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The Future Plan Committee of the Japanese Society for Biological Sciences in Space drafted a Life Science Education Programs. The program consists of preparation of teaching materials for elementary and high school teachers and of summer course of the gravitational and space biology for university students and young scientists. The outline of the programme are presented.
Section II, addressing the ethical justification of the uses of animals in science, does not offer "decisive" arguments for or against particular uses. Rather, conflicting values, goods, and responsibilities pertaining to both humans and animals are identified. Particular uses of animals demand the careful consideration of various ethical claims, which will always require the developed art and wisdom of ethical judgment and will never be reduced to a systematic science. Competing ultimate goods or values and the concrete complexity of the real world defy such rational, abstract, or logical harmony.
A survey was conducted of all members of the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine to describe teachers, curricula, and teacher satisfaction in family medicine residency behavioral science education. The response rate was approximately 60% of eligible individuals. Family medicine teachers divide themselves into behavioral scientists, family physicians, both, program directors, and other faculty members. Behavioral scientists are most often psychologists or social workers, have been teaching family medicine a relatively short time, and are more likely to be female than the other groups. Behavioral science curricula emphasize counseling, interviewing, and family dynamics. Satisfaction with behavioral curricula is high.
This paper addresses three related questions: (1) What is Galen's theory of metaphor, and why is metaphor so important to him? (2) What is the place of metaphor in Galen's general theory of the language of science? (3) What is the relation of his theory of metaphor to his views on the historical dimension of language and to the historicity of science?
Nursing has taken important steps towards becoming a scientific discipline in Germany. The systematic registration and filing of the available literature in libraries needs to be enhanced in order to consolidate scientific infrastructures which can support activities in research, theory and international integration. In the course of teaching training studies in nursing science, a project was initiated to develop a classification system for nursing science literature at the University Library in Bremen. This article describes the genesis of the project, the basic conditions which were taken into account, the background and the developmental steps of the classification.
Applied developmental science (ADS) is scholarship that seeks to advance the integration of developmental research with actions-policies and programs-that promote positive development and/or enhance the life chances of vulnerable children and families. Through this integration ADS may become a major means to foster a science for and of the people. It may serve as an exemplar of the means through which scholarship, with community collaboration, may contribute directly to social justice. In so doing, ADS helps shift the model of amelioration, prevention, or optimization research from one demonstrating efficacy to one promoting outreach. When this contribution occurs in the context of university-community partnerships, ADS may serve also as a model of how higher education may engage policy makers, contribute to community capacity to sustain valued programs, and maintain and perpetuate civil society through knowledge-based, interinstitutional systems change.
Research in schizophrenia illustrates that the field of psychophysiology lies at the interface of clinical science, cognitive science, and neuroscience. Electrodermal abnormalities in schizophrenic patients have been found reliably across laboratories, and data reported here demonstrate that these abnormalities are at least partially dependent upon the clinical state of the patients. Both tonic and phasic electrodermal activity increased when schizophrenic patients entered into a psychotic episode, and preliminary evidence suggests that the increases may serve as early prodromal signs of an impending episode. Significance of the electrodermal abnormalities for understanding cognitive and attentional deficits is suggested by associations with secondary reaction time and startle blink probe findings. Neuroscience implications are highlighted by the correlation of the electrodermal abnormalities with regional brain metabolic activity indexed by positron emission tomography. An important task for the future is to interrelate measures from these various domains. The field of psychophysiology is particularly well positioned for this task.
Undergraduate exercise science programs develop curricula by referring to standards set by professional organizations. A web-based survey was administered to 235 institutions with exercise science undergraduate programs to evaluate their adherence to stated curricular guidelines. Results indicate that 29% of institutions considered American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) Knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs); 33% both ACSM and National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) guidelines; 6% ACSM, NASPE, and National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA); 8% ACSM, NASPE, NSCA, and American Society of Exercise Physiologists, and 5% NASPE. The two largest subgroups had good compliance with the areas of exercise physiology, biomechanics, and human anatomy and physiology. However, neither subgroup adhered to the areas of exercise prescription, testing, and implementation; exercise and aging; or exercise with special populations. Regardless of the implemented guideline(s), most institutions placed minimal emphasis on areas related to health promotion and many curricula did not require any field experience.
There exists a field; there are already researchers committed and busily at work; and there are meetings, journals, and organizations. Principal researchers in the field and those willing to lend their support should renew their efforts at crystallizing the identity of the field. In reviewing the nature of the field, there is a reasonable definition possible that is responsive to three fundamental constituents related to health care: the setting in which the care is provided, the patient to whom it is provided, and the health care professional by whom it is provided. Using these areas, we get a natural division of the field that is also historically and intuitively appealing. Using these divisions, research issues can be identified since information processing activities in the three categories become the areas to investigate. Instruction needs are similarly implied since one should have some understanding of each of these areas as part of a total health care science. In addition, understanding of the major information processing methodologies, combined with broad topics about the milieu appropriate for the professional, comprises a suitable graduate programme of study. By whatever title, the time is ripe to move forward on the enterprise to advance medical information science by self-identification and common support.
The Academy of Medical Sciences has matured quickly and found a distinctive niche amongst leading opinion formers and policy makers in healthcare and biomedical research. The Academy's 800 Fellows are the UK's leading medical scientists from hospitals, academia, public service and industry, and it is their expertise that gives the Academy its authority. The Academy campaigns vigorously to put science at the heart of the UK's public policy agenda in health, and to ensure that rapid advances in knowledge are translated as quickly as possible into benefits for patients. This paper briefly describes the work of the Academy and highlights the key achievements of the early years, particularly the Academy's role in drawing Government attention to the plight of academic medicine. The failure of clinical research to keep pace with scientific advances is now fully recognised and steps are being taken to establish new structures and to rebuild capacity in the UK.
The panel at the Life Support and Biosphere (LSB) Science conference resulted in a discussion of the current issues facing this industry today. As the LSB Science industry looks to future space missions, joint Russian missions and Earth applications several quandaries arise, such as funding future work, developing practical workable standards and applying these systems to Earth applications. The panel members addressed these quandaries with some insightful comments.
The Association of American Medical Colleges, under National Library of Medicine sponsorship, is conducting a study of the academic health sciences library's roles in education for the health professions as these may be affected by changes in health information handling and management. The study's aims, objectives, and methods are described. The study aims to develop guiding principles for the use of academic health center administrators, library administrators, federal agency personnel, and others involved in planning and policy decision making for health sciences libraries.
The process of translating our exploding knowledge in the area of free radicals and antioxidants from basic science to clinical medicine may take longer than many scientists and physicians had hoped. The field of "oxidant/antioxidant" science is only one example of how the translation of knowledge from controlled molecular or cellular systems to applications in an organ or even a complex animal or human being, requires an enormous amount of classical pathophysiological work. The articles on the special topic of the role of free radicals in gastroenterological and hepatological diseases will, it is hoped, contribute to this process.
In the summer of 1973 one resource library in each of the six states of the Midwest Health Science Library Network received funding from the National Library of Medicine to hire a coordinator for health science libraries. The development of the role of coordinator is examined and evaluated. The coordinators have proved valuable in the areas of consortium formation, basic unit development, communication facilitation, and program initiation. The function of the coordinators in the extensive planning effort now being undertaken by the network and the future need for the coordinator positions are discussed.
When evaluated for promotion or tenure, faculty members are increasingly judged more on the quality than on the quantity of their scholarly publications. As a result, they want help from librarians in locating all citations to their published works for documentation in their curriculum vitae. Citation analysis using Science Citation Index and Social Science Citation Index provides a logical starting point in measuring quality, but the limitations of these sources leave a void in coverage of citations to an author's work. This article discusses alternative and additional methods of locating citations to published works.
This article describes the conceptual framework upon which the Bachelor's Degree program in Dental Laboratory Sciences at the University of Texas Health Science Center was constructed. Development of specific program objectives rested on the following four guiding principles: 1) combine professional laboratory training with management education; 2) focus on a problem-based pedagogy; 3) provide flexibility to accommodate today's "nontraditional" student population; and 4) utilize the close relationship with the University of Texas Dental School at San Antonio.
Because Francis Galton (1822-1911) was a well-connected gentleman scientist with substantial private means, the importance of the role he played in the professionalization of the Victorian life-sciences has been considered anomalous. In contrast to the X-clubbers, he did not seem to have any personal need for the reforms his Darwinist colleagues were advocating. Nor for making common cause with individuals haling from social strata clearly inferior to his own. However, in ths paper I argue that Galton quite realistically discerned in the reforming endeavors of the 1860s, and beyond, the potential for considerably enhancing his own reputation and standing within both the scientific community and the broader Victorian culture. In addition, his professionalizing aspirations, and those of his reformist allies, were fully concordant with the interests, ambitions and perceived opportunities of his elite social group during the Victorian period. Professionalization appealed to gentlemen of Galton's status and financial security as much as it did to the likes of Thomas Huxley and John Tyndall, primarily because it promised to confer on the whole scientific enterprise an unprecedented level of social prestige.
With peace under way, and bright immigrants pouring into the country, Israel has a huge opportunity to maximize the potential of its strong science and technology base. Get it right, and its future will never have been brighter.