SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Protective Factors”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

Adolescent substance use and family-based risk and protective factors: a literature review.

Adolescent substance use has become a serious concern nationwide. Although there are many ways of viewing adolescent substance use, family influence has been established as one of the strongest sources of risk and protection. A review of the literature indicated relevant theories for understanding adolescent substance use and specific family-based variables influencing adolescent substance use. In general, there seems to be a relationship between adolescent substance use and family-based risk and protective factors. Relevant theories identified in the literature review include family systems theory, social cognitive theory, social control theory, and strain theory. Specific family-based risk and protective factors include family relationships such as with siblings and parents and family characteristics such as ethnicity and religious backgrounds. Future implications for research and prevention/intervention in relation to family-based risk and protective factors are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Comparison of respirator protection factors measured by two quantitative fit test methods.

A comparison of measured respirator protection factors for a di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (liquid aerosol challenge) respirator quantitative fit test method is made with a complementary sodium chloride (solid aerosol challenge) method. The United States Army XM-29 chemical warfare defense respirator was used in this evaluation. A subject pool of twelve individuals (two female and ten male) were fitted and tested on both respirator quantitative fit test methods on ten different occasions. An exercise protocol of six different breathing and head movement maneuvers was used in each test. The purpose of the comparison was to determine if there is a difference between the two fit test methods. The di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate method showed a significant order-interaction effect with respect to the exercise sequence and whether it preceded or followed testing with sodium chloride. The sodium chloride method did not show a similar phenomenon, and consistently measured smaller protection factors compared to the di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate method. It appears that the sodium chloride method is more sensitive.

Chemical Warfare↗

PubMed1996

Protective factors and young adolescent tendency to abstain from alcohol use: a model using two waves of intervention study data.

Two waves of data from a family-focused preventive intervention project were used to test a model of the influence of protective factors on young adolescents' tendency toward alcohol abstinence. Prior theoretical and empirical work guided the specification of hypothesized effects of the protective factors affectional relationship with parents, affiliation with prosocial peers, and mastery-esteem on tendency toward alcohol abstinence. The tested model controlled for preintervention measures and included specified interrelations of protective factors across time. Structural equation analysis indicated that the model fit the data. Two of the hypothesized cross-time effects, however, were not supported.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Risk and protective factors associated with youth violence among secondary school students in a nationally representative sample in Puerto Rico.

During the past decade, youth violence has received increasing attention as a major public health issue in Puerto Rico as well as in the United States. This study sought to identify risk and protective factors of youth violence in a representative sample of school adolescents in Puerto Rico. Risk and protective factors were grouped into five domains: individual, family, peer group, school and community. From a total of 2,385 participants, 10.7% reported at least one violent behavior and 3.4% reported two or more violent behaviors. In multiple regression analysis the risk factors identified were male gender, junior grade students, having a favorable attitude towards antisocial behavior, use of ecstasy, involvement with antisocial peers and reporting antisocial parents. Participation in family decisions was the only protective factor associated with violence. Findings from this study could have important implications for the development of preventive programs for the adolescent population in Puerto Rico.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Adolescents with learning disabilities: risk and protective factors associated with emotional well-being: findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health.

PURPOSE: To identify differences in emotional well-being among adolescents with and without learning disabilities and to identify risk and protective factors associated with emotional distress. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of adolescent in-home interview data of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. A total of 20,780 adolescents were included in this study of whom 1,301 were identified as having a learning disability. Initially, emotional distress, suicidal behaviors, and violence involvement were compared among those adolescents with and without learning disabilities using Student's t-test for the continuous or semicontinuous variables and Chi-square for the dichotomous variables. Subsequently, logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify which variables were most strongly associated with risk and protective factors for emotional distress. RESULTS: Adolescents with learning disabilities had twice the risk of emotional distress, and females were at twice the risk of attempting suicide and for violence involvement than their peers. While educational achievement is below that of peers, connectedness to school is comparable. So, too, is connectedness to parents. Connectedness to parents and school was identified as most strongly associated with diminished emotional distress, suicide attempts, and violence involvement among adolescents with learning disabilities. CONCLUSIONS: Given the increased association with emotional distress, suicidal attempts, and violence involvement, clinicians need to assess social and emotional as well as educational and physical functioning of these young people. We also need to be aware of the role protective factors play in the lives of young people with learning disabilities.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Risk and protective factors mediating psychological symptoms and ideological commitment of adolescents facing continuous terrorism.

This study evaluated symptoms, risk, and protective factors of adolescents from six Israeli schools exposed to continuous terrorism. All children in the grades selected at each school (7, 9, and 11) were administered anonymous assessment materials measuring posttraumatic, grief, and dissociative symptoms, as well as traumatic exposure, personal resilience, and family factors. A high number of risk factors increased the likelihood of negative symptoms. Perceived personal resilience served as a protective factor against symptom development, perhaps enforced by ideology. Girls living on the West Bank had less severe posttrauma and were more willing to make personal sacrifices for their country. Proactive interventions aimed at enhancing a child's personal resilience and ability to cope with continuous stress may help protect against later symptomatology following traumatic events. Facing terrorism, political ideology may serve a double edge sword: protecting against symptom development as well as contributing to the toxic cycle of violence.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1994

Cancer stressors and protective factors: predictors of stress experienced during treatment for childhood cancer.

Perceptions of cancer stressors and protective factors are predictors of stress experienced during treatment for childhood cancer were assessed in this study. Cancer stressors were the type of treatment received during two clinic visits and the child's perception of the cancer experience. Protective factors were self-perception, coping strategies, perceived social support, and family environment. The child's responses to stressors were assessed by epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol levels of urine, and measures of state anxiety. Forty-four children between 6 1/2 and 13 1/2 years of age receiving treatment for cancer were evaluated during two clinic visits. Epinephrine was elevated for children during both clinic visits, while norepinephrine and cortisol remained normal. Stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed that the family environment and global self-worth were the best predictors of epinephrine levels, while social support from friends predicted norepinephrine levels. The family environment and social support from teachers predicted state anxiety.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Family conflict and children's internalizing and externalizing behavior: protective factors.

The current investigation examined whether the positive association of family conflict to adolescent depression and conduct problems is attenuated by maternal, paternal, and peer attachment, and maternal and paternal monitoring, within a low-income, multiethnic sample of 284 adolescents. Parental attachment and monitoring moderated the link from family conflict to conduct problems but not depression; the relationships among family conflict, the hypothesized protective factors, and conduct problems were further modified by adolescent gender but not ethnicity. In general, higher levels of the hypothesized protective factors attenuated the relationship between family conflict and conduct problems for girls but exacerbated this relationship for boys. These findings suggest that, in general, parental attachment and monitoring served as protective factors for girls while serving as additional risk factors for boys in conflictual families.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Determination of UVA protection factors by means of immediate pigment darkening in normal skin.

A method is described for screening potentially useful photoprotective agents against UVA radiation by the use of immediate pigment darkening as an end point. Threshold doses of immediate pigment darkening showed a log normal distribution and the response was found to obey dose-reciprocity at irradiance levels below 50 mW/cm2. With this procedure, several marketed sunscreens containing benzophenone-3 as the only UVA absorber were found to have poor UVA protection factors, whereas those containing combinations of benzophenone-3 and butyl methoxydibenzoyl methane or melanin were more effective. There was no correlation between the sun protection factor cited on the label and the calculated immediate pigment darkening-protection factor.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

In the eye of the beholder: risk and protective factors in rural American Indian and Caucasian adolescents.

This study examines how relations between risk and protective factors and psychopathology vary by ethnic group, gender, and informant. Data were collected from Caucasian and American Indian adolescents, and their teachers. Results indicate a need for interventions that reduce risk, increase protective factors, and bring about greater convergence in the perceptions of teachers and youth.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

[Protection factors against alcohol consumption promoted by pre-school teachers].

This study aimed to describe what protection factors against alcohol consumption are promoted by pre-school teachers at the department of San Alberto, Córdoba, Argentina. This is a quantitative and descriptive study. An auto-administrated instrumented was applied to 43 teachers. The study variables were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis. It was observed that, in a general and indirect way, the teachers' actions focused on the institutional and sociocultural protection factors, since a large part of the developed activities mainly refer to: Stimulating healthy habits, school climate, recreation, group strengthening and integration, interaction and participation in institutions and society. There is a need for the teachers to implement reformulated direct and concrete actions to solve the alcohol problem among pre-school students, with a view to a greater social impact.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1992

The comparison of sun protection factor values with different light sources.

Sun protection factors (SPFs) were evaluated with three light sources (sunlight, a xenon arc solar simulator, and fluorescent lamps) in indoor and outdoor studies. Two types of light, UV-A+B and UV+Visible, were obtained from the solar simulator. The untanned backs of twenty-four healthy male volunteers were used as test sites. A broad spectrum sunscreen containing SPF 6, according to the manufacturer, was used. The sunscreen tested was applied at 2 mg/cm2. The actual SPF values were 4.8 with sunlight, 6.0 with UV-A+B, 4.9 with UV+Visible, and 11.8 with fluorescent lamps. There were no significant differences between the SPF values with sunlight and those with the solar simulator; the SPF value for fluorescent lamps was significantly higher. The SPF with UV-A+B of the solar simulator was similar to that with sunlight; the use of this light served to reduce pain on tested subjects. Therefore, UV-A+B from the solar simulator seems to be the most appropriate artificial light source for evaluating sunscreens.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Correlations between workplace protection factors and fit factors for filtering facepieces in the welding workplace.

Workplace protection factor (WPF) means a measure of the actual protection of respirator provided in the workplace when correctly worn. While fit factor (FF) represents a quantitative measure of the fit of a particular respirator to an individual and it is determined in the laboratory. To evaluate the relationship between WPF and FF is very important since FF may or may not be taken advantage of estimating WPF. Outside and inside Fe concentrations for three brand N95 filtering facepieces were collected on 14 workers/three respirator combinations in the welding workplace. The WPF measurements on the samples of the three respirator brands worn by 14 workers were observed to range from 2.2 to 132.9 with a geometric mean of 15.9 and a geometric standard deviation of 2.63. Respirator performances as measured by the WPF differed significantly among different respirator brands (p<0.05). In this study, correlations were found between the WPF measurements and the FF data for all samples of the three respirators (R2=0.38). The percentage of Fe particles having a smaller fraction than 1.1 microm diameter was observed as 71.6% of the total.

Filtration↗

PubMed2002

Risk and protective factors as predictors of outcome in adolescents with psychiatric disorder and aggression.

OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of behavioral outcomes in high-risk adolescents with aggression and serious emotional disturbance (SED). METHOD: Three hundred thirty-seven adolescents from a statewide North Carolina treatment program for aggressive youths with SED were followed between July 1995 and June 1999 from program entry (T1) to approximately 1 year later (T2). Historical and current psychosocial risk and protective factors as well as psychiatric symptom severity at T1 were tested as predictors of high and low behavioral functioning at T2. Behavioral functioning was a composite based on the frequency of risk-taking, self-injurious, threatening, and assaultive behavior. RESULTS: Eleven risk and protective factors were predictive of T2 behavioral functioning, while none of the measured T1 psychiatric symptoms was predictive. A history of aggression and negative parent-child relationships in childhood was predictive of worse T2 behavior, as was lower IQ. Better T2 behavioral outcomes were predicted by a history of consistent parental employment and positive parent-child relations, higher levels of current family support, contact with prosocial peers, higher reading level, good problem-solving abilities, and superior interpersonal skills. CONCLUSIONS: Among high-risk adolescents with aggression and SED, psychiatric symptom severity may be a less important predictor of behavioral outcomes than certain risk and protective factors. Several factors predictive of good behavioral functioning represent feasible intervention targets.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Nerve growth factor protects human keratinocytes from ultraviolet-B-induced apoptosis.

Ultraviolet radiation is a potent inducer of apoptosis, whereas autocrine nerve growth factor protects human keratinocytes from programmed cell death. To evaluate the role of nerve growth factor in the mechanisms of ultraviolet B-induced apoptosis, cultured human keratinocytes were ultraviolet B irradiated following pretreatment with K252, a specific inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase high-affinity nerve growth factor receptor. Here we report that the addition of K252 significantly enhanced keratinocyte apoptosis. We then transfected normal human keratinocytes with pNUT-hNGF. Nerve growth factor overexpressing keratinocytes secreted the highest amounts of nerve growth factor in culture supernatants, were more viable, and had a higher rate of proliferation than mock-transfected cells. Whereas ultraviolet B radiation downregulated nerve growth factor mRNA and protein as well as the tyrosine kinase high-affinity nerve growth factor receptor in normal keratinocytes, it failed to do so in nerve growth factor-transfected cells. Moreover, nerve growth factor overexpressing keratinocytes were partially resistant to apoptosis induced by increasing doses of ultraviolet B at 24 and 48 h. These results indicate that downregulation of nerve growth factor function plays an important part in the mechanisms of ultraviolet B-induced apoptosis in human keratinocytes. In addition, ultraviolet B caused a decrease in BCL-2 and BCL-xL expression in mock-transfected keratinocytes, but not in nerve growth factor overexpressing cells. Finally, nerve growth factor prevented the cleavage of the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase induced in human keratinocytes by ultraviolet B. These results are consistent with a model whereby the autocrine nerve growth factor protects human keratinocytes from ultraviolet B-induced apoptosis by maintaining constant levels of BCL-2 and BCL-xL, which in turn might block caspase activation.

Apoptosis↗

PubMed1993

A model for correcting Workplace Protection Factors for lung deposition and other effects.

The Workplace Protection Factor (WPF) is a measure of the protection provided by an industrial respirator against a challenge agent. It is traditionally defined as the ratio of the ambient contaminant concentration (Co) in a worker's breathing zone to the in-facepiece contaminant concentration (Ci) that occurs during inhalation, and is determined by simultaneous concentration measurements during the time the respirator is worn. There are several sources of particulate loss that result in the overestimation of the true WPF. A model is presented to "estimate" these losses so that an adjusted or "unbiased" WPF can be calculated. This model requires three measurements: Co, Ci, and the ambient aerodynamic mass frequency particle size distribution (PSD). Both Co and Ci are expressed in units of "mass per unit volume." There are four steps to the calculation of the unbiased WPF. First, the in-facepiece PSD is estimated using the ambient PSD and a particle leak penetration curve. Second, the fraction of the in-facepiece PSD that will deposit in the lung is estimated using the in-facepiece PSD and a "reference worker" total lung deposition curve. Third, the fraction of the in-facepiece PSD that will deposit at the inlet of the sampling probe during both inhalation and exhalation is estimated using the in-facepiece PSD, the exhaled in-facepiece PSD, and published inlet deposition data. Last, the adjusted in-facepiece concentration is calculated using the estimates from steps two and three. The adjusted WPF, WPFa, is then calculated as the ratio of the measured ambient contaminant concentration and the adjusted in-facepiece concentration.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗

PubMed1994

Risk and protective factors in depression: a developmental perspective.

The approach of developmental psychopathology is presented, and developmental research on the role of sex differences and protective factors in depression is reviewed. Results from our own study on family stress, protective factors and depression are presented as an example.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1999

Suicide attempts among American Indian and Alaska Native youth: risk and protective factors.

CONTEXT: American Indians and Alaska Natives have the highest suicide rates of all ethnic groups in the United States, and suicide is the second leading cause of death for American Indian and Alaska Native youth. OBJECTIVE: To identify risk and protective factors associated with suicide attempts among native male and female adolescents. DESIGN: The 1990 National American Indian Adolescent Health Survey. SETTING: Schools of reservation communities in 8 Indian Health Service areas. PARTICIPANTS: Eleven thousand six hundred sixty-six 7th- through 12th-grade American Indian and Alaska native youth. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Responses were compared among adolescents with and without a self-reported history of attempted suicide. Independent variables included measures of community, family, and individual characteristics. Separate analyses were conducted for boys and girls. RESULTS: Ever attempting suicide was reported by 21.8% of girls and 11.8% of boys. By logistic regression done on boys and girls separately, suicide attempts were associated with friends or family members attempting or completing suicide; somatic symptoms; physical or sexual abuse; health concerns; using alcohol, marijuana, or other drugs; a history of being in a special education class; treatment for emotional problems; gang involvement; and gun availability. For male and female youth, discussing problems with friends or family, emotional health, and connectedness to family were protective against suicide attempts. The estimated probability of attempting suicide increased dramatically as the number of risk factors to which an adolescent was exposed increased; however, increasing protective factors was more effective at reducing the probability of a suicide attempt than was decreasing risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: A history of attempted suicide was associated with several risk and protective factors. In addition to targeting youth at increased risk, preventive efforts should include promotion of protective factors in the lives of all youth in this population.

Adolescent↗