for fluorosis among those prescribed supplements.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed2005

PREVENT: a program of the National Training Initiative on Injury and Violence Prevention.

Training practitioners to use evidence-based approaches to the primary prevention of violence is challenging as a result of the dearth of well-evaluated intervention programs and the lack of familiarity of some practitioners in drawing critically on existing literature. An element of the National Training Initiative in Injury and Violence Prevention, the PREVENT (Preventing Violence Through Education, Networking, and Technical Assistance) program began in late 2003 to train practitioners to address multiple types of violence by encouraging more widespread use of evidence-based approaches to primary prevention. It is intended to reach practitioners involved in addressing violence against women, sexual violence, child maltreatment, youth violence, and suicide in varied community settings. The program uses a combination of varied types of face-to-face training and distance learning coupled with opportunities for networking and technical assistance. Ultimately the program intends to stimulate and facilitate changes in individual, organizational, and cultural awareness and practices fostering primary prevention of violence. The project employs formative, process, and impact evaluation techniques aimed at improving delivery of the training as well as tracking changes in individual and organizations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Support in suicidal crises: the Swedish National Program to Develop Suicide Prevention. The Swedish National Council for Suicide Prevention.

The Swedish National Program to Develop Suicide Prevention was created through collaboration between the National Board of Health and Welfare, the National Institute of Public Health, and the Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention. These institutions aim to provide joint support for the development of suicide prevention in Sweden by, for example, encouraging educational and development project. The program was signed for the National Council for Suicide Prevention by Agneta Dreber, Director-General, National Institute of Public Health; Danula Wasserman, Professor of Psychiatry and Suicidology, Head, National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention; and Claes Ortendahl, Director-General, National Board of Health and Welfare. This article, edited by Jan Beskow, Professor of Psychiatry at the Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, is an abridged version submitted to Crisis at the request of the Editors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Provision of prevention to adults in NHS dental practices and attitudes to prevention.

AIMS: To identify the number of claims reported by the Dental Practice Board (DPB) for the three adult preventive codes for the year ending October 2002 in Wales. To identify the attitudes of practitioners to the use of these codes. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study using routinely gathered DPB data and data generated by a postal questionnaire. SAMPLE: All DPB claims for the 12 months ending October 2002. A randomised sample of 400 dentists currently practising in Wales for the postal questionnaire. RESULTS: The DPB data showed great variation across Wales for: the number, type and distribution of preventive code claims; the age and payment status of patients prescribed these treatments; and the proportion of male versus female dentists claiming for the codes. The questionnaire response rate was 67% (n = 267). The results showed that most respondents were deterred by the restrictions on the codes, insufficient reimbursement and a perceived unwillingness of patients to pay for preventive care. CONCLUSION: Few dentists provide preventive care to adults under the existing remuneration system. Work is necessary to enable dentists to use effective preventive techniques for adult patients. These results can be considered to show the baseline provision of prevention and could facilitate the evaluation of any changes to the current system.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

[Observance of legal preventive measures and implications for a comprehensive prevention law].

The observance and realisation of a variety of prevention laws in different spheres was analysed to deal more extensively with the problem of a new comprehensive prevention law. The analysis was based on a study of the literature and on invited statements by experts, as well as on interviews conducted according to guidelines. The observance and implication of existing laws by statutory bodies differs noticeably according to prevailing traditions and individual interpretations of key concepts. In all the spheres we noticed a potential for supporting and optimising prevention. The mandatory next step would be to standardise the plethora of terms and to discuss the understanding of prevention. It is also imperative to realise on-target cooperation, to define the tasks to be accomplished, and to determine to whom they should be delegated. The financing procedure must also be determined. Modification and supplementation of existing laws would be meaningful in some cases. A new specific and comprehensive prevention law would increase the status of prevention in the German public health system and link up the involved institutions more effectively.

Comprehensive Health Care↗

PubMed2005

From treatment to prevention: the interplay between HIV/AIDS treatment availability and HIV/AIDS prevention programming in Khayelitsha, South Africa.

There is a paucity of research that illustrates the interplay between HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention programs. We describe the central role that public access to antiretroviral (ARV) medication has played in the development and efficacy of HIV/AIDS prevention programming in Khayelitsha, a resource-poor township in the Western Cape of South Africa. We document the range of preventive interventions and services available in Khayelitsha since the early 1990s and explore the impact of ARV availability on prevention efforts and disease stigma on the basis of extensive indepth interviews, supplemented by data collection. The information gathered suggests that the introduction of the mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) prevention programs in 1999 and the three HIV treatment clinics run by Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) in 2000 were turning points in the region's response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. These programs have provided incentives for HIV testing, galvanized HIV/AIDS educators to reach populations most at risk, and decreased the HIV incidence rates in Khayeltisha compared to other areas in the Western Cape. Lessons learned in Khayelitsha about the value of treatment availability in facilitating prevention efforts can inform the development of comprehensive approaches to HIV/AIDS in other resource-poor areas.

Anti-HIV Agents↗

PubMed1995

Epidemiological feasibility of cardiovascular primary prevention in general practice: a trial of vitamin E and aspirin. Collaborative group of the Primary Prevention Project.

BACKGROUND: Antioxidant and antiplatelet drugs might help prevent the progression of atherosclerosis or its thrombotic consequences as adjuncts to specific treatment of cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: Primary health care may be the ideal setting for screening people at risk, for monitoring the evolution of risk factors and for minimizing their clinical consequences. We therefore estimated the fraction of the general population who would be suitable candidates for preventive strategies because of the presence of at least one known cardiovascular risk factor. We used an ad-hoc protocol in a random sample of people aged 50-75 years who consulted their general practitioner for any reason over a predefined 2-week period. RESULTS: Complete information was available for 2522 participants (94.3% of 2674 patients screened by 91 general practitioners), 44.8% male and 55.2% female, with a mean +/- SD age of 62.2 +/- 6.7 years. Of these, 1977 (78.4%) had at least one of the recognized cardiovascular risk factors (arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, obesity, a family history of myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus). Half of the study population had two or more risk factors, and one-third had a single one. On the assumption that vitamin E and aspirin are an attractive basis for a clinical trial of primary prevention strategies, we evaluated the fraction of the population at risk who would be suitable for recruitment. Exclusion criteria reduced this fraction to 50.2% (992 out of 1977) of eligible patients. General exclusion criteria were present in 501 (25.3%), indications for aspirin in 428 (21.6%) and contraindications to aspirin in 526 patients (26.6%). Because no contraindications to vitamin E are known, three-quarters of the exclusion criteria used applied to aspirin treatment only; this implies that a larger fraction of the population at risk would be suitable for testing the efficacy of vitamin E or other preventive strategies. CONCLUSION: The large proportion of candidates for cardiovascular prevention within the general population (992 out of 2522, 39.3%) and the reliability of the general practitioners' participation in the study supported the feasibility of clinical tests of preventive strategies in primary health care.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Ensuring quality preventive care: the Texas Department of Health's Put Prevention into Practice initiative.

In the current public health arena, assurance of quality clinical preventive services to all populations will be possible only if collaborations are nurtured between public health and the private sector health care delivery systems. This article explores key preventive health programs that serve as the historical context for the evolution of the Texas Department of Health-Put Prevention Into Practice (TDH-PPIP) initiative, outlines documented barriers to implementation of preventive services in primary care, and reviews national public health programs launched to reduce these barriers. Lastly, a discussion regarding the joint responsibilities of the public health and the private sector professionals in assuring quality preventive services to all populations is initiated. Collaborative efforts, such as the TDH-PPIP, initiative improve the availability and quality of clinical preventive services and, thus, result in significant advances in the public health goal of ensuring conditions in which people can be healthy.

Delivery of Health Care↗

PubMed2005

Development of a common outcome data set for fall injury prevention trials: the Prevention of Falls Network Europe consensus.

The prevention of injury associated with falls in older people is a public health target in many countries around the world. Although there is good evidence that interventions such as multifactorial fall prevention and individually prescribed exercise are effective in reducing falls, the effect on serious injury rates is unclear. Historically, trials have not been adequately powered to detect injury endpoints, and variations in case definition across trials have hindered meta-analysis. It is possible that fall-prevention strategies have limited effect on falls that result in injuries or are ineffective in populations who are at a higher risk of injury. Further research is required to determine whether fall-prevention interventions can reduce serious injuries. Prevention of Falls Network Europe (ProFaNE) is a collaborative project to reduce the burden of fall injury in older people through excellence in research and promotion of best practice (www.profane.eu.org). The European Commission funds the network, which links clinicians, members of the public, and researchers worldwide. The aims are to identify major gaps in knowledge in fall injury prevention and to facilitate the collaboration necessary for large-scale clinical research activity, including clinical trials, comparative research, and prospective meta-analysis. Work is being undertaken in a 4-year program. As a first step, the development of a common set of outcome definitions and measures for future trials or meta-analysis was considered.

Accidental Falls↗

PubMed2005

Child maltreatment prevention priorities at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

The Division of Violence Prevention at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Center for Injury Prevention and Control has had a long-standing interest in the prevention of child maltreatment. The nation's public health agency, CDC, seeks to focus the public health perspective on the problem of child maltreatment and to promote science-based practice in the field. Since 1999, CDC has developed research priorities to address the prevention of child maltreatment. Described here is a brief rationale for applying a public health approach to child maltreatment and a discussion of the priority-setting process, priorities in each of four areas of the public health model, and some of CDC's current child maltreatment prevention activities.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗

PubMed2001

Preventing opportunistic infections after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Practice Guidelines and beyond.

This review presents evidence-based guidelines for the prevention of infection after blood and marrow transplantation. Recommendations apply to all myeloablative transplants regardless of recipient (adult or child), type (allogeneic or autologous) or source (peripheral blood, marrow or cord blood) of transplant. In Section I, Dr. Dykewicz describes the methods used to rate the strength and quality of published evidence supporting these recommendations and details the two dozen scholarly societies and federal agencies involved in the genesis and review of the guidelines. In Section II, Dr. Longworth presents recommendations for hospital infection control. Hand hygiene, room ventilation, health care worker and visitor policies are detailed along with guidelines for control of specific nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens. In Section III, Dr. Boeckh details effective practices to prevent viral diseases. Leukocyte-depleted blood is recommended for cytomegalovirus (CMV) seronegative allografts, while ganciclovir given as prophylaxis or preemptive therapy based on pp65 antigenemia or DNA assays is advised for individuals at risk for CMV. Guidelines for preventing varicella-zoster virus (VZV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) and community respiratory virus infections are also presented. In Section IV, Drs. Baden and Rubin review means to prevent invasive fungal infections. Hospital design and policy can reduce exposure to air contaminated with fungal spores and fluconazole prophylaxis at 400 mg/day reduces invasive yeast infection. In Section V, Dr. Sepkowitz details effective clinical practices to reduce or prevent bacterial or protozoal disease after transplantation. In Section VI, Dr. Sullivan reviews vaccine-preventable infections and guidelines for active and passive immunizations for stem cell transplant recipients, family members and health care workers.

Humans↗

PubMed2002

Community-based organizations and HIV prevention for incarcerated populations: three HIV prevention program models.

Inevitably, challenges result from the disconnect between the objectives of correctional facilities, which are safety and conformity, and community-based organizations (CBOs), whose primary function is to provide inmates with primary and secondary HIV prevention and information. This is cause for concern because prisons have a high potential for serving as a reservoir for HIV transmission. CBOs, when accessible, may be the only source of HIV/AIDS prevention, education, and information for incarcerated populations. People living with HIV/AIDS in correctional settings face unique challenges. Among other populations, condoms and bleach kits have been successful in reducing HIV transmission. However, because these prevention tools are not available to incarcerated populations, new HIV prevention strategies are needed. This article focuses on successful intervention practices such as peer-led education and discharge planning services that have been essential components of HIV prevention and provides a context for operating such programs within correctional facilities. The article also highlights the challenges CBOs encounter in providing HIV prevention in various correctional institutions throughout the United States.

Case Management↗