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PubMed2006

Immunolocalization of aquaporin-5 expression in sweat gland cells from normal and anhidrotic horses.

Western blot analysis showed that sweat gland cells from freely sweating horses expressed the water channel aquaporin-5 (AQP-5). Immunohistochemistry revealed a strong AQP-5-like activity reaction at the apical membrane of the glandular secretory cells, which was absent from the surrounding myoepithelium and all other skin structures. In anhidrotic horses, AQP-5 was also found at the apical membrane of the luminal sweat gland cells, but the level of expression reduced with the length of time that the animal had displayed anhidrosis. The level of AQP-5 expression was substantially reduced in animals with long-term anhidrosis, hence implicating water channel impairment as a possible factor in the development of this disorder.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Sweat electrolyte and cystic fibrosis mutation analysis allows early diagnosis in Brazilian children with clinical signs compatible with cystic fibrosis.

A total of 540 individuals with clinical signs suggestive of cystic fibrosis (CF) was studied. The sweat chloride was measured and the DF508, G542X, R553X, and W1282X mutations of the CF gene were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). With this approach the diagnosis of CF was confirmed in 12 children, while 7 additional cases, who are heterozygous for the DF508 mutation, have had minor clinical signs. The frequency of the DF508 allele among the 540 individuals was approximately 3%. The mean age of children diagnosed with CF was 1.81 years, which is significantly earlier than in other studies of the Brazilian population. We also demonstrated that this approach has important clinical implications for earlier and adequate treatment, which was shown to be fundamental for increasing significantly the quality of life and life expectancy. This is particularly true in countries such as Brazil where most CF cases remain undiagnosed, mainly in families of low socio-economical status.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Measurement of osmolality and sodium concentration in heated-cup sweat collections for the investigation of cystic fibrosis.

A new system (Wescor) for sweat collection and analysis was examined with respect to its suitability for the investigation of children suspected to have cystic fibrosis. The effects of iontophoresis current, sweat collection time, sweat storage and analysis were examined, and as a result the technique was modified to allow collection and storage of sufficient sweat for sodium and potassium as well as osmolality assays in 10-20 minutes. The small electrodes and speed of the procedure make it practical for use with small children, with a reproducibility of 13-24% (coefficient of variation for whole procedure).

Adult↗
PubMed1990

DNA analysis of cystic fibrosis genotypes in relatives with equivocal sweat test results.

Restriction fragment length polymorphism linkage analysis of cystic fibrosis (CF) is used primarily for pre-pregnancy family studies, prenatal diagnosis, and carrier testing among close relatives of an affected individual. We undertook to clarify the status of six individuals with borderline or elevated sweat chloride concentrations and a relative with CF by testing for haplotype sharing. Their families and physicians expressed concern about management of these generally asymptomatic individuals. We typed DNA from family members with pJ3.11, pXV2C, pKM19, pmetH, pmetD, and p7C22. Each family was fully informative, enabling us to track the CF region of chromosome 7. Our analysis identified five individuals from four families as CF heterozygotes. A sixth individual, whose maternal first cousin died from CF, has the same haplotype as six of his seven healthy siblings, and thus we predict that he is unaffected. These family studies are a novel application of an emerging genetic technology. DNA linkage analysis is useful for elucidation of the CF genotype in families where the clinical features are equivocal and management is an issue.

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7↗
PubMed2004

Somatic symptoms most often associated with depression in an urban hospital medical setting in Japan.

Somatic symptoms are known to be the major manifestation in patients with depression. The aim of the present study was to investigate the major somatic and psychiatric symptoms associated with depression in each sex. Patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of depressive disorders (n=335) and comparison patients without depression (n=425) among new outpatients in an urban hospital medical setting were eligible for study. The relationship between the three most distressing subjective symptoms at the first visit, confirmed by the patient's description on a health questionnaire and the admitting physician's interview, and depression was investigated in each sex. Most (77.4%) of the complaints in patients with depression were somatic. In a simple logistic regression analysis, diarrhea, excessive sweating and psychomotor retardation in men, and headache, depressed mood and grief in women were associated with depression. In multiple logistic regression analysis, diarrhea, excessive sweating and weight loss in men, and headache, dysesthesia and grief in women, as well as sleep disturbance, loss of appetite, general fatigue, loss of interest and agitation in both sexes, were statistically significantly associated with depression. Fever in men was also associated with depression by Fisher's exact test.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Somatic symptoms most often associated with depression in an urban hospital medical setting in Japan.

Somatic symptoms are known to be a prominent characteristic in patients with depression. The aim of the present study was to investigate the major somatic and psychiatric symptoms associated with depression in each sex. Patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of depressive disorders (n=335) and comparison patients without depression (n=423) among new outpatients in an urban hospital medical setting were eligible for study. The relationship between the the most distressing subjective symptoms at first visit, confirmed by the patient's description on a health questionnaire and the admitting physician's interview, and depression was investigated in each sex. Most (73.5%) of the complaints in patients with depression were somatic. In a simple logistic regression analysis, diarrhea, excessive sweating and psychomotor retardation in men and headache, depressed mood and grief in women were associated with depression. In multiple logistic regression analysis, diarrhea, excessive sweating and weight loss in men, and headache, dysesthesia and grief in women, as well as sleep disturbance, loss of appetite, general fatigue loss on interest and agitation in both sexes, were significantly associated with depression. Fever in men was also associated with depression by Fisher's exact test.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Detection of methamphetamine in sweat by EIA and GC-MS.

Sweat was collected with the PharmChekTM sweat patch and drugs were eluted from the collection pad of the patch. A solid phase, enzyme immunoassay using microtiter plates was modified for analysis of methamphetamine in sweat. After methamphetamine administration, sweat contains primarily parent methamphetamine. The immunoassay was determined to have crossreactivity relative to 100% for the methamphetamine (MA) calibrators; to 144% for methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA); to 30% for d-amphetamine; to 21% for methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA); and to 8% for I-methamphetamine. The optimum cutoff concentration for this modified assay was determined by receiver operating characteristic analysis to be 10 ng/mL amphetamine equivalents. At this cutoff concentration the assay had a diagnostic sensitivity of 84.5% and a diagnostic specificity of 93.2% versus gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The positive predictive value at a prevalence of 50% was 86%. The intra-assay precision at 10 ng/mL was 9.9% (coefficient of variation, CV) and the interassay CV was 13%. Analysis of spiked patches at plus or minus 25 and 50% around the cutoff gave a percent positive threshold of approximately 50% at a cutoff of 10 ng/mL and a 95% confidence level for a positive result by the EIA between 15 and 20 ng/mL. Of 18 potential adulterants that might be injected into or under the patch, two (tile cleaner and cough syrup) caused a false-positive response by immunoassay. All results were confirmed by GC-MS. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the overall analysis system (sweat collection and analysis) were 85 and 100%, respectively, using known methamphetamine dosing of volunteers (10, 20, and 25 mg) as the reference standard.

Calibration↗
PubMed2006

Measurement of cytokines in sweat patches and plasma in healthy women: validation in a controlled study.

Cytokines have been detected by ELISA in a variety of body fluids. Recycling immunoaffinity chromatography (RIC) coupled with laser-induced fluorescence detection is a highly sensitive and specific method, which allows simultaneous measurements of many analytes in small volumes of biological fluids. This method has been applied to plasma, cervical secretions and other body fluids, but has not previously been applied to sweat. The aim of this study was to validate the RIC methodology in sweat for measurements of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-8 and TGF-beta. Two sweat patches were applied for 24 h on the torso, and blood was collected at one time point during this period in nine healthy women. Cytokines were measured in paired samples of plasma and sweat. Cytokines were detected in sweat in similar concentrations to plasma. Linear regression analysis confirmed that sweat levels of these cytokines accounted for a large percentages of variance in plasma levels: IL-1alpha (R2 = 0.70, p = 0.005), IL-1beta (R2 = 0.79, p = 0.003), IL-6 (R2 = 0.52, p = 0.03), TNF-alpha (R2 = 0.95, p < 0.0001), IL-8 (R2 = 0.81, p = 0.001) and TGF-beta (R2 = 0.94, p = 0.0003). These findings indicate that cytokine levels measured in sweat are informative of circulating levels and that sweat patches combined with RIC represents a viable non-invasive method to measure cytokines in ambulatory settings over time. This method is unobtrusive and requires minimal active compliance on the part of the subjects being studied, without pain or stress. This approach can open a new generation of studies to address the effects of environmental factors on immune responses in a wide range of different settings.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1992

Women with climacteric symptoms: a target group for prevention of rapid bone loss and osteoporosis.

The relations of vasomotor symptoms to the rate of bone loss and to the response of forearm bone mineral density (BMD) to hormone replacement therapy (HRT) were analyzed in a 2-year non-randomized study. Forty peri/postmenopausal women who were given HRT for climacteric symptoms were compared with untreated control women, individually matched for age and length of time since the last menstrual period. The women who received HRT gained, on average, about 2% in BMD, while the control women lost about 6% (mean group difference 8%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.7-10.2). Adjustment for potential confounders did not change the results. Sweating frequency was inversely correlated with serum estradiol levels (p = 0.05). Among untreated women the rate of bone loss was higher in those who had frequent sweating initially than in those with less frequent sweating (9% vs. 4%, mean difference 4.3%; 95% CI 0.7-7.8, p = 0.023). Among women who received HRT, those who had the highest frequency of sweating initially, compared with those with a lower frequency, showed a greater gain in bone density (mean difference 4%; 95% CI 1.2-6.8, p = 0.007). In multivariate analysis adjusting for covariates, sweating frequency remained an independent determinant of change in bone density in women both with and without HRT. When sweating frequency and serum estradiol levels were compared in a multivariate analysis, only sweating frequency showed an independent association with rate of bone loss. The findings indicate that women with severe climacteric symptoms may have an excessive rate of bone loss and should therefore be considered as a special target group for prevention of osteoporosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Pancreatic function and extended mutation analysis in DeltaF508 heterozygous infants with an elevated immunoreactive trypsinogen but normal sweat electrolyte levels.

BACKGROUND: Newborn screening for cystic fibrosis (CF) with immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) and DeltaF508 analysis followed by sweat testing misses some infants with CF and detects more DeltaF508 carriers than expected. Some of the apparent DeltaF508 carriers may be DeltaF508 compound heterozygotes with normal sweat electrolyte levels. METHODS: Infants identified by newborn screening with an elevated IRT level, one DeltaF508 allele, and a sweat chloride level <60 mmol/L underwent CF mutation analysis, pancreatic stimulation testing, and repeat IRT analysis followed by clinical review and repeat sweat test at 12 months. RESULTS: Over a 24-month period we identified 122 DeltaF508 heterozygotes and recruited 57; 4 had borderline sweat chloride levels (40 to 60 mmol/L), 5 (8.8%, 95% CI 1.4, 16.2) had a second CF mutation (R117H), and 11 (20%, 95% CI 10, 30) had the intron 8 5T allele. Three had clinical CF at 12 months (initial sweat chloride levels: 53, 51, and 32 mmol/L). Pancreatic electrolyte secretion in the subjects with a borderline sweat chloride level was similar to that in patients with known CF. CONCLUSION: The excess of DeltaF508 heterozygotes detected by IRT/DNA screening is associated with the presence of a second mutation or the 5T allele in some infants. Screened infants with borderline sweat chloride levels almost certainly have CF, but long-term follow-up of the infants with the genotype DeltaF508/R117H and DeltaF508/5T is required to determine their outcome. In the meantime, newborn screening should be confined to severe mutations associated with classic CF.

Cystic Fibrosis↗
PubMed1983

Development of a screening system for cystic fibrosis.

We have developed a simple method for detecting high concentrations of chloride in sweat from ambulatory subjects, a measurement useful in the detection of cystic fibrosis. The method is based on the standard approach of stimulating sweat generation through iontophoresis of pilocarpine nitrate into the skin, followed by collection and analysis of the sweat for chloride concentration. The sweat-stimulating reagents are contained in polymeric gel pads, which are used in conjunction with a small battery-powered stimulator. The chloride analysis is subsequently done on the stimulated site by use of a thin test patch that picks up a fixed amount of sweat and changes color if the chloride concentration is higher than a predetermined value. The successful completion of a test is indicated by a fill tab, which changes color when the appropriate amount of sweat has been picked up by the chloride test patch.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Analysis of methamphetamine in hair, nail, sweat, and saliva by mass fragmentography.

A method for the detection and quantitation of methamphetamine and its major metabolite in hair, nails, sweat, and saliva from habitual users of methamphetamine by mass fragmentography has been developed. Hair and nail samples were washed with water and methanol to remove the external contamination, processed with 0.6M HCl, alkalinized, and extracted with CHCl3/isopropanol (3:1 v/v). Sweat and saliva samples were extracted with methanol. After trifluoroacetyl derivatization, the samples were analyzed by mass fragmentography. Methamphetamine and its major metabolite, amphetamine, were detected in hair, nail, and sweat samples, but methamphetamine alone was detected in saliva samples.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1991

[Electrophysiological analysis of the functions of the sweat gland fibers in various diseases].

The authors relate the data on vegetative sweating fibers studied by the method of evoked skin sympathetic potentials in patients with diabetes mellitus, Charcot-Marie atrophy, spinal amyotrophy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, essential hyperhidrosis, and in those with Raynaud's phenomenon and thyrotoxicosis. A remarkable decrease of conduction by sweating fibers was revealed in patients with diabetes mellitus, Charcot-Marie atrophy and Raynaud's phenomenon; a moderate decrease was shown by the patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome and by those with spinal amyotrophy. The conclusion is made about the high information content of the method.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Response of unacclimatized males to repeated weekly bouts of exercise in the heat.

The purpose of the present study was to determine if there is an acclimation effect when unacclimatized males exercise in the heat at weekly intervals. Five subjects performed four exercise bouts, each lasting 1 h at 55% VO2max. The first trial was in moderate conditions (mean(s.d.) temperature (Ta) = 22.0(0.8)degrees C; mean(s.d.) relative humidity (rh) = 67(6)%) and the subsequent three trials were carried out at weekly intervals in the heat (mean(s.d.) Ta = 34.6(0.6)degrees C; mean(s.d.) rh = 60(7)%). There were no significant differences between trials in the heat for heart rate, rectal temperature, skin temperature or VO2 (repeated measures analysis of variance), and total sweat loss (one-way analysis of variance). As changes in these variables are seen with heat acclimation it was concluded that there was no heat acclimation effect and separating exercise bouts by 1 week was a valid method for comparing the effects of different treatments on unacclimatized males during exercise in the heat.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1982

Comparisons of eccrine sweat gland anatomy in genetic, chromosomal, and other diseases, and a suggested procedure for use of sweat gland measurements in differential diagnosis.

Statistical analysis of the dimensions of microdissected eccrine sweat glands (duct length, coil volume, ratio of coil volume to duct length, and axis ratio of coil) was performed for several diseases (cystic fibrosis of the pancreas, Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, tetralogy of Fallot, chronic renal disease, and trisomies 13, 18, and 21) using both individual and grouped age-matched control patients. Duct length, coil volume, and the ratio of the two all rise with age. Eccrine gland duct length was found to be significantly large in tetralogy of Fallot and Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and small in chronic renal disease (less so in males than in females, trisomy 13 and trisomy 18). Secretory coil volume was significantly smaller than normal in trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) and in chronic renal disease, and the ratio of coil volume to duct length was low in trisomy 21 and chronic renal disease. The shape of the secretory coil (axis ratio) was possibly abnormal in trisomy 13. Gland dimensions were normal for cystic fibrosis. Using the multivariate procedure of discriminant analysis, it was found that sweat gland measures significantly contributed to the differentiation of diseases, after adjustments were made for variations in age-at-death. This suggested the possibility that criteria for distinction of clinically similar genetic, metabolic, or chromosomal diseases by study of the anatomic properties of eccrine glands obtained by skin biopsy could be developed. A procedure of analysis comparing the "percentage of normal" of gland dimensions for each disease to control values, and thereby differentiating disease categories on the basis of the "percentage of normal" values, is presented.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Interleukin-1 alpha in human sweat is functionally active and derived from the eccrine sweat gland.

We wished to establish the presence of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in human sweat (5) and clarify its origin and mechanism of secretion. IL-1 alpha concentration ([IL-1 alpha]) in clean sweat from the back increased with the sweat rate, plateauing at the maximal sweat rate ([IL-1 alpha]max). The mean [IL-1 alpha]max was 545 pg/ml (n = 17) for men and 1,324 pg/ml for women in back sweat. The mean [IL-1 alpha]max for axillary sweat in men was 1,568 (n = 6). Palmar sweat was 9.2 ng/ml (n = 5) for IL-1 alpha and 7.9 ng/ml for IL-1 beta. [IL-1 alpha]max decreased to one-third that of the first sweat test, when second sauna sweat tests were conducted after 2 h of continuous sweating on the same day. Western blot analysis of the purified sweat IL-1 alpha fraction revealed bands at 17, 29, and 33 kDa. Immunoreactive IL-1 alpha was localized mainly in the secretory coil lumen, intercellular canaliculi, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and near plasma membranes. Polymerase chain reaction revealed the presence of IL-1 alpha mRNA in the sweat gland and in cultured human eccrine secretory coil cells. Both sweat IL-1 alpha and human recombinant IL-1 alpha at 500 pg/ml strongly stimulated interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 production in cultured fibroblasts. We conclude that the IL-1 alpha-like immunoreactive substance in sweat is IL-1 alpha itself, is derived from the sweat gland, and is biologically active at concentrations normally present in fresh sweat.

Adolescent↗