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Results for “TOXOPLASMOSIS, OCULAR”

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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Reconsidering the pathogenesis of ocular toxoplasmosis.

PURPOSE: To review recent observations regarding the sources of Toxoplasma gondii infection and rates of ocular involvement in cases of infection acquired after birth, and to reconcile them with older observations and widely held beliefs about the pathogenesis of ocular toxoplasmosis. METHOD: A review of pertinent reports from the medical literature. RESULTS: There are several potential sources and routes of infection, including inhalation of spores and ingestion of contaminated drinking water, that were previously unrecognized. Ocular involvement in cases of acquired infection appears to be more common than heretofore believed. A variety of host and parasitic factors may influence rates of ocular infection and the characteristics of ocular disease. CONCLUSIONS: The scars from which recurrent toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis arise may be the result of remote, acquired infections in many cases, rather than the residua of congenital infections, as commonly assumed. A better understanding of the epidemiology of T. gondii infection, as well as the host and parasitic factors that influence disease presentation, is important for developing strategies for prevention and management of ocular toxoplasmosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Ocular toxoplasmosis: a global reassessment. Part II: disease manifestations and management.

PURPOSE: To update clinical information about ocular toxoplasmosis. Part II reviews the spectrum of disease manifestations and factors that influence severity of disease. Implications for disease management are discussed. DESIGN: Literature review. METHODS: Selected articles from the medical literature, information from several recent scientific meetings, and the author's personal experiences were reviewed critically in preparation for the LX Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture. RESULTS: The appearance of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis lesions varies with duration of active retinal infection and intensity of inflammation. Severe ocular disease occurs in immunocompromised hosts. Older patients who are recently infected with Toxoplasma gondii may have a higher prevalence of ocular involvement and more severe ocular disease because of altered host defenses. Most disease-producing isolates of T. gondii belong to one of three clonal lineages (types I, II, III); type I has been associated with severe disease in both animals and human beings. Many observational studies suggest a benefit of short-term antimicrobial therapy for toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis in immunocompetent patients, although the efficacy of these treatments has not been proven in randomized clinical trials. Intermittent trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole treatment was associated with fewer recurrences than placebo during a 20-month randomized clinical trial. CONCLUSIONS: Variations in disease characteristics may be related to host, parasite, or environmental factors. The genotype of the infecting parasite appears to be an important determinant of disease severity in immunocompetent patients. Secondary prophylaxis may reduce the rate of recurrences in high-risk patients. A better clinical understanding of ocular toxoplasmosis can lead to more effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Clinical and therapy features of ocular toxoplasmosis in patients with HIV-AIDS infection].

UNLABELLED: The paper presents clinical and therapy features of the ocular Toxoplasmosis in patients with HIV-AIDS infection. Four cases of AIDS have been observed in witch has been recognized the ocular toxoplasmosis (two at children and two at adults). It was watched the evolution under treatment of the lesions caused by the parasite and it was appreciated the efficiency of the therapy. CONCLUSION: The antitoxoplasmosis therapy is made in the same way as at the immunocompetents patients, but it must be followed by a maintenance treatment all the patience's life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Unusual abundance of atypical strains associated with human ocular toxoplasmosis.

To facilitate genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in vitreous fluid of patients with severe or atypical ocular toxoplasmosis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays were developed for SAG3 (p43) and SAG4 (p18), 2 single-copy surface antigen genes. Together with strategies for SAG1, SAG2, and B1, multilocus RFLP analyses were performed on PCR-amplified parasite DNA present in 12 clinical specimens. Most samples (8/12) were not infected by type II or type III mouse-avirulent strains. Only 1 type III and 3 type II strains were identified, all from immunosuppressed patients. In 6 otherwise healthy adults and in 1 immunosuppressed patient, the SAG1 allele associated with mouse virulence was amplified. Of 12 samples, 3 possessed true type I strains; 5 of 12 had new recombinant genotypes with alleles typical of type I or III strains at all loci examined. The unusual bias toward type I and/or recombinant genotypes bearing the SAG1 type I allele associated with mouse virulence in immunocompetent adults has important implications for the epidemiology and efficacious treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Value of different serological tests in the diagnosis of various forms of active ocular toxoplasmosis].

The analysis of results of indirect immunofluorescence and direct agglutination reaction in patients with various forms of ocular toxoplasmosis showed that these reactions have a limited value in diagnostics of this condition. One can define a sure diagnosis of active ocular toxoplasmosis when the titre of these reactions are higher than 512. The ELISA IgM reaction is specific for the active form of this disease. The sensitivity of this reaction amounts 43-50%. In cases of iridocyclitis the results of the serological tests were similar to those of the control group; this confirms the hypothesis that the inflammation is evoked by an allergic reaction.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Prophylaxis for ocular toxoplasmosis.

The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is an important cause of ocular disease. Ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) can be a progressive and recurring disease that can threaten visual function. We present 2 cases of recurrent OT in immunocompetent patients for whom prophylaxis prevented recurrence of disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Clinicopathological features of a congenital murine model of ocular toxoplasmosis.

Sequential clinical examination was carried out upon the eyes of mice that had been infected in utero with Toxoplasma gondii. Three patterns of clinical disease were seen. First, crystalliform cataracts, which either remained unchanged in character or occasionally became more extensive, were observed. Second, acute uveitis occurred in a small proportion of eyes, progressing into a chronic inflammatory disease with secondary opaque cataract. The third pattern comprised multiple discrete foci of deep retinal disturbance. It is suggested that these lesions were attributable to focal macrophage clusters in the sub-retinal space with overlying dome-shaped elevations of the photoreceptor matrix. The severity of disease, as assessed clinically, correlated with the underlying histopathology but not with the serological titres against Toxoplasma. Immunocytochemical staining for Toxoplasma antigen revealed only intra-retinal Toxoplasma cysts, but no free organisms or extracystic antigen were demonstrated. Selective photoreceptor destruction was the most prominent histopathological feature, implicating auto-immune mechanisms of tissue destruction.

Acute Disease↗