PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Smoking Reduction”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Can anti-smoking television advertising affect smoking behaviour? controlled trial of the Health Education Authority for England's anti-smoking TV campaign.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of the Health Education Authority for England's anti-smoking television advertising campaign in motivating smokers to give up and preventing relapse in those who had already given up. DESIGN: A prospective, controlled trial was conducted in four TV regions in central and northern England. One region received no intervention (controls), two regions received TV anti-smoking advertising (TV media), and one region received TV anti-smoking advertising plus locally organised anti-tobacco campaigning (TV media + LTCN). The TV advertisements were screened in two phases over 18 months; during the first phase the intensity of the advertising was varied between TV regions. 5468 men and women (2997 smokers, 2471 ex-smokers) were selected by two stage random sampling and interviewed before the intervention, of whom 3610 were re-interviewed six months later, after the first phase of the campaign. Only those interviewed at six months were followed to the main end point at 18 months when 2381 subjects were re-interviewed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self reports of cigarette smoking at the 18 month follow up were compared between the three levels of intervention. Odds ratios for intervention effects were adjusted for pre-intervention predictors of outcome and pooled for smokers and ex-smokers using meta-analytic methods. RESULTS: After 18 months, 9. 8% of successfully re-interviewed smokers had stopped and 4.3% of ex-smokers had relapsed. The pooled adjusted odds ratio for not smoking in the TV media only condition compared to controls was 1.53 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.02 to 2.29, p = 0.04), and for TV media + LTCN versus controls, 1.67 (95% CI 1.0 to 2.8, p = 0.05). There was no evidence of an extra effect of the local tobacco control network when combined with TV media (odds ratio 1.15, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.78, p = 0.55). The was also no evidence of any intervention effects after the first phase of the TV media campaign, including no effect of varying the intensity of the advertising during this initial phase. Applying these results to a typical population where 28% smoke and 28% are ex-smokers, and where there would be an equal number of quitters and relapsers over an 18 month period without the campaign, suggests that the campaign would reduce smoking prevalence by about 1.2%. CONCLUSIONS: The Health Education Authority for England's anti-smoking TV campaign was effective in reducing smoking prevalence through encouraging smokers to stop and helping prevent relapse in those who had already stopped. The lack of an effect after the first phase of the campaign indicates that if advertising at this intensity is to have an impact, a prolonged campaign is necessary. These results support the UK governments' recent decision to fund similar campaigns, and suggests that anti-smoking TV advertising should be undertaken routinely as an essential component of any population smoking reduction strategy. Reducing smoking prevalence would make a substantial contribution to achieving the UK government's target of preventing 300 000 cancer and heart disease deaths over the next 10 years.

Advertising↗
PubMed1991

The effects of counseling on smoking cessation among patients hospitalized with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized clinical trial.

Seventy-four cigarette-smoking patients admitted with COPD to the Chest Unit of a 600-bed teaching hospital served as subjects for a randomized trial of smoking cessation counseling. All patients were advised to quit smoking and smoking in the unit was not allowed. One-half of the patients were, in addition, provided with a self-help manual and three to eight 15- to 20-min counseling sessions on alternate days while in hospital. Self-reports of smoking status were obtained at 3 and 6 months, a sample of which were validated with serum COHb. The results were disappointing. Differences between the counseled group and the controls both in rates of cessation at 6 months (33.3% vs 21.4%) and, for patients still smoking, reductions in amount smoked would have lacked practical significance even if statistical significance had been obtained. Some alternative treatment approaches are suggested for this group of patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Reduction of smoking hazards by Denicotea filter-cartridges (author's transl)].

In the present study the efficiency of Denicotea filter-cartridges is determined as indicated by change of heart rate, skin temperature, urinary nicotine-content and subjective symptoms. Compared with standard smoking effects the use of Denicotea filters produces smaller increases in heart rate and significant reductions of urinary nicotine-content. The majority of the probands no longer experienced side effects. Thus, the elimination of nicotine from smoke by Denicotea filters is effectively demonstrated. Because only a minority of smokers is actually willing to discontinue their habit, despite medical advice, the introduction of Denicotea filters presents itself as a useful alternative.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Tobacco smoking, harm reduction, and biomarkers.

The only known way to reduce cancer risk in smokers is complete cessation, but many smokers are unable or unwilling to quit. Consequently, tobacco companies are now marketing products that purport to reduce carcinogen exposure, with the implication that such products provide a safer way to smoke. Moreover, researchers are exploring ways to reduce the amount of cigarette smoke carcinogens to which the smokers are exposed. Although these methods are, in theory beneficial, it is possible that the perceived availability of "safe" ways to smoke will cause some former smokers to resume smoking and some current smokers to delay quitting. Thus, the extent of exposure reduction and the impact on public health of these methods need to be considered carefully. However, risk reduction and its relation to exposure are not simple to estimate. The way people smoke and the way they respond to carcinogen exposure are both highly variable, as evidenced by the previous history of smokers who switched to light, or low-tar cigarettes. This can actually increase risk in some smokers. The evaluation of exposure reduction will therefore need to be multidisciplinary and include in vitro cell culture studies, animal studies, human clinical studies, and epidemiologic studies. Biomarkers will be critical for rapidly evaluating the effects of new strategies or products to reduce exposure to tobacco smoke carcinogens. No single biomarker will likely satisfy our assessment needs, and so a panel of biomarkers should be used that includes biomarkers of exposure, biologically effective dose, and potential harm. In addition, usefulness of new products will need to be tested in people of different susceptibilities (i.e., who vary in behavior, sex, age, genetics, and prior tobacco use). Even if the new products are shown to be effective at reducing lung carcinogens, they should not be used alone but rather be incorporated into a comprehensive tobacco control program.

Biomarkers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Teaching children self-care for chronic disease prevention: obesity reduction and smoking prevention.

A general health education program was developed for 1,252 students in six New York city area school districts. The purpose of the three-year project was to reduce the prevalence of risk factors associated with increased cardiovascular and cancer risk in adults. The curriculum included nutrition, antitobacco, and hypertension-control materials. A smaller, experimental intensive health behavior program was also developed for obese children (weight greater than or equal to 120% ideal for height, age, and sex). A smoking prevention program was offered to children with the aim of discouraging new smokers. Findings show that: 1) such a school-based primary disease prevention program is feasible and highly acceptable; and 2) reduction of obesity and new cigarette smoking occurred with intensive intervention involving small groups of students. On the other hand, a general health education itself had little effect in the total population in reducing the incidence of extreme clinical values (such as physical inactivity, high blood pressure, as well as smoking and obesity) for their age and sex. It is recommended that future programs for higher risk children concentrate on behavioral change rather than on general education.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

Effect of institutional smoking prohibition on Japanese inpatients with chronic schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: A higher prevalence of smoking among schizophrenic patients has been well documented in Japan and other countries. Smoking reduction or cessation is desirable to reduce various physical complications in schizophrenic patients, but the effect of smoking reduction on psychiatric status and BMI remains ambiguous. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an institutional smoking prohibition on smoking status, psychiatric status and BMI in Japanese inpatients with schizophrenia. METHOD: Smoking status, psychiatric status (Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scores: global severity score and global change score) and BMI were investigated in 256 chronic schizophrenic inpatients before and 3 months after prohibition of smoking in a Japanese psychiatric hospital building. RESULTS: Following prohibition, the smoking rate decreased from 36.3% to 22.2%. A weak positive correlation was found between decreased cigarette consumption and the CGI global change score (r=0.140, p=0.025), but the mean global change scores in the smoking groups were less than 6 (minimally worse). No significant increase in BMI was observed. CONCLUSION: Institutional smoking prohibition is effective in reducing the smoking rate, while having only a minor unfavorable effect on psychiatric status and BMI in chronic schizophrenic inpatients.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed2001

Anti-Smoking therapies: is harm reduction a viable alternative to smoking cessation?

Smoking cessation should be proposed to all smokers by healthcare workers; however, severely dependent smokers are frequently unable or unwilling to quit smoking. For some of them, particularly if they have failed in previous cessation attempts and have smoking-related disorders, a long term reduction of tobacco consumption may be proposed as the 'second best' attitude and may offer a perspective for reduction of some of the risk factors associated with smoking. This attitude, which cannot be regarded as a general health policy, usually requires the prolonged use of nicotine replacement therapy. From available studies, it does not seem that a period of sustained smoking reduction decreases the chance of future cessation, it may even increase it.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2004

Modelling future mortality reduction through smoking cessation in the European Union.

BACKGROUND: To assess public health relevance of targets on tobacco smoking, information is needed on the decline in future mortality following smoking cessation. WHO's Health for All (HFA) and other targets on tobacco smoking in the European Union (EU) were therefore simulated. METHODS: A computer simulation model, Markov multi-state type, was developed using published age- and sex-specific information on population sizes, smoking prevalences, total and cause-specific mortality rates and corresponding relative risks for ex- and current smokers. The probabilities to start and quit smoking (transition rates) were estimated. Targets on smoking cessation included WHO's HFA target (country-specific smoking prevalence is reduced to 20% by 2015), and a theoretical maximum target (all smokers quit instantly). Simulation of these targets was based on changes in transition rates for smoking behaviour. For each target, the cumulated number of all-cause and cause-specific deaths between 1994 and 2015 was estimated for each EU member state. Then, the absolute and relative reduction in the number of deaths compared to a reference scenario, in which transition rates for smoking behaviour remained constant, were estimated for the EU as a whole. RESULTS: WHO's HFA target was expected to give a total mortality reduction by 2015 of 2.5% (around 1.1 million deaths) among men and 0.8% (almost 350,000 deaths) among women in the EU. Overall, the expected mortality declines in the HFA target were about 40-50% (men) and 30% (women) of the expected declines in the maximum target. The largest impact of the HFA target would be reached for lung cancer mortality. CONCLUSIONS: These results emphasize the need for policymakers in each EU member state to put strong effort into encouraging smokers to quit smoking.

European Union↗
PubMed1987

A method for studying controlled substance use: a preliminary investigation.

This study examined relapse following treatment in a smoking reduction program. Twenty-two smokers with an average daily smoking rate of 25.7 cigarettes were provided a reduction-oriented smoking self-management program. Subjects were then classified on the basis of their reduction at posttreatment. A 50% or greater reduction from pretreatment qualified subjects as successful reducers. To provide further understanding of controlled smoking, subjects who successfully maintained at least a 50% reduction (at three month follow-up) were compared to those subjects who were unable to maintain that level of reduced smoking. A set of cognitive, smoking history, and reduction motivation variables were used to compare the two groups in a stepwise discriminant function analysis. Two variables, internal locus of control and self-label as a nonsmoker, produced an overall correct classification rate of 88.9%. Multiple regression analyses further demonstrated the importance of these two cognitive variables; self-label and internal locus of control accounted for 50.4% of the variance in smoking at three months follow-up. The implications of these findings for future study of controlled smoking are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Investigation of mechanisms linking depressed mood to nicotine dependence.

The present study examined the cognitive-behavioral linkages between depressed mood and level of nicotine dependence in smokers seeking smoking cessation treatment. Prior to treatment, 202 subjects completed validated self-report measures of smoking history, depressive symptomatology, "self medication" processes, "learned helplessness" processes, and nicotine dependence. Results revealed that 48% of the study population scored in the "depressed" range on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies (CESD) depression scale. Further, these smokers reported significantly higher levels of nicotine dependence than other nondepressed smokers. Depressed and nondepressed smokers did not differ with respect to several cognitions related to learned helplessness theory. However, depressed smokers were more likely to report "self medication" processes (i.e., negative affect reduction smoking and stimulation smoking). In addition, multivariable regression and path analyses suggested that negative affect reduction smoking and stimulation smoking are sequential mediators of the depression-nicotine dependence relationship. These results underscore the need to screen for depressive symptomatology among smokers seeking treatment, and to develop cessation treatments that are tailored to the needs of depressed smokers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Effect of increased social unacceptability of cigarette smoking on reduction in cigarette consumption.

Taxes on cigarettes have long been used to help reduce cigarette consumption. Social factors also affect cigarette consumption, but this impact has not been quantified. We computed a social unacceptability index based on individuals' responses to questions regarding locations where smoking should be allowed. A regression analysis showed that the social unacceptability index and price had similar elasticities and that their effects were independent of each other. If, through an active tobacco control campaign, the average individual's views on the social unacceptability of smoking changed to more closely resemble the views of California residents, there would be a 15% drop in cigarette consumption, equivalent to a 1.17 dollars increase in the excise tax on cigarettes.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2006

A randomized controlled trial of a smoking cessation intervention among people with a psychotic disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Despite extremely high rates of smoking among individuals with psychotic disorders and the associated financial and health costs, few studies have investigated the efficacy of smoking cessation interventions among this group. The purpose of this study was to compare an integrated psychological and nicotine replacement therapy intervention for people with a psychotic disorder with routine care alone. METHOD: The authors recruited 298 regular smokers with a psychotic disorder residing in the community and randomly assigned them to a routine care comparison condition (N=151) or an eight-session, individually administered smoking cessation intervention (N=147), which consisted of nicotine replacement therapy, motivational interviewing, and cognitive behavior therapy. Outcome variables included continuous and point-prevalence abstinence rates, smoking reduction status, and changes in symptoms and functioning. RESULTS: While there were no overall differences between the treatment group and comparison group in abstinence rates, a significantly higher proportion of smokers who completed all treatment sessions stopped smoking at each of the follow-up occasions (point-prevalence rates: 3 months, 30.0% versus 6.0%; 6 months, 18.6% versus 4.0%; and 12 months, 18.6% versus 6.6%). Smokers who completed all treatment sessions were also more likely to have achieved continuous abstinence at 3 months (21.4% versus 4.0%). There was a strong dose-response relationship between treatment session attendance and smoking reduction status, with one-half of those who completed the intervention program achieving a 50% or greater reduction in daily cigarette consumption across the follow-ups, relative to less than one-fifth of the comparison subjects. There was no evidence of any associated deterioration in symptoms or functioning. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate the utility of a nicotine replacement therapy plus motivational interviewing/cognitive behavior therapy smoking cessation intervention among individuals with a psychotic disorder. Further development of more efficacious interventions is required for those who do not respond to existing interventions.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Contingent reinforcement for reduced breath carbon monoxide levels: target-specific effects on cigarette smoking.

This study determined the effects on smoking behavior of providing contingent reinforcement for nonsmoking versus reduced smoking afternoon breath carbon monoxide (CO) target levels. Twenty-eight hired chronic smoker volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions during a 10-day intervention: (a) 8 ppm target CO, $5 per day incentive (n = 11); (b) 16 ppm target CO, $4 per day incentive (n = 8); or (c) 8 ppm target CO, no incentive (n = 9). Both payment groups showed significantly lower CO levels and greater amounts of daytime smoking reduction than the no-pay group. A specific effect of CO target was also seen; 45% of subjects in the 8 ppm group compared with 0% of subjects in the 16 ppm target and no-pay groups produced average afternoon CO levels of 8.5 ppm or lower during the intervention. Average levels of CO and smoking reduction did not differ for the two paid groups, however, because some subjects in the 8 ppm group failed to reduce CO sufficiently to contact the reinforcer. Contingent reinforcement based on expired air CO levels can exercise powerful and precise (target-specific) control over smoking behavior, but there may be individual differences in ability to meet reinforcement contingencies if difficult targets are introduced abruptly.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Memantine fails to facilitate partial cigarette deprivation in smokers--no role of Memantine in the treatment of nicotine dependency?

The efficacy of Memantine in the treatment of nicotine dependency in humans remained to be evaluated. The aims of our pilot study were to investigate (1) the effectiveness of Memantine in facilitating smoking reduction and (2) the influence of Memantine on the perception of nicotine. In order to achieve these aims we conducted a placebo controlled double-blind parallel group study in smokers (n = 20 per group). Before the beginning of the treatment-phase (10/20 mg Memantine per day) all participants were instructed to reduce smoking (partial deprivation). Before and during partial deprivation we registered the daily cigarette consumption and craving estimates. Following nasal stimulation with nicotine enantiomers hedonic and intensity estimates and the discrimination ability were assessed. Memantine failed to facilitate smoking reduction and did not influence the perception of nicotine with the exception of a weak reduction of olfactory intensity estimates reaching statistical significance for one nicotine enantiomer only.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Modelling the short term consequences of smoking cessation in England on the hospitalisation rates for acute myocardial infarction and stroke.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the short term event and cost consequences of achieving two smoking cessation targets for England among a cohort of 35-64 year olds, in terms of the number of hospitalised acute myocardial infarctions (AMIs) and strokes avoided. DESIGN: A spreadsheet model based on previous work and using data for England was constructed to simulate the effects of achieving the target set out in the government's tobacco white paper (target 1). We also examined the consequence of achieving the intensive smoking reduction witnessed in California (target 2). RESULTS: Target 1 would result in 347 AMI and 214 stroke hospitalisations avoided in the year 2000, and by 2010 this would be 6386 AMI and 4964 strokes avoided. Achieving target 2 would result in 739 AMI and 455 stroke hospitalisations avoided in 2000, and 14 554 AMI and 11 304 strokes avoided by 2010. Achieving target 1 would save pound524 million ( pound423 million discounted at a rate of 2.67% for stroke and 2.31% for AMI) and target 2 would save pound1.14 billion ( pound921 million discounted) in terms of National Health Service costs. CONCLUSION: In the short term (11 years), reductions in the prevalence of smoking will produce sizeable reductions in both events and hospital costs.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Cigarette smoking in Kentucky: progress toward year 2000 objectives and reduction of smoking-attributable mortality.

Progress toward state and national Year 2000 Objectives for reduction in smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable mortality were analyzed for Kentucky, a major tobacco-growing state. Phone survey data indicated a 0.6% annual decrease in smoking prevalence from 1985 to 1992. This decrease is not sufficient to achieve state or national Year 2000 Objectives. As in other studies, an inverse relationship between education and smoking was found. The results also indicate that 23% of the state's deaths are attributable to smoking. Until there is a greater decline in smoking prevalence in Kentucky, the state will continue to experience an excess of smoking-attributable deaths each year compared to most other states.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Smoking cessation would substantially reduce the future incidence of pancreatic cancer in the European Union.

OBJECTIVE: Since pancreatic cancer is one of the most rapidly fatal cancers, prevention is of paramount importance to reduce the future burden of this disease. We studied the impact of ceasing smoking on the future incidence of pancreatic cancer in the European Union (EU). METHODS: We developed a computer simulation model, Markov multi-state type, using country-specific published data on population sizes, smoking behaviour, pancreatic cancer incidence and total mortality rates, corresponding relative risks for ex- and current smokers, and estimated probabilities of starting and ceasing smoking (transition rates), with which we refined previously reported preliminary results. We simulated a scenario based on theoretically maximal smoking reduction, a more feasible scenario based on the World Health Organization's 'Health for All' target in which smoking prevalence is reduced to 20% in 2015, and scenarios based on reductions in smoking prevalence in 20 steps of 5% (from 0% to 100% reduction) in 2015. Simulations were based on changes in transition rates for smoking behaviour. We estimated the absolute and relative reduction of pancreatic cancer patients in the EU, for each scenario compared to a reference scenario in which the current transition rates remained unchanged, for the period 1994-2015. RESULTS: Theoretically, if all smokers would quit instantly, the estimated number of new pancreatic cancer patients up to 2015 in the EU could be reduced by 15% (around 150 000 patients). The more feasible scenario would lead to a reduction of almost 29 500 male and 9500 female patients. These results corresponded to a reduction in smoking prevalence with around 45% and 30% among men and women, respectively, in each EU country. CONCLUSION: Giving up smoking would substantially reduce the future incidence of pancreatic cancer. This emphasizes the importance of prevention in the reduction of the future pancreatic cancer burden.

Adolescent↗