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PubMed2006

Gene expression responses to a Salmonella infection in the chicken intestine differ between lines.

Poultry products are an important source of Salmonella enterica. An effective way to reduce food poisoning due to Salmonella would be to breed chickens more resistant to Salmonella. Unfortunately host responses to Salmonella are complex with many factors involved. To learn more about responses to Salmonella in young chickens, a cDNA microarray analysis was performed to compare gene expression profiles between two chicken lines under control and Salmonella infected conditions. Newly hatched chickens were orally infected with S. enterica serovar Enteritidis. Since the intestine is the first barrier the bacteria encounter after oral inoculation, intestinal gene expression was investigated at different timepoints. Differences in gene expression between the two chicken lines were found in control as well as Salmonella infected conditions. In response to the Salmonella infection a fast growing chicken broiler line induced genes that affect T-cell activation, whereas in a slow growing broiler line genes involved in macrophage activation seemed to be more affected at day 1 post-infection. At days 7 and 9 most gene expression differences between the two chicken lines were identified under control conditions, indicating a difference in the intestinal development between the two chicken lines which might be linked to the difference in Salmonella susceptibility. The findings in this study have lead to the identification of novel genes and possible cellular pathways, which are host dependent.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Estimation of symptomatic and asymptomatic Salmonella infections.

Since the surveillance of salmonellosis in Sweden is primarily passive, it can be assumed that most of the asymptomatic salmonella infections are never identified. We here report the proportion of asymptomatic and symptomatic salmonella infections in Swedish travellers to different geographic areas as well as in "contacts" to index cases with salmonellosis. In the 346 travellers studied Salmonellae were isolated equally often among those who remained healthy (10/216; 4.6%) as in those with intestinal symptoms (7/130; 5.4%). Similarly, most of the salmonella-infected "contacts" to index cases (11/15; 73%) had an asymptomatic infection. No difference in the mean duration of excreting Salmonella in the stool was found between carriers with symptomatic and asymptomatic infection. The literature concerning transmission of nontyphi Salmonellae from carriers was reviewed. Since person to person transmission is rarely noted, screening for carriers may be limited to food handlers and hospital personnel taking care of patients susceptible to low infective doses of Salmonella. Similarly, follow-up faecal cultures in individuals with notified salmonella infection may be restricted to these groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

LBP, CD14, TLR4 and the murine innate immune response to a peritoneal Salmonella infection.

In mice, defense against an intraperitoneal Salmonella infection depends on a vigorous innate immune response. Mutations which lead to an inadequate early response to the pathogen thus identify genes involved in innate immunity. The best studied host resistance factor, NRAMP-1, is an endosomal membrane protein whose loss leads to an inability of the animals to hold the infection in check. However, innate defense against Salmonella is not restricted to mechanisms which directly attack the pathogen within macrophages. Here we have examined the contribution of the LBP, CD14 and TLR4 gene products to innate defense against Salmonella. To this end, we have generated mice which carry a wild-type allele of NRAMP-1, but which are deficient for the LBP, CD14 or TLR4 genes. Loss of any of these genes leads to a susceptibility to Salmonella as dramatic as that seen in animals lacking functional NRAMP-1 protein. This indicates that LBP, CD14 and TLR4 are all critical elements required in the proper induction of this innate defense system.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗
PubMed1997

Septicemia caused by Salmonella infection: an overlooked complication of sickle cell disease.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the characteristics of salmonella infections in sickle cell disease and to compare the features of osteomyelitis and those with bacteremia/septicemia without obvious bone changes. To search for risk factors for osteomyelitis, and to draw attention to the frequency and significance of salmonella bacteremia/septicemia. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of all salmonella isolations from the blood, pus, or aspirates during a 22-year period. SETTING: The sickle cell clinic at the University Hospital of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica. SUBJECTS: Patients with all genotypes of sickle cell disease. Incidence data and the frequency of associated cholelithiasis were derived from the cohort study based on follow-up of all children detected by neonatal screening. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Osteomyelitis and bacteremia/septicemia. RESULTS: Of 55 patients with salmonella infections, 25 initially had osteomyelitis and 27 had bacteremia/septicemia. Three of the first group later had bacteremias for a total of 30 episodes of bacteremia/septicemia, and 4 of the second group later had osteomyelitis for a total of 32 episodes of osteomyelitis. The incidence of salmonella infection was 8.6% by 15 years, and 96% of infections occurred before the age of 10 years. Preceding episodes of avascular necrosis of bone were more frequent (p < 0.006) in patients with osteomyelitis. Patients with osteomyelitis were not more prone to gallstones. High fever (temperature > or = 40 degrees C or 104 degrees F) occurred in 41%, and occasionally marked bone marrow suppression mimicked the aplastic crisis. Twenty Salmonella serotypes were isolated; Salmonella enteritidis accounted for 36% of infections, but no serotype difference occurred between those with osteomyelitis and those with bacteremia/septicemia. There were no deaths in the 32 patients with osteomyelitis, but 7 (23%) of 30 patients with septicemia died. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-salmonella prophylaxis requires assessment in the management of bone necrosis. Anti-salmonella agents may be indicated in undiagnosed septic conditions in sickle cell disease pending culture results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Invasive Salmonella infections in the United States, FoodNet, 1996-1999: incidence, serotype distribution, and outcome.

Invasive Salmonella infections are severe and can be life threatening. We analyzed population-based data collected during 1996-1999 by the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), to determine the incidences, infecting serotypes, and outcomes of invasive Salmonella infection. We found that the mean annual incidence of invasive salmonellosis was 0.9 cases/100,000 population and was highest among infants (7.8 cases/100,000). The incidence was higher among men than women (1.2 vs. 0.7 cases/100,000; P<.001) and higher among blacks, Asians, and Hispanics than among whites (2.5, 2.0, and 1.3 cases/100,000 population, respectively, vs. 0.4 cases/100,000; all P<.001). Seventy-four percent of cases were caused by 8 Salmonella serotypes: Typhimurium, Typhi, Enteritidis, Heidelberg, Dublin, Paratyphi A, Choleraesuis, and Schwarzengrund. Of 540 persons with invasive infection, 386 (71%) were hospitalized and 29 (5%) died; 13 (45%) of the deaths were among persons aged > or =60 years. Invasive Salmonella infections are a substantial health problem in the United States and contribute to hospitalizations and deaths.

Disease Progression↗
PubMed1983

Salmonella-infected subdural haematoma.

Post-traumatic chronic subdural haematoma infected by Salmonella sandiego is reported in a 55-year-old alcoholic man. Treatment involved a four-weeks' course of chloramphenicol and also subdural drainage. The patient ultimately recovered. Only four such cases have been reported in the literature. The mode of infection of the subdural haematoma is presumed to have been haematogenous in the absence of an otorhinological focus, meningitis or previous neurosurgery.

Chloramphenicol↗
PubMed1979

Diagnosis of Salmonella infections: specificity of indirect immunofluorescence for rapid identification of Salmonella enteritidis and usefulness of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

An indirect immunofluorescence (IFL) method was used for diagnosis of infections caused by Salmonella enteritdis during an epidemic. Antiserum prepared against the synthetic disaccharide tyvelose 1 leads to alpha 3 D-mannose, representative of salmonella O antigen 9, covalently linked to bovine serum albumin, was used. Of 43 decal samples examined, 28 were positive for S. enteritidis by culture. IFL was applied (1) directly on fecal smears, (2) on enrichment broth cultures after incubation for 18-24 hr, and (3) on agar-grown colonies after incubation for 18-48 hr. The percentage of correctly identified Salmonella and the approximate gain of time for IFL as compared with conventional culture were 75% and 72 hr for (1), 89% and 48 hr for (2), and 100% and 24 hr for (3). Serum samples from 26 of the Salmonella-infected patients were examined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Twenty-four (92%) of the 26 patients acquired elevated ELISA titers of antibody to lipopolysaccharide, representative of Salmonella serogroup D.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1986

[Septic disease pictures in Salmonella infections].

3715 strains of salmonella have been isolated from various sources from 1976 to 1985. 26 of these isolates have been S. typhi and paratyphi B, 3689 isolates were nontyphoid strains. 7 isolates of S. typhi and S. paratyphi have been isolated from blood cultures. All persons infected with these strains have acquired these organisms in tropical and subtropical areas. In contrast, salmonella gastroenteritis is mainly confined to the intestinal tract. 21 isolates of nontyphoid salmonellae, however, have been isolated from blood cultures. The vast majority of these patients showed compromised host defense mechanisms. Newborn infants up to 3 months are considered particularly vulnerable for bloodstream invasion with nontyphoid salmonellae. Patients with chronic consuming disorders, solid tumors and haematologic malignancies, and the treatment of these ailments with immunosuppressive drugs and corticosteroids predisposes patients for extraintestinal spread of an enteric salmonella infection. Corticosteroid therapy seems to be particularly responsible for a fulminant course of the disease and poor outcome of the infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[Two cases of acute renal failure associated with non-typhoid Salmonella infection].

Two cases of acute renal failure associated with non-typhoid Salmonella infection are reported. Case 1: A 49-year-old man was admitted with the complaint of severe watery diarrhea and oliguria. Stool culture revealed Salmonella typhimurium. Laboratory data showed hyponatremia and acute renal failure. Hemodialysis was performed 3 times and renal failure was improved. Case 2: A 63-year-old woman was admitted with complaint of severe watery diarrhea, nausea, and fever. Stool culture revealed Salmonella E group. Septic shock appeared after admission, and anti-shock therapy was immediately carried out. Acute renal failure was cured without hemodialysis, even though multiple organ failure had occurred concomitantly. We discussed the management of patients with Salmonella infection, especially those with acute renal failure.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1997

Osteomyelitis of the spine due to Salmonella infection--conservative treatment with quinolone: a case report.

Although osteomyelitis due to Salmonella infection is known to be associated with sickle cell anemia, various hemoglobinopathies and immune suppressive states, it may also occur in normal hosts. A 16-year-old Chinese boy without sickle cell disease or any other condition that would compromise the immune system had osteomyelitis of the lumbar spine caused by Salmonella enteritidis. The condition was treated conservatively with ciprofloxacin (quinolone group). This may be the first reported case in which a patient with spinal osteomyelitis due to Salmonella infection, who was otherwise healthy, was successfully treated nonoperatively with quinolone.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

[Effect of tuberculin and levamisole on the immune response after vaccinating calves against para-influenza and Salmonella infections].

Studied was the effect of tuberculin and levamizole on the immune response following vaccination of calves against parainfluenza and Salmonella infections. It was found that in calves that had colostrum antibodies against parainfluenza the immunogenic stimulation with the two agents first led to a drop of the total protein and of the antibody titer of the blood serum; in later periods the antibody titer grew severalfold. The stimulation with tuberculin and levamizole in the case of Salmonella infection substantiated more abrupt humoral immune response as against the case of animals that were not stimulated. More effective was the stimulation when lemvamizole was applied on the 7th day following vaccination. It was established that both tuberculin and levamizole stimulated the phagocytic activity of the blood of calves vaccinated against a parainfluenza virus and did not influence essentially the same activity in calves vaccinated against Salmonella infection. The amount of erythrocyte-rosette forming cells (E-POK) also remained visibly unchanged by the effect of tuberculin and levamizole with the use of the two vaccines.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1982

Dissociation of innate susceptibility to Salmonella infection and endotoxin responsiveness in C3HeB/FeJ mice and other strains in the C3H lineage.

Studies of various mouse strains in the C3H lineage have shown that there is no correlation between innate susceptibility to Salmonella infection and sensitivity to the toxic or mitogenic effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). C3H/HeNCrlBR mice were Salmonella resistant, but sensitive to the toxic and mitogenic effects of LPS, whereas C3HeB/FeJ mice were Salmonella susceptible as the C3H/HeJ mice, yet were mitogenically responsive to LPS and sensitive to its lethal effects. Furthermore, other mouse strains (C3H/HeTex and C3H/HeDub) displayed intermediate susceptibility to Salmonella infection and were responders to the mitogenic and toxic effects of LPS. These results are interpreted to mean that endotoxemia cannot be a major factor in the pathogenesis of Salmonella infection and provide evidence for the involvement of multiple factors in the control of innate resistance to Salmonella infection in mice of the C3H lineage.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Salmonella infection induces a hypersecretory phenotype in human intestinal xenografts by inducing cyclooxygenase 2.

Enteric Salmonella infection is accompanied by inflammation and diarrhea, and yet little is known about its effects on intestinal epithelial physiology. Since species differences limit the utility of animal tissues and cell lines lack relevant cell-cell interactions, we have used a human model of fetal intestine grown as xenografts in SCID mice. We investigated here the effects of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344 on xenograft ion transport. Harvested xenografts were stripped of seromuscular layers by blunt dissection, infected with Salmonella, and mounted in Ussing chambers. Salmonella infection for 1 h increased baseline ion transport without altering tissue conductance or morphology. The increased transport was blocked by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, or the specific Cox-2 inhibitor, NS-398. Further, xenografts infected for 2 h showed increased secretory responses to the calcium-dependent agonist, carbachol, and the cyclic AMP-dependent agonists prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and forskolin, which were blocked by indomethacin. Western blot experiments revealed that infection was accompanied by increased cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) expression, with no change in Cox-1 levels. Immunoassay demonstrated basolateral PGE(2) release, which was inhibited by indomethacin. Histological examination of infected xenografts illustrated that upregulated Cox-2 expression was restricted to the epithelium and that little or no invasion of the tissue by Salmonella occurred for up to 2 h. In summary, Salmonella infection rapidly increases Cox-2 expression in human intestinal tissue, accounting for increased epithelial ion transport characteristic of infectious diarrhea.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Salmonella infections in infants and children.

BACKGROUND: Salmonella is an important pathogen for infants and children of which multiply resistant strains were recently reported. Our interest was the annual variation of clinical manifestations, serotype and the sensitivity rate for antibiotics during the past decade. Increased incidence of bacteremia in infants is reported. In order to find the predisposing factors of patients with acute gastroenteritis complicated with bacteremia, we conducted a retrospective analysis. METHODS: We reviewed the records of documented patients who had positive culture for Salmonella in our Pediatric Department from September 1982 to September 1992. Those patients with acute gastroenteritis were divided into two groups: I, those complicated with bacteremia and II, non-bacteremic cases. Then we compared the age, body temperature, severity of clinical symptoms, white blood cell count and Salmonella serotype of these two groups. RESULTS: There were 180 cases of Salmonella infection in our Pediatric Department during the past decade. The mean age was 14.80 months. Most (88.9%) patients were under two years old and 146 subjects were victims of acute gastroenteritis. Six cases had infection of the central nervous system (CNS). Five cases presented typhoid fever. Of three mortal cases, two died from meningitis with sepsis and one was a victim of malignant lymphoma and septic arthritis complicated with sepsis. Salmonella group B was the most common pathogen. There were no cases of typhoid fever after 1989. The sensitivity to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and ceftriaxone for group B were 25.7%, 26.1% and 100% respectively. Multiply resistant Salmonella species were not present in our cases. The severity of clinical symptoms varied in significantly between those who had acute gastroenteritis with bacteremia (Group I) and those who had acute gastroenteritis without bacteremia (Group II). However, there was a significant distinction in the average age of the two groups (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Although the annual number of cases did not decrease in recent years, the number of cases of typhoid fever did decrease. Most patients were infants and acute gastroenteritis was most common. In our series, the relative sensitivity for ampicillin, chloramphenicol was small over the past decade. Multiply resistant Salmonella species were not found, which may be due to the small sample size.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1982

Effects of salmonella infection on hemopoietic stem cells in mice.

Effects of induced salmonella infection on hemopoietic stem cells were studied by comparing hemopoietic response of mice to killed and viable bacteria of an attenuated strain of Salmonella enteritidis. Results are as follows: i) A single injection with viable bacteria induced an increase in pluripotent stem cells (CFUc) and granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFUs) in the spleen and a decrease in these cells in the bone marrow, ii) A single injection or repeated injections of killed bacteria resulted in an increase of CFUs and CFUs in the bone marrow as well as in the spleen, iii) Histological examination revealed no inflammatory change that might account for the different hemopoietic responses seen with the viable and killed bacteria. Our results suggest that the hemopoietic responses in salmonella-infected mice reflect not only the influence of LPS but also effects of viable intracellular bacteria on the reticuloendothelial system constituting the hemopoietic microenvironment.

Animals↗