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PubMed2005

[Headache in female].

Significant correlation is observed between the prevalence of headache (tension type headache and migraine) and such variables as gender and age. The prevalence of migraine in reproductive-aged females is 4 to 5 times higher than that in males. However, the prevalence in headache does not differ with gender before puberty. Female life stages include the pre-pubertal period, pubertal period, reproductive period (pregnancy, parturition, and puerperium), menopausal period, and postmenopausal period. During these life stages, serum estrogen levels change dynamically. Even during the menstrual cycle, serum estradiol levels change dynamically. These changes definitely differ from changes in serum testosterone levels in males. Headache or migraine during the menstrual cycle is more frequently observed during the period of menstruation. However, the prevalence of headache and migraine become lower after menopause. These findings suggest that the occurrence of headache is in part associated with the decline in serum estradiol levels.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Cumulative impact of early maternal marital age during the childbearing period.

Early marriage of girls, close to age of menarche, is a widespread practice in Arab countries. Knowledge on the cumulative effect of early maternal marriage on maternal and infant health during the childbearing period is insufficient. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of early maternal marriage in Jeddah, identify its relation with other maternal risk factors, and investigate the cumulative impact of early maternal marriage on subsequent maternal health and pregnancy outcomes throughout the reproductive period. Data were collected from six randomly selected primary health care units in Jeddah City. Married women with an infant < or = 12 completed months of age were interviewed and information on sociodemographic characteristics, maternal health and previous pregnancy outcomes were collected. Early marriage of girls before the age of 16 years accounted for 26.5% of the study population and was reported by a third of mothers currently below the age of 20 years. Illiterate mothers, housewives, multiparae, smokers and those married to a relative reported the highest proportion of marriages before their sixteenth birthday. Those who married before the age of 16 were at about double the risk of developing chronic diseases and experiencing miscarriage, stillbirths and infant deaths. These results suggest that early maternal marriage still exists in our community and is intimately related to other maternal risk factors. Maternal marriage < 16 years appears to be fraught with insecurities for the mother and infant throughout the whole length of the childbearing period and not merely the first pregnancy. Thus, even if culture norms claim early marriage of girls, it should be discouraged before the age of 16 years. Moreover, it is recommended that future research on maternal and infant health considers the cumulative effect of the various risk factors during the whole reproductive period and not only a single pregnancy outcome.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Immunohistochemical evidence of seasonal changes of gonadotropes in male ruin lizard (Podarcis sicula campestris De Betta).

The pars distalis from the pituitary gland of adult male ruin lizards (Podarcis sicula campestris De Betta), captured during the five periods of the annual sexual cycle (emergence from hibernation, reproductive period, summer regression, autumnal recrudescence, winter arrest), was studied immunohistochemically using specific antibodies against hFSHbeta, hLHbeta, oFSHbeta, and oLHbeta with the avidin-biotin complex (ABC) procedure to monitor the seasonal changes in shape, size and percentage area taken up from gonadotropes. FSH containing cells were specifically identified with anti-hFSHbeta and anti-oFSHbeta sera, whereas the LH cells were localized by anti-hLHbeta. The anti-oLHbeta serum showed cross-reactivity with the cells immunostained by the three above antisera (anti-hFSHbeta, anti-oFSHbeta, and anti-hLHbeta). None of the cells contained both gonadotropic hormones as shown by the double-immunostaining procedure. Generally, FSH cells were larger and more numerous than LH cells. FSH cells were elongated or pyriform in shape from spring to autumn, whereas they were round or oval during the winter stasis and until the emergence from hibernation. The size and the percentage area occupied by FSH cells showed an annual pattern with two distinct peaks in the reproductive and in the autumnal recrudescence periods. LH cells did not show seasonal changes in shape, being round or oval throughout the reproductive cycle, whereas their size and the area they occupied underwent seasonal variations. The LH cells reached the largest size during the reproductive period and the smallest size during the summer regression. The percentage area occupied by LH cells in the pars distalis peaked at the emergence from hibernation and during the summer refractory period, when FSH cells displayed their lowest values.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

[Effects of glyphosate on life histroy characteristics of freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus].

The life table study on the life history characteristics of freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus under effects of different concentrations glyphosate showed that glyphosate had significant effects on the embryonic developmental time, duration of juvenile and reproductive periods, average lifespan, net reproductive rate, and intrinsic population increasing rate of the rotifer. The embryonic developmental time was significantly lengthened when exposed to 3 and 8 mg x L(-1) glyphosate, the juvenile period began to be lengthened significantly when exposed to 3 mg x L(-1) glyphosate, while the net reproductive rate and intrinsic population increasing rate decreased significantly when the rotifer was exposed to 8.00 and 10.50 mg x L(-1) glyphosate, respectively. Among all the parameters, intrinsic population increasing rate was the most sensitive parameter which could be used in monitoring the effects of glyphosate on the life history characteristics of B. calyciflorus.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Hormonally-active ovarian tumors in 30 years of data (1965-1994)].

INTRODUCTION: Authors have investigated the incidence and distribution of hormonally active ovarian tumors in a 30-year surgical material. Out of 552 ovarian tumors, there were 28 hormonally active tumors (5.07%): 18 granulosa cell tumors, 4 thecomas, 2 arrhenoblastomas, 2 malignant v. Kalden folliculomas. There were laso 2 benign tumors: ectopic adrenal ovarian tumor, and ovarian tube hydatidiform mole. They secrete estrogen and testosterone and their effects are evident: prior to puberty (Praecox pubertas), during the reproductive period, but most often in menopause. In order to make the diagnosis, when uterine hemorrhage occurs, it is necessary to perform explorative curettage, but the tumors must be surgically removed. It is necessary to perform that kind of surgery, which corresponds to the age of the woman. Recurrences may appear even 35 years later. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was performed in 18 (64.28%) postmenopausal women. In 4 (14.29%) women of reproductive age unilateral adnexectomy was performed, while explorative laparotomy was performed also in 4 (14.29%) women. 5-year survival in the first stage of the disease was 75% (20 women). During the first three years 5 (17.86%) women decreased in the IV stage of the disease, as well as one woman (3.57%) in the II b stage, which makes a total of 6 women (21.43%) with fatal outcome. Ovarian tumors also include hormonally active tumors which secrete female and male sex hormones, and whose effects are evident on hormonal receptors. They are divided into benign or malignant, whereas they are all potentially malignant. We differentiate two groups: 1. Feminizing mesenchymomas, which secrete female sex hormones and 2. Virilizing tumors, which secrete male sex hormones. These tumors may occur prior puberty, during the reproductive period and in the postmenopausal period--senium. They can cause minor, long-term or hemorrhages similar to menstruation, as well as hypertrophy of the myometrium. Glandular cystic hyperplasia occurs often, whereas proliferation is rare. Histopathological findings after surgery (for example of myoma) are often surprising, because they reveal hormonally active undetected ovarian tumors or glandular cystic endometrial hyperplasia. All hormonally active tumors are potentially malignant. The aim of this retrospective study was to compare our prior attitudes and interventions with newer attitudes and to make changes on behalf of our patients. RESULTS: Our investigation included 552 adnexal tumors in a 30-year material. Each woman with uterine hemorrhage had undergone explorative curettage and the material was sent for histopathological analysis. During the investigated period 28 hormonally active tumors were found: 2 benign and 26 malignant or potentially malignant tumors (Table 2). There were 18 cases (40.91%) with granulosa cell tumors, 6 cases (13.64%) with cystadenocarcinoma ovarii serosum; 3 cases (6.82%) with borderline tumors; 4 cases (9.09%) with thecoma of the ovarii. Pseudomucious adenocarcinoma was found in 2 cases (4.55%) as well as endometrial adenocarcinoma, malignant mesenchymoma, arrhenoblastoma, malignant folliculoma v. Kalden; whereas malignant teratoma was established in 1 case (2.27%), as well as anaplastic carcinoma, metastatic carcinoma--Krunberg. It is obvious that hormonally active tumors make almost half of the cases (46.43%) and occur mostly at the age of 50-59 years of age (3.4%). Out of 28 patients, 18 underwent hysterectomy and bilateral adnexectomy (64.28%); 4 (14.29%) underwent unilateral adnexectomy that is explorative laparotomy for taking bioptic samples for histological examination (14.29%). Out of 28 patients, 4 were women of reproductive age. All of them underwent adnexectomy and are alive. Hemorrhages usually occur a few years after menopausal period. In one case it occurred 35 years after menopause (arrhenoblastoma), in another 25 years after menopause due to endometrial carcinoma asso

Adult↗

PubMed1977

The effects of pineal indoles given late in the light period on reproductive organs and pituitary prolactin levels in male golden hamsters.

Intact and pinealectomized adult male hamsters kept in light:dark cycles of 14:10 (in hours) were given daily injections of either 25 microgram melatonin, 5-methoxytryptophol, N-acetylserotonin, or 6-hydroxymelatonin at 19.00 hours (13h after lights on). The injections were continued for 50 consecutive days. The daily melatonin injections significantly elevated body weights and depressed the growth of the testes and accessory sex organs and pituitary prolactin levels in intact hamsters. By comparison, in pinealectomized animals daily afternoon melatonin injections failed to alter body or testicular weights or pituitary prolactin levels. These findings indicate that for single injections of melatonin to be antigonadotrophic in the male hamster, the pineal must be intact. In intact animals, 5-methoxytryptophol and N-acetylserotonin slightly depressed the growth of the reproductive organs and pituitary prolactin levels, respectively. Again, these effects were negated by removal of the pineal gland. 6-Hydroxymelatonin was without influence on any of the parameters of reproduction that were measured.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Effect of dietary-induced increases in circulating insulin concentrations during the early postpartum period on reproductive function in dairy cows.

Although it has become increasingly clear that fertility in modern dairy cattle is declining in association with increased milk yields, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. The first ovulation post partum is delayed in dairy cows undergoing selection for genetic merit for milk yield in association with lower circulating insulin concentrations. The aim of this study was to investigate whether feeding a diet to increase circulating insulin concentrations can overcome this delay in the first ovulation post partum. The experiment was a 2 x 2 factorial design (n = 10 per group) involving diet and genetic merit for milk yield. The dietary treatment started on the day of calving and lasted for 50 days. Plasma samples were collected each day and ovarian ultra-sonography was performed three times a week during the experimental feeding period. Milk yield was recorded each day, and body weight and body condition score were determined each week. Milk samples were collected three times a week from day 50 to day 105 post partum, and reproductive performance data were recorded for all the cows as part of the routine farm practice. The dietary treatment induced significant differences in plasma insulin concentrations in both high and low genetic merit cows. Although high genetic merit cows produced more milk, lost more body weight and had lower body condition scores during the experiment, no significant effect of diet was observed on these measurements. The high insulin inducing diet increased the proportion of cows ovulating within 50 days of calving and reduced the intervals from calving to first ovulation, and tended to reduce the intervals from calving to first service and to conception. These fertility parameters were also more favourable in low than in high genetic merit cows, but no interaction between diet and genetic merit was observed for any of these parameters. Genetic merit, but not diet, also affected the number of services required per conception and the conception rate. In conclusion, these results have confirmed that genetic selection for high milk yield is associated with a decrease in reproductive performance in dairy cows. More importantly, this study has demonstrated that it is possible to alleviate this problem by nutritional manipulation.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1988

Myoma uterus as a marker of oncogynecological pathology in pre- and post-menopause.

Development and (or) growth of myoma uteri in pre- and post-menopause is accompanied by hyperestrogenia which is shown by histological investigation of the endometrium and the ovaries. A comparative clinical and morphological study of 853 patients with myoma uteri, 996 patients with glandular, atypical hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma was carried out. Benign tumors of the ovaries were revealed in 9.5% of patients with myoma, 12.7% of patients with atypical endometrial hyperplasia and 19.8% of patients with endometrial cancer. A significant increase of the occurrence of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal patients with myoma, in comparison with patients in the reproductive period was determined, 13.4% and 1.1% respectively, P = 0.01. In postmenopause "growth" of the tumor was more often and significantly simulated by malignant disease of the uterus and adnexa. In postmenopausal patients with myoma and uterine bleeding, endometrial carcinoma was 5.5 times more often revealed in comparison with the analogous group of patients in the reproductive period. The "relative risk" of the development of endometrial cancer, sarcoma uteri and ovarian tumors was calculated. The "relative risk" was shown to increase in the postmenopausal period. In the processes of observation of patients with myoma in postmenopause, cytological investigation of endometrial aspirates, ultrasound and mammographic screening should be carried out.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Reproductive factors and fatal hip fractures. A Norwegian prospective study of 63,000 women.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of reproductive variables (age at menarche, menopause, first and last birth as well as parity, lactation, and abortions) on hip fracture mortality. DESIGN AND SETTING: A prospective study in Norway with more than 60,000 women followed up for 29 years. A total of 465 deaths as a result of hip fracture were recorded. MAIN RESULTS: Statistically significant linear relations (p < or = 0.02) were found between both age at menarche and length of reproductive period (defined as age at menopause to age at menarche) and the mortality of hip fractures in women aged less than 80. The death rate for women with a late menarche (> or = 17 years) was twice that of the women with relatively early menarche (< or = 13 years). Compared with women with less than 30 years between menopause and menarche, the mortality rate ratio in women with more than 38 reproductive years was 0.5. We also found an inverse relation with age at first birth. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports by hypothesis that an early menarche and a long reproductive period protect against hip fracture mortality. High age at first birth may also be protective.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗

PubMed2005

Molecular epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in wild animals in Spain: a first approach to risk factor analysis.

In human tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), molecular epidemiology has accurately indicated the risk factors involved in active transmission of the disease, by comparing individuals whose isolates belong to a cluster with patients whose strains are considered unique. Nevertheless, this application has not been used in bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis). Our study describes the integration of epidemiological data into molecular classification data on M. bovis isolates. These were isolated from wild ungulates in Extremadura (western Spain) with the objective of detecting the risk factors linked to the association of strains in clades, which are indicators of the active spread of the disease. The molecular markers used were spoligotyping + VNTR typing (loci: VNTR 2165, VNTR 2461, VNTR 0577, VNTR 0580, VNTR 3192 VNTR 2163a and VNTR 2163b) on a population of 59 M. bovis strains isolated from deer (Cervus elaphus), 112 from wild boar (Sus scrofa), six from bovines, 28 from pigs and 2 from goats (n=207). Epidemiological variables included the animal species from which the strain was isolated, pathological condition of the host (incipient lesion, early and late generalisation), date of sampling (during or after the reproductive period) and hunting season. Bivariant analysis was used to establish the risk factors connected to the association of strains and later, the variables were evaluated by means of logistic regression. Molecular typing grouped a total of 131 strains (64.21%) in 28 clusters and 76 isolates shows unique profiles. The association of strains was connected to the appearance of macroscopic lesions during the reproductive period (O.R. 4.80; 95% CI 1.09-22.99, P<0.005), showing a possible higher transmission during the courting period. This happened mainly during the last hunting season analysed (2002-2003, O.R. 3.69; 95% CI 1.27-11.9, P<0.05), clashing with the time of higher prevalence of the disease in wild ungulates. Active spread was not connected to any species in particular, or to any concrete pathological condition.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[The analysis of the coexistence of endometrial carcinoma and uterine myoma].

OBJECTIVE: An epidemiologic study of coexistence uterus myoma with endometrial cancer patients is presented. Coexistence of endometrial carcinoma with uterus myoma was evaluated and controlled for age, residence, civil status, education, parity, menarche age, last menstruation age, length of reproductive period, blood group, hypertension, diabetes, body mass index, sterility, histological subtype, grading, staging. DESIGN: From 1984-1998 136 endometrial carcinomas have been evaluated in the Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics in Hospital of Słupsk retrospectively. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Uterus myoma was coexistence with endometrial cancer in 22 cases (16.2%). Of 136 endometrial carcinomas 16 (11.6%) were multiple malignant neoplasms. Of these neoplasms 9 (6.6%) occur together with breast cancer, 3 (2.2%) with ovarian carcinoma, 1 (0.7%) with stomach carcinoma, 1 (0.7%) with rectum carcinoma, 1 (0.7%) with carcinoma in focus of endometriosis and 1 (0.7%) coexists with double neoplasms (bowel and endometriosis carcinoma) During the 14-year period of study 15 patients (11.0%) out of 136 patients diagnosed as having endometrial cancer had double and 1 (0.6%) had triple primary malignant neoplasms. There was not significant difference in age rate (p = 0.16), residence rate (p = 0.72), civil status rate (p = 0.37), education rate (p = 0.53), parity rate (p = 0.49), menarche age rate (p = 0.33), last menstruation age rate (p = 0.12), length of reproductive period rate (p = 0.66), blood group rate (p = 0.19), hypertension rate (p = 0.38), diabetes rate (p = 0.96), overweight status rate (p = 0.76), sterility rate (p = 0.35), histological subtype rate (p = 0.25), grading rate (p = 0.29), staging rate (p = 0.54), second primary malignant neoplasma (p = 0.77) between both patients group (with and without uterus myoma). CONCLUSION: Patients with endometrial cancer should be carefully and regularly followed up by monitoring et every anatomic site, especially the breast, stomach, and colon, in order that the development of a second primary carcinoma can be detected as early as possible, and not be overlooked in examinations. There is not additional risk factors for endometrial carcinoma between patients with and without coexistence uterus myoma. In the observation of patients with myoma in postmenopause, cytological investigation of endometrial aspirates, ultrasound and mammographic screening should be carried out.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗

PubMed1992

Ovarian opioids and the reproductive cycle of the frog Rana esculenta.

In mammals, proopiomelanocortin-related peptides are involved in reproductive processes both at the hypothalamo-pituitary and ovarian levels. Using immunocytochemical, biochemical and physiological "in vitro" studies, we provide here evidence for a diffuse POMC-related opioid system in the frog Rana esculenta. Ovarian beta-endorphin (beta-EP) is expressed in thecal cells and changes during the reproductive cycle in an inverse relationship with follicular development. Seasonal changes in the ovary are different to those in the brain or in the pituitary. The ratio of acetylated vs native beta-EP in the ovary also changes over the reproductive period, affecting the biological activity of the peptide. During both the reproductive spring period and the summer post-reproductive phase pMol amounts of beta-EP stimulate follicular androgen secretion in vitro, in a naloxone-reversible way. In either period, an inhibition of estradiol, possibly mediated via other factors, is the result of opioid action. In conclusion, these data demonstrate for the first time the widespread presence of beta-EP-related peptides in the frog Rana esculenta. Both immunocytochemical and biochemical evidence, as well as in vitro responses, support a physiological role for beta-EP in ovarian seasonality during the reproductive cycle of this amphibian.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2004

Oocyte production and sperm utilization patterns in semi-fertile strains of Caenorhabditis elegans.

BACKGROUND: Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodites are capable of producing hundreds of progeny. However, genetic and environmental factors can keep many animals from attaining their full reproductive potential. In these situations, efficient use of any functional gametes becomes more important for reproductive success. To learn about this aspect of C. elegans reproductive biology, we examined oocyte production and sperm utilization patterns in a unique collection of semi-fertile sperm function mutants. RESULTS: In the mutants examined here, broods can be very small but sperm induced high levels of ovulation. Ovulation rates reach maximum levels between the first and second day of adulthood. Ovulations rates remain high during the reproductive period and gradually decline with age. These results further demonstrate a decoupling of the ability of sperm to fertilize oocytes and induce ovulation. We also observe that in our semi-fertile mutants the peak of successful fertilization events precedes the bulk of oocyte production. Mixing populations of functional and nonfunctional sperm under conditions without sperm competition also shows that functional sperm are utilized efficiently. Although overall brood size can be similar for different mutant strains, slight differences in the pattern of sperm utilization in these strains can lead to significant differences in resource utilization and population growth. CONCLUSIONS: This study represents the first detailed description of oocyte and progeny production patterns over the entire reproductive period for wild-type and fertility impaired strains of C. elegans. The phenotype of our mutants provide an ideal system for studying sperm utilization patterns since they only affect one major process, the ability to fertilize oocytes. In semi-fertile mutants, the nature of the reproductive process and/or specific molecular mechanisms ensures that any functional sperm are utilized quickly. Only a fraction of the sperm produced by our semi-sterile mutants are functional as opposed to every sperm having a low but equal chance of fertilizing an oocyte. In addition to the number of progeny produced, the pattern of progeny production can have an important influence on the dynamics of population growth.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Unexpected effects of chitinases on the peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) when delivered via transgenic potato plants (Solanum tuberosum Linné) and in vitro.

With the aim of producing insect-resistant potato plants, internode explants of Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Désirée were transformed with an Agrobacterium strain C58pMP90 containing an insect (Phaedon cochleariae: Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) chitinase gene and the neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) gene as selectable marker, both under the control of the viral CaMV 35S promoter. Three transformed potato lines (CH3, CH5 and CH25) exhibiting the highest chitinolytic activities were selected for feeding experiments with the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), under controlled photoperiod and temperature conditions. Aphids fed on transgenic potato plants showed a reduced pre-reproductive period and an enhanced daily fecundity. Transgenic potato lines did not affect nymphal mortality, but improved several biological parameters related to aphid population's growth. Artificial diets were used to provide active (1, 10, 100 and 500 microg ml(-1)) and inactive (500 microg ml(-1)) bacterial (Serratia marcescens) chitinase to M. persicae. These compounds increased nymph survival at all active chitinase doses when compared to the control diet, while inactive chitinase did not. Although the pre-reproductive period was slightly shortened and the daily fecundity slightly higher, active and inactive chitinase provided as food led a reduction from 1 to 1.5 day population's doubling time. Therefore chitinase activity was responsible for the probiotic effects on aphids. Our results question the relevance of a chitinase-based strategy in the context of potato culture protection.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

[Ionized calcium and total calcium in the blood of cattle, sheep, swine and horses of different ages, reproductive stages and uses].

Concentrations of ionized calcium (Cai) in blood and of total calcium (Ca(t)) in serum were determined in 99 cattle, 58 sheep, 74 pigs and 59 horses of different age groups and reproductive periods as well as kinds of use of the animals. The values of Cai in blood in the groups taken into account for comparison of species decreased significantly in the order dairy cows < ewes < sows < horses. In cattle and pigs, there were significant differences in the Cai-level, according to age with the youngest animals having the highest values. In cows from the fourth lactation onward, one day post partum (p.p.) the smallest concentrations were measured, differing significantly from animals in other reproductive periods. In ewes, the lowest values were estimated one week before parturition. The level of Cai in blood of sows decreased between day one and 6 weeks p.p. significantly. No significant differences could be demonstrated between the different groups of horses. With regard to the concentrations of total Ca, differences between the groups were not so clear as with Cai.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

[Various indicators of the kallikrein-kinin system of the blood in patients of reproductive age with dysfunctional uterine hemorrhage].

Fifteen women with dysfunctional uterine hemorrhages [DUH] of the reproductive period and ten women aged 20 to 30 with normal two-phase menstrual cycle were examined. Measurements of the blood plasma kallikrein and prekallikrein activities in normal females have revealed a direct correlation between kallikrein level and colpocytologic data and an inverse correlation between prekallikrein level and these data. An incessant growth of kallikrein content was detected in DUH patients, whereas their prekallikrein levels were much lower than in the controls. A manifest activation of the kallikrein-kinin system was detected in the patients with DUH of the reproductive period, augmenting with the development of the proliferative processes in the endometrium.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Live births, cesarean sections and the development of menstrual abnormalities.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between number of livebirths and cesarean sections on the development of menstrual abnormalities. METHODS: The effect of number of livebirths and cesarean sections on menstrual abnormalities in the late reproductive period was evaluated using data from the Harvard Study of Moods and Cycles. RESULTS: There were 298 women with no livebirths and 606 women with livebirths of which 184 had a history of cesarean section. Among all women, increasing number of livebirths was associated with an increasing trend in reported heavy menses, prolonged flow >6 days, and a decreasing trend in reported dysmenorrhea. This effect was amplified among women with a history of cesarean section. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing number of livebirths is associated with heavy and prolonged menstrual flow during the late reproductive period. This association is particularly stronger in women with a history of cesarean section.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

[Effect of surgery involving ovaries on the level of estradiol and gonadotropins in blood serum, with indications for hormonal treatment in early post-operative period being taken into consideration].

The studies cover 124 women operated on at the Clinic of Operative Gynaecology IOG--PMA in Szczecin from 1981 to 1991. The blood for testing was collected prior to operation as well as in II and VIII 24-hours after the procedure. The material was divided into 5 groups: group I--31 patients, in whom one ovary or adnexa were removed in the first phase of cycle; group II--31 patients, whose uteri without adnexa were removed in the first phase of cycle; group III--31 post-menopausal patients, in whom uterus and adnexa were excised; group IV--comprised 31 post-menopausal patients, in whom uterus with adnexa was excised and subsequently estrogenic agents were given; group V--62 patients divided into subgroups A--16 patients with carcinoma of uterine cervix and ovary, and B--46 patients with neoplasm of uterine body. In all the patients FSH, LH, E2 were determined by RIA and EIA methods. The results were subjected to statistical analysis and elaborated by Student's t-test. The following has been disclosed: a) statistical significant diminution of E2 concentration with tendency to an increase in concentration of gonadotropins in the reproductive period after the excision of ovary and also uterus without adnexa; b) significant decrease in concentration of E2 and an increase of gonadotropins after excision of uterus with adnexa in patients operated on in the post-menopausal period, which supports the existence of ovarian steroidogenesis at this period of life. It has been disclosed that there was a significant rise in E2 concentration and a fall in concentration of gonadotropins following the application of Oestradiolum dépôt drug, which additionally confirms the activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian system after menopause. A relation was found between the studied hormones and the basic disease, which also proves the function of hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian system after menopause. The results of the studies fully substantiate the use of normal prophylaxis of consequences due to wavering of hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian system in the reproductive period, as well as the metabolic consequences after menopause. They, however, fail to specify the period of time, at which the hormonal treatment may be applied best and most beneficially.

Adolescent↗