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Results for “Structural Equation Modelling”

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PubMed1988

Self-discrepancies as predictors of vulnerability to distinct syndromes of chronic emotional distress.

Two types of self-discrepancy differing in both domain and standpoint of self-guide were examined as predictors of vulnerability to chronic emotional syndromes. Study 1 assessed discrepancy between the actual/own self-state and the ideal/own self-guide and between the actual/own self-state and the ought/other self-guide in predicting syndromes of dejection and agitation as well as different types of anger. Actual/own: ideal/own discrepancy (AI) was uniquely related to dejection, frustration, and anger at self as measured 2 months later; actual/own:ought/other discrepancy (AOO) was uniquely related to agitation and to anger at others and resentment. Study 2 used structural equation modeling of the relations between AI and AOO discrepancy and social anxiety versus depression as measured weeks later. A model in which AOO was more strongly associated with social anxiety and AI was more strongly associated with depressive symptoms provided the best fit. The results support the convergent and discriminant validity of a self-discrepancy model of vulnerability to chronic emotional syndromes.

Affective Symptoms↗

PubMed1988

A longitudinal study of negative emotional states and adjustment from early childhood through adolescence.

The relations among various negative emotional and behavioral characteristics (e.g., aggression, anxiety, undercompliance, depressive mood) and adjustment were examined through use of data from the 31-year-old New York Longitudinal Study. 75 white, middle-class children were rated on these negative characteristics from infancy to adolescence. Measures of family, peer, and personal adjustment were also obtained. Because of the longitudinal nature of the data, we were able to use structural equation models to address the following questions: (1) How stable are these negative behaviors from early life through adolescence? (2) What is the degree of relation between these emotional characteristics and adjustment in childhood and adolescence? and (3) To what degree do these emotional characteristics differentially predict multiple adjustment dimensions in adolescence? 2 factors of negative emotional behavior, labeled as Aggression and Affect, respectively, were identified in early and late childhood and were found to have relatively high stability of individual differences. Aggression significantly predicted adolescent maladjustment, whereas Affect had no independent prediction of maladjustment. Moreover, emotional problems provided better prediction of adolescent adjustment problems than did earlier childhood adjustment ratings.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Habituation and maternal encouragement of attention in infancy as predictors of toddler language, play, and representational competence.

In a longitudinal study, infants' habituation and mothers' encouragement of attention were assessed at 5 months, and toddlers' language comprehension, language production, and pretense play and mothers' encouragement of attention were assessed at 13 months. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the unique contributions of infant habituation and maternal stimulation to toddlers' cognitive abilities. Habituation predicted language comprehension, pretense play, and a latent variable of language and play after the influences of both 5- and 13-month maternal encouragement of attention were partialed. Likewise, early maternal encouragement of attention explained unique variance in toddlers' language comprehension and the language-and-play latent variable after infant habituation was controlled. These findings indicate that links between early habituation and later cognitive development are direct and not solely mediated by maternal stimulation, and that maternal stimulation of young infants influences the development of children's representational competence over and above infants' own information-processing abilities.

Attention↗

PubMed1991

Neurobehavioral syndromes in cocaine-exposed newborn infants.

The effects of fetal cocaine exposure on newborn cry characteristics were studied in 80 cocaine-exposed and 80 control infants. The groups were stratified to be similar on maternal demographic characteristics and maternal use of other illegal substances and alcohol during pregnancy. The hypothesis was that excitable cry characteristics were related to the direct effects of cocaine, while depressed cry characteristics were related to the indirect effects of cocaine secondary to low birthweight. Structural equation modeling (EQS) showed direct effects of cocaine on cries with a longer duration, higher fundamental frequency, and a higher and more variable first formant frequency. Indirect effects of cocaine secondary to low birthweight resulted in cries with a longer latency, fewer utterances, lower amplitude, and more dysphonation. Cocaine-exposed infants had a lower birthweight, shorter length, and smaller head circumference than the unexposed controls. Findings were consistent with the notion that 2 neurobehavioral syndromes, excitable and depressed, can be described in cocaine-exposed infants, and that these 2 syndromes are due, respectively, to direct neurotoxic effects and indirect effects secondary to intrauterine growth retardation.

Birth Weight↗

PubMed1992

Some consequences of early harsh discipline: child aggression and a maladaptive social information processing style.

Although a number of studies have reported a relation between abusive parental behavior and later aggressive behavior in the victim, many of these investigations have had methodological limitations that make precise interpretation of their results problematic. In the present study, we attempted to determine whether harsh parental discipline occurring early in life was associated with later aggression and internalizing behavior in children, using a prospective design with randomly selected samples to avoid some of these methodological difficulties. Structural equation modeling indicated a consistent relation between harsh discipline and aggression in 2 separate cohorts of children. This relation did not appear to be due to possible confounding factors such as child temperament, SES, and marital violence, although there was some indication in our data that the latter variables were related to child aggression. In addition, our analyses suggested that the effect of harsh discipline on child aggression may be mediated at least in part by maladaptive social information processing patterns that develop in response to the harsh discipline.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1989

Estimation of method and trait variance in ratings of conduct disorder.

A structural equation model designed to estimate the contributions of trait, method and error variance to maternal and teacher and child ratings of conduct disorder is presented. This model was fitted to data collected on a birth cohort of New Zealand children studied over a 3 yr period. On the basis of the fitted model it was estimated that between 28% and 40% of the variance in maternal and teacher ratings was ascribable to variations in the child's generalized behavioural tendencies and the remaining variance to either method-specific factors or random errors of measurement. The implications of these results are discussed.

Child↗

PubMed1987

Assessing the effects of psychotherapy. V. Nonexperimental methods in the analysis of causality.

On the basis of an explication of the experimental method of control for causal order and spuriousness, nonexperimental alternatives are explored. Controlling for both causal order and spuriousness, the partial correlation approach is explained, particularly as developed in structural equation models. Advantages and disadvantages in comparison with the experimental method are discussed.

Humans↗

PubMed1977

The effect of mental state on EPI scores.

This paper develops a structural equation model to assess the effects of mental state on EPI scores. This model is applied to results obtained from a clinical population. The findings show that :(a) the E scale is not influenced by mental state as measured by the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS); (b)) the N scale is influenced by HAS. An attempt to revise the N scale to produce an uncontaminated score is discussed.

Adjustment Disorders↗

PubMed1985

Influence of social factors on lead exposure and child development.

A brief overview of current views of child development is provided, with particular attention given to the role the child's physical and social environment plays in influencing the developmental process. Examples from the recent literature are used to illustrate how these factors can influence lead exposure and most importantly how they might interact with lead to ameliorate or exacerbate possible lead effects. An example is provided which demonstrates that failure to control adequately and to adjust the data statistically to correct for the influence of these factors can lead one erroneously to attribute cognitive and behavioral changes to lead. Finally, data from the Cincinnati Prospective Lead Study are presented to illustrate the application of structural equation modeling as a means for unraveling the complex web of sociodemographic, environmental and behavioral influences on childhood lead exposure. The latter analysis indicates that for children less than 24 months of age, lead-containing dust in the home and on the children's hands are important determinates of their blood lead levels. This relationship is influenced by the amount of maternal involvement with their child and other indices of interaction between the child and primary caregiver.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of widowhood on the health status of older persons.

Interest in the relationship between stress and the onset of illness has stimulated research on the impact of various life events on health status. This article is an analysis of the health consequences of widowhood--the life event considered to require the most readjustment. Considering both objective and subjective measures of health, a structural equation model is developed and tested with panel data of a sample of elders. The findings indicate that widowhood results in an immediate decrease in perceived health but that the long-term consequences are minimal. Also, certain categories of elders shown to be health optimistic are able to maintain their optimism after widowhood. The results are interpreted as reflecting relativity in medical perceptions and favor a transitional model for explaining the normalization of disability.

Age Factors↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Significant others and fear of crime among the elderly.

The authors examine demographic, environmental, behavioral, and social psychological factors that affect fear of crime among the elderly. Using a structural equation model, relevant variables are examined. Confirming earlier studies, elderly women are found to be more fearful than other groups. Further, social isolation, type of housing, length of residence, and area of the city are all related to fear of crime in a predicted direction. The fearful individual expressed low satisfaction with the job being done by the police in providing protection from crime. Social interaction with neighbors and friends reduces the fear of crime among the elderly. Surprisingly, the more they socialize with their relatives, the more fear they express.

Aged↗

PubMed1990

Subjective, social, and physical availability. II. Their simultaneous effects on alcohol consumption.

Part I of this (this journal, Vol. 25, No. 8, pp. 889-910) series described the theoretical justification for this research, the methods and measures used, and the interrelationships between indicators of physical, subjective, and social availability. Part II explores the relationships between these variables and alcohol consumption using bivariate analyses and structural equation modeling. As predicted, for these metropolitan residents, physical distance from an outlet only indirectly related to alcohol consumption via its negative relationship to subjective availability. Indicators of both subjective and social availability positively related to alcohol consumption. The implications of these results for future availability research and prevention programming are discussed.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Beliefs about resistance self-efficacy and drug prevalence: do they really affect drug use?

Testing the same structural equation model for eighth-grade users and nonusers, this study examines social influence and cognitive precursors of adolescent drug use among 1138 West Coast students. For the eighth-grade nonusers of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana (n = 518), low resistance self-efficacy and prodrug social influences directly predicted generic expectations of using drugs and actual use nine months later. For the users (n = 620), both variables directly affected expectations and indirectly affected actual use. While the latent variable measure of drug use prevalence did not predict either outcome, specific estimates of peer alcohol use directly affected later drinking. Estimates of several other drug-specific relations were required to fit the model, indicating that both general and drug-specific effects are needed to explain adolescent drug use.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2026

Suicidality phenotypes reflect both shared and distinct genetic factors.

Suicidality phenotypes, including suicidal ideation (SI), non-fatal suicide attempt (SA), and suicide death (SD), are heritable and exhibit both shared and phenotype-specific genetic influences. Using genomic structural equation modelling, we estimated the shared genetic architecture across GWAS of SI (176,147 cases, 1,010,300 controls), SA (53,919 cases, 1,063,988 controls), and SD (7,584 cases, 652,070 controls) and conducted a multivariate GWAS of a latent suicidality factor capturing their shared liability. This analysis identified 36 genome-wide significant loci, including seven not previously reported in any suicidality GWAS. Follow-up analyses identified residual genetic variance specific to each phenotype, including three SD-specific genomic risk loci. Conditioning suicidality phenotypes on genetic liability to psychiatric disorders revealed significant residual genetic variance across SI, SA, SD, and the suicidality common factor. Together, these results suggest that suicidality reflects both shared genetic liability and phenotype-specific contributions.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2026

Disentangling adiposity-related and non-adiposity-related genetic pathways for type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To identify circulating proteins associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk through pathways not fully explained by body mass index (BMI), and to assess therapeutic actionability. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We applied GWAS-by-subtraction within a genomic structural equation model to European ancestry summary statistics for T2D (74,124 cases, 824,006 controls) and BMI (n = 681,275), partitioning T2D liability into BMI-related and BMI-subtracted components. We then performed proteome-wide Mendelian randomization (MR) using cis-protein quantitative trait loci from four plasma proteomics cohorts: ARIC, deCODE, Fenland, and the UK Biobank Pharma Proteomics Project. Prioritized proteins passed sensitivity analyses with alternative MR methods and were supported by colocalization evidence. Tissue-resolution regulatory support was assessed using cis-eQTL colocalization across GTEx and pancreatic islet, subcutaneous adipose, and whole-blood resources. Actionability was evaluated using the druggable genome and Open Targets. RESULTS: GWAS-by-subtraction attenuated the genetic correlation between BMI and BMI-subtracted T2D from 0.54 (SE 0.02) to 0.35 (SE 0.02). Proteome-wide MR prioritized 29 proteins for BMI-subtracted T2D. Thirteen showed eQTL colocalization in at least one tissue, implicating liver and intermediary metabolism (GCDH, NOTCH2), pancreatic islet biology (CTRB2, MANBA), adipose and Wnt signaling (RSPO3, GALNT3), and whole blood regulatory signals (PAM, SNUPN). Sixteen proteins were classified within druggable-genome Tiers 1-3, and five had existing Open Targets compounds. CONCLUSIONS: Integrating GWAS-by-subtraction, proteome-wide MR, and colocalization nominated 29 proteins associated with T2D liability not fully explained by BMI. These findings highlight genetically supported targets for follow-up studies of T2D therapies that complement weight-centered approaches.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1991

Effects of gender and age on the heritability of body mass index.

We estimated genetic and environmental components of variance of body mass index (BMI) among 7245 same-sexed Finnish MZ and DZ twin pairs aged 18-54 years from the nationwide Finnish Twin Cohort. Age accounted for 20 per cent of variance among men and 26 per cent in women. The contributions of additive genetic effects, shared and non-shared environmental effects on BMI-variance were estimated by LISREL structural equation models. Genetic effects accounted for 72 per cent and 68 per cent of total variance in men and non-pregnant women respectively, while 28 per cent of variance among men and 32 per cent among women was due to non-shared environmental effects. This gender difference was statistically significant. Models including shared environmental effects did not improve model fits. The magnitude of the genetic component of BMI was also analysed separately for each 10-year age group. Models with age-specific parameters for genetic and environmental effects fitted significantly better than models with effects constrained to be equal over age. Our results indicate a substantial genetic component in BMI. However, the magnitude of additive genetic effects decreases with age in both genders.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Self-transcendence and emotional well-being in women with advanced breast cancer.

Self-transcendence has been associated, in previous studies, with stressful life events and emotional well-being. This study examined the relationships among self-transcendence, emotional well-being, and illness-related distress in women with advanced breast cancer. The study employed a cross-sectional correlational design in a convenience sample (n = 107) of women with Stage IIIb and Stage IV breast cancer. Subjects completed a questionnaire that included Reed's Self-Transcendence Scale; Bradburn's Affect Balance Scale (ABS); a Cognitive Well-Being (CWB) Scale based on work by Campbell, Converse, and Rogers; McCorkle and Young's Symptom Distress Scale (SDS); and the Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS). Data were analyzed using factor analytic structural equations modeling. Self-transcendence decreased illness distress (assessed by the SDS and the KPS) through the mediating effect of emotional well-being (assessed by the ABS and the CWB Scale). Self-transcendence directly affected emotional well-being (beta = 0.69), and emotional well-being had a strong negative effect on illness distress (beta = -0.84). A direct path from self-transcendence to illness distress (beta = -0.31) became nonsignificant (beta = -0.08) when controlling for emotional well-being. Further research using longitudinal data will seek to validate these relationships and to explain how nurses can promote self-transcendence in women with advanced breast cancer, as well as in others with life-threatening illnesses.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1987

Cycles in nonlinear age-structured models. I. Renewal equations.

A variety of density-dependent population models can be described by nonlinear renewal equations. This paper develops analytical tools for such models to study the sustained population cycles which arise by bifurcation. The results obtained describe explicitly the direction of bifurcation, and the period, form, and dynamic stability of sustained cycles. The results are illustrated by application to a cohort-controlled model of human populations which has been proposed as a formalization of the Easterlin effect.

Age Factors↗