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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Spatiotemporal patterns of reinfestation by Triatoma guasayana (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in a rural community of northwestern Argentina.

Triatoma guasayana (Wygodzinsky & Abalos) is a secondary vector of Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas), the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, in the Chaco region of Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay. The spatial distribution of T. guasayana in a rural community in northwestern Argentina is described and analyzed using very high spatial resolution satellite imagery, geographic information systems, and spatial statistics. Since a 1992 residual spraying with insecticides of all houses, site-specific domestic and peridomestic reinfestations by triatomine bugs were monitored using various methods semiannually from 1993 to 2002. The reinfestation by T. guasayana started with finding of only adult bugs in a few sites. Bug abundance was significantly clustered and predominantly peridomestic in the southern and northern extremes of the community. The identified source of reinfestation in the northern cluster was a colonized wood pile, whereas no potential peridomestic source was found for the southern cluster. The spatial distribution of T. guasayana was positively associated with the abundance and spatial distribution of goats. Active dispersal from the hypothesized source and the surrounding sylvatic environment, and passive transport of bugs in wood piles seems to be the most likely mechanisms underlying the observed spatial pattern of T. guasayana. The absence of domestic colonization indicates that, to date, there is no trend toward increased local domiciliation of T. guasayana. The clustering zones can be considered "hot spots" where bug invasion from other sources is expected to be higher and where eventually, introduction of sylvatic T. cruzi to suitable hosts may occur.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Demographic response to rural restructuring and counterurbanisation in South Australia, 1981-1991.

"Using South Australia as a case study, this paper seeks to trace and demonstrate two processes (counterurbanisation and rural restructuring) whose effects overlap to differentiate and characterise the population geography of...two zones, separated by a transition along the outer fringe of Adelaide's urban field.... In the demographic core zone [rural restructuring] has been partly offset by continued counterurbanisation, resulting in demographic mixing and rural dilution. The 1981-91 population growth in rural communities is shown to be more a function of population density at the outset of the period than of initial population size. Demographic growth...is shown to conform to a simple unidimensional scale, allowing the production of a clear, easily interpretable typology of rural demographic change with few non-conforming statistical areas. At a local level within individual rural communities, demographic decline is shown to be accompanied by increased concentration of the population into small towns, while demographic growth is associated with deconcentration."

Australia↗
PubMed1996

Urbanization and economic development: a bias toward large cities?

"We find that a nation's urban population percentage increases with GDP per capita; industrialization; export orientation; and possibly, foreign assistance. It decreases with the importance of agriculture. Industrialization and agricultural importance have the same implications for the concentration of urban population in cities with 100,000+ population as for the urban percentage. Greater export orientation reduces such concentration. Finally, GDP per capita, population, and export orientation reduce primacy. Political factors, such as whether a country's largest city is also its capital, affect primacy. Our results do not seem to imply that developing-country urbanization today differs fundamentally from urbanization in the past."

Agriculture↗
PubMed1993

China's small town urbanization program: criticism and adaptation.

"China's 12,000 designated towns and more than 40,000 rural market towns have experienced a major transformation since the institution of rural reforms in the late 1970s. Rural industrialization based on the concept of 'leaving the soil but not the village, entering the factory but not the town' has contributed to the revitalization of many small towns. But this rural urbanization has also brought about a number of problems in the countryside, leading many to propose the adoption of the concept of 'leaving the soil and the village' as another basis of China's small town urbanization. This essay attempts to examine this transformation, particularly the recent criticism and adjustment made to the small town urbanization program."

Asia↗
PubMed1982

Mortality and morbidity in infants with intrauterine growth retardation.

This report is based on an analysis of the experience with all births in several urban and rural areas of the United States. All infants whose birth weight was in the lowest quartile for their week of gestation were designated as small for gestational age regardless of their birth weight or length of gestation; other infants were considered appropriate for gestation age. We interpret the data to indicate that appropriate-for-gestational age and small-for-gestational age infants, all of low birth weight, differ in the nature of their risk for adverse outcome as determined by an assessment at one year of age, although both are at approximately equal risk of adverse outcome overall. In each weight group, the total proportion of infants who either died before one year of age or were handicapped at one year of age was similar for small-for-gestational age and appropriate-for-gestational age infants, but appropriate-for-gestational age infants were at greater risk of neonatal death and small-for-gestational age infants were at greater risk of problems manifested during the first year of life or at one year of age. As the findings are based on data obtained from entire populations (rather than from infants born in particular hospitals), they are likely to be generalizable.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Survivorship differences in geographical comparisons of cancer mortality: an urban-rural analysis.

Epidemiologists have traditionally used geographical comparisons of cancer site-specific mortality rates to draw aetiological inferences about neoplasms. This approach is based on the unproven assumption that cancer mortality and incidence rates are highly correlated within geographical areas. Since mortality is a function of both incidence and survival rates, geographical differences in cancer survivorship may confound area comparison of cancer mortality rates. To test this possibility, the survival experience of white male cancer patients residing in rural and urban areas is examined using cancer registry data. A multi-variable proportional hazards model is specified to determine the unique effect of geographical residence on survival. Only for cancers of the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract are there statistically significant differences in survivorship by geographical residence. This suggests that for most cancers, survival differences are not likely to play a confounding role in geographical comparisons of cancer mortality rates. However for GI cancers, survival differences should probably be considered in geographical-oriented analyses and their interpretation.

Health↗
PubMed1992

The status of circular migration in the evolution of Melanesian towns: an attempt at explanation.

"This article proposes a model of Melanesian urbanization and associated forms of migration, both permanent and temporary/circular. The model describes four stages of urban development, spanning the arrival of capitalism to a futuristic city of the next century. The author links the future of circular migration in Melanesia to the relative strengths of the precapitalist and capitalist modes of production and associated social relations, particularly the wantok [kinship network]."

Behavior↗
PubMed1994

Use of obstetric services in rural Nigeria.

The pattern and determinants of maternal service utilization were studied in a rural Nigerian community. The study sample consisted of 488 randomly selected women who had a childbirth or an abortion between May 1987 and September 1989. Although 93% registered for prenatal care in a health care institution, only 51% delivered in a health institution while 49% delivered at home mainly under the care of traditional birth attendants. Factors found to be most consistently associated with the use of health institutions for delivery were maternal education and occupation, religion, and occupation of the husband. Maternal age, parity and marital status and place of the residence were not significantly associated with the choice between home and institutional delivery. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the odds ratio and to quantify the weight of these independent variables found to be significantly associated with the place of delivery as the outcome variable.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Algeria.

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Africa↗