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PubMed2005

Epidemiology of alcohol-associated cancers.

Alcohol, especially in combination with smoking, is a well-established risk factor for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, esophagus, and larynx, with 25% to 80% of these cancers being attributable to alcohol. Rates of these cancers in the United States have been decreasing in recent years, possibly because of reductions in cigarette smoking and alcohol use. Chronic alcohol consumption has been linked with increased risk of liver cancer in epidemiologic studies. However, the rising rates of this cancer in the United States are most likely due to the increasing prevalence of chronic hepatitis B and C infections. Epidemiologic evidence has linked light to moderate intake of alcohol to cancers of the colorectum and female breast. These cancers are common in developed countries, so even small increases in risk can have important public health implications. Although results of most epidemiologic studies have provided little or no support for a causal relation between light and moderate alcohol use and risk of pancreatic cancer, a possible role of heavy alcohol consumption cannot be ruled out. Further studies of these cancers are needed to clarify the role of type of alcoholic beverage, the role of alcohol concentration, and the dose-response curve at low concentrations of alcohol. Future research also should be designed to promote the use of uniform ways to report alcohol intake and uniform measures for analysis, to include the investigation of alcohol-associated cancer risks in U.S. minority populations, to enhance experimental work to better understand the underlying mechanisms through which alcohol promotes carcinogenesis, and to develop preventive strategies.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Serum copper and zinc concentrations in serum from patients with cancer and cardiovascular disease.

A single cross-sectional study for serum copper and zinc levels was evaluated in 20 patients with cancer (respiratory, digestive, haematological, gynaecological) and 21 patients with cardiopathy (acute myocardial infarction and ischemic cardiomyopathy). A control group of 84 healthy subjects was selected. The mean serum zinc levels in patients with gynaecological cancer and ischemic cardiomyopathy were significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05). However, the mean serum copper level was not statistically different among patients with cancer (P < 0.05) and cardiomyopathy (P > 0.05) than the control group. Male patients did not have statistically different values for serum Cu (P > 0.05) and Zn (P < 0.05) than those found in female patients. Patients' age did not have any statistical influence (P > 0.05) on serum Cu and Zn levels.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cancer mortality in the counties of Catalonia (1983-1989)].

OBJECTIVES: To compare mortality among counties (comarques) in Catalonia, Spain for the most frequent malignant tumors. METHODS: Overall mortality data and for five specific tumor sites were analyzed for a five-year period (1983-1989). Crude and site-specific mortality rates were computed. The comparison between counties was adjusted for the 1986 population of Catalonia using the direct method. Comparative mortality ratios (CMR) were obtained for each county with respect to Catalonia. RESULTS: Overall cancer mortality was higher in the Barcelonès for men and in Osona form women. The CMR for men in the Barcelonès was the highest for cancer of the trachea, bronchi and lungs; the CMR in Solsonès was the highest for stomach cancer, while in Cerdanya it was the highest for colorectal cancer. Among women, the highest CMR for cancer of the trachea, bronchi and lungs was in Montsià, whereas for breast cancer it was Baix Empordà, and Alt Urgell for stomach cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Comparative analyses of cancer mortality by county in Catalonia and sex underscores differences in its distribution, allowing the orientation of cancer control policies and research to be developed in each geographical area.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2000

Solitary fibrous tumors are immunophenotypically distinct from mesothelioma(s).

INTRODUCTION: Solitary fibrous tumor is a soft tissue tissue tumor of unknown histogenesis. Based upon histologic similarities and CD-34 expression, it has been suggested that these neoplasms bear some relationship to mesothelioma, and may represent its extra-pleural equivalent. METHODS: In order to further investigate this possible relationship, we examined a series of five dermal and five extra-cutaneous solitary fibrous tumors with antibodies directed against the mesothelial markers calretinin and HBME-1. RESULTS: All the lesions failed to stain with the antibodies tested. This suggests that despite some similar histologic and immunophenotypic features, these lesions are not immunophenotypically identical. Mesotheliomas are CD-34(+), calretinin(+), HBME-1(+), while solitary fibrous tumors are CD-34(+), calretinin(-), HBME-1(-). CONCLUSIONS: The histogenesis of solitary fibrous tumor remains elusive. It is unlikely that tumor location or tumor de-differentiation accounts for the dichotomous staining properties, as these neoplasms show a similarly benign histologic appearance regardless of location.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

A spatial and temporal analysis of four cancers in African gold miners from Southern Africa.

The pattern of cancer in African gold miners over the 8-year period 1964-71, comprising 2,926,461 man-years of employment was studied. Of the 1344 cancers found, primary liver cancer accounted for 52-8%, oesophageal cancer 12-1%, cancer of the respiratory system 5-4% and cancer of the bladder 4-8%. Analysis of the spatial distribution of these four cancers, both on subcontinental and local scale, showed distinct gradients of occurrence between areas of significantly higher and lower incidence than expected. In the case of primary liver cancer in Mozambique and oesophageal cancer in the Transkei, the spatial distribution reflects closely that found in the general resident population of each territory. The crude incidence rate of primary liver cancer in gold miners from Mozambique dropped sharply over the period of the survey.

Africa, Southern↗
PubMed2005

Cancer mortality in a cohort of asbestos textile workers.

A cohort of 889 men and 1077 women employed for at least 1 month between 1946 and 1984 by a former Italian leading asbestos (mainly textile) company, characterised by extremely heavy exposures often for short durations, was followed up to 1996, for a total of 53,024 person-years of observation. Employment data were obtained from factory personnel records, while vital status and causes of death were ascertained through municipality registers and local health units. We observed 222 cancer deaths compared with 116.4 expected (standardized mortality ratio, SMR=191). The highest ratios were found for pleural (SMR=4105), peritoneal (SMR=1817) and lung (SMR=282) cancers. We observed direct relationships with duration of employment for lung and peritoneal cancer, and with time since first employment for lung cancer and mesothelioma. Pleural cancer risk was independent from duration (SMR=3428 for employment <1 year, 7659 for 1-4 years, 2979 for 5-9 years and 2130 for > or =10 years). Corresponding SMRs for lung cancer were 139, 251, 233 and 531. Nonsignificantly increased ratios were found for ovarian (SMR=261), laryngeal (SMR=238) and oro-pharyngeal (SMR=226) cancers. This study confirms and further quantifies the central role of latency in pleural mesothelioma and of cumulative exposure in lung cancer.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mortality and cancer morbidity in workers exposed to cutting fluids.

This cohort study includes 792 men exposed to cutting fluids that contain mineral oils and additives in a machining industry. Their cancer mortality and morbidity was compared with that of the general population of the same city. The total mortality was not found to be increased, and there were no increased incidences of lung cancer or death resulting from nonmalignant respiratory diseases. Seven of the turners but none of the grinders had squamous cell carcinomas on the skin of the scrotum. There was no increased incidence of cancer of the urinary bladder.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Cancer incidence by marital status: U.S. Third National Cancer Survey.

Site-specific cancer incidence rates were computed by sex, age, and marital status for whites and blacks separately for ages 35-64 years with the use of population-based incidence data from the Third National Cancer Survey (1969-71) and with demographic data from the 1970 U.S. Census. Although rates were presented for all cancer sites combined and for 44 specific sites or rubrics, discussion focused on the 17 most common cancers. Within age, race, and sex groups, patterns of cancer incidence by marital status were compared by means of standardized incidence ratios, and the consistency of marital status patterns across age groups was assessed statistically. Among the most notable findings were: excess cancer rates across most sites and age groups in single black males, consistently high rates for cancer of the lung and bronchus in divorced white males and in single black females, low rates for the hormone-dependent reproductive tumors (prostate gland, breast, uterine corpus, and ovary) in separated white males and females, and high rates for cervical cancer among separated white women. Marital status patterns, where found, frequently differed between whites and blacks and between males and females.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Comparative incidence of de novo nonlymphoid malignancies after liver transplantation under tacrolimus using surveillance epidemiologic end result data.

BACKGROUND: An increased incidence of de novo nonlymphoid malignancies has been shown in immunocompromised patients. However, the true risk over time compared to the general population has not been determined. METHODS: One thousand consecutive patients were carefully followed for an average of 77.8+/-11.1 (range, 56.3-96.3) months after primary liver transplantation at a single center. All de novo nonlymphoid malignancies were recorded. Each malignancy was compared with a standard Occupational Cohort Mortality Analysis Program population matched for age, sex, and length of follow-up using modified life table technique and surveillance epidemiology end result (SEER) data. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients accounted for de novo malignancies and contributed 4795.3 total person years, a mean+/-SD of 36+/-21 (median, 36; range, 6-74) months after liver transplantation. Twenty-two of these malignancies were skin malignancies including two melanomas. Oropharyngeal cancers (n=7) were found to be 7.6 times higher (P<0.05) and respiratory malignancies (n=8) were 1.7 times higher (P>0.05) compared to the SEER incidence rate. Female reproductive system malignancies including breast cancer (n=3) were 1.9 times lower (P>0.05) and genitourinary malignancies were (n=5) 1.5 times lower (P>0.05) than their matched cohorts. No differences was observed in gastrointestinal malignancies (n=5). There was a significant difference in survival of the patients after diagnosis of malignancy depending on the type of cancer. There were two Kaposi's sarcomas, two metastatic unknown primaries, one thyroid, one brain, and one ophthalmic malignancies in the series. Mortality for Kaposi's and metastatic disease of unknown primary was 100% within 5 months, while the 1-year mortality for oropharyngeal cancer was 57.1% and that for lung cancers was 62.5%. Long-term survival for skin cancer was highest: 86.4% at 3 years (P=0.015 by log-rank test). CONCLUSION: An increased incidence of de novo cancers in the chronically immunocompromised patient demands careful long-term screening protocols which will help to facilitate the diagnosis at an early stage of the disease. This is particularly true for oropharyngeal cancers where the risk is more than 7 times higher compared to SEER incidence data matched for age, sex, and length of follow-up.

Adult↗