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PubMed2004

Time trend of childhood type 1 diabetes incidence in Lithuania and Sweden, 1983-2000.

AIM: To compare the time trend of childhood type 1 diabetes over an 18-y period in Lithuania and Sweden--countries with different incidence levels and different socio-economic conditions. METHODS: Percent average incidence change per year between 1983 and 2000, based on 8031 Swedish and 1100 Lithuanian cases in the age group 0-14 y, was calculated using Poisson regression. RESULTS: Average age- and sex-standardized incidence/100 000/y was 28.9 (95% CI: 28.2-29.5) in Sweden and 7.5 (95% CI: 7.1-8.0) in Lithuania. Between 1983 and 2000, the average increase per year was 2.2% in Sweden (95% CI: 1.7-2.6) and 2.3% in Lithuania (95% CI: 1.1-3.5), but the latter trend depended on an increase during the last few years of the period, and only for girls. In Sweden, incidence increased significantly in all age groups, but more so in the younger groups (3.0%, 2.2% and 1.7% per year in 0-4, 5-9 and 10-14-y age groups, respectively), while in Lithuania a significant increase was found only in the 10-14-y age group (3.0%). In Sweden, a trend towards a younger age at diagnosis was indicated for both boys and girls when comparing 1983-1991 and 1992-2000, whereas in Lithuania, the changes in age distribution over time were small, with an opposite tendency for boys. CONCLUSION: Incidence variability over time differed considerably in the two countries in the region of the Baltic Sea, suggesting a complex effect of environmental risk factors, some of which may be associated with wealth and socio-economic conditions.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Time trends and sex patterns in Hodgkin's disease incidence in Canada, 1970-1995.

PURPOSE: To examine time trends and sex patterns in Hodgkin's disease incidence in Canada, from 1970 through 1995. METHOD: In addition to analyses of the secular trends and sex ratio in incidence rates, age-period-cohort models were fitted to estimate the effects on the trends. Age-specific male/female incidence rate ratios were examined for the disease and for its two major histologic subtypes. RESULTS: The overall age-adjusted incidence rate of Hodgkin's disease decreased significantly in males (3.5 per 100,000 in 1970-71 to 2.8 in 1994-95) but only slightly in females (2.4 per 100,000 to 2.3). There was a significant increase in the incidence among females aged 10-29 and among males aged 10-24, but a dramatic decrease among older ages. Age-period-cohort modelling showed that birth cohort and period effects were responsible for the observed trends in males and females, respectively. CONCLUSION: The risk factors responsible for Hodgkin's disease are different in females and males. Reproductive factors are likely to be associated with the occurrence of the disease in young women.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Time trends in suicide mortality in Lithuania.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyse the time trends of suicides during the period 1970-1995 in Lithuania, and to assess the importance of the effects of age, period and birth cohort as risk factors. METHOD: Trends in suicides and average annual changes were based on logarithmic regression analysis. For assessment of the effects of age, period and birth cohort on suicide mortality, a log-linear regression model with parameters representing age, period and cohort effects was fitted. RESULTS: Between 1970 and 1995 age-standardized suicide rates almost doubled. There was an increase in suicides in birth cohorts of males from 1910 to 1950, and in cohorts born after 1965. In females, an increase was observed in all successive birth years from 1905 to 1925 and after 1970. The period effect in males and the cohort effect in females were dominant. CONCLUSION: It is unlikely that suicide rates will decrease in the near future.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Time trends and survival after operations for primary lung cancer from 1976 through 1990.

To assess the time trends and survivals after operations for primary lung cancer, the cases of 845 consecutive patients who underwent thoracotomy between 1976 and 1990 were retrospectively reviewed by groups corresponding to year of the operation (the early period was 1976 to 1980, n = 208; the middle period was 1981 to 1985, n = 291, and the late period was 1986 to 1990, n = 346). The 5-year survivals at the early, the middle, and the late periods were 31.5%, 39.0%, and 54.0%, respectively, with significant improvement particularly at the late period (p < 0.05 for the early period vs the middle period, p < 0.01 for the early or middle period vs the late period); the improvement was caused by increase in the ratio of patients with stage I disease (20.7% at the early period, 32.0% at the middle period, 44.2% at the late period), increase in the rates of complete tumor resection with lymph node dissection (57.2%, 68.0%, 74.3%, respectively), and decrease in the rates of operation-related death (3.8%, 3.4%, 0.9%, respectively). The postoperative prognosis of patients with stage II disease at the late period (5-year survival 74.8%) showed significant improvement compared with the other periods. Moreover, the prognosis of patients with stage IIIa, pN2 disease (5-year survival 41.5%) showed significant improvement, which was caused by the significant decrease in patients with pT3 N2 M0 disease and poor prognosis.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2000

Recent time trends in acute myocardial infarction in Stockholm, Sweden.

AIMS: The purpose of this study was to analyse time trends in first acute myocardial infarction (AMI) incidence in Stockholm County during 1984-1996. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study base consisted of the population of Stockholm County 30-89 years old 1984-1996. New cases of first AMI in the study base were identified by combining information regarding hospital discharges and deaths. The diagnostic quality was evaluated for 2403 First-AMI cases 45-70 years old that occurred during 1992-1994. The evaluation indicated a very high agreement with diagnostic criteria of AMI among hospital treated cases. Among fatal cases outside hospital, the autopsy rate was nearly 70%. The incidence of first AMI declined during the study period for both men and women. In men, the age-adjusted incidence of first AMI was 18% lower in 1994-1996 than in 1984-1987 and in women it was 13% lower. The average yearly decline was 2% for men and 1.4% for women. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest a continued decline in AMI incidence in Stockholm. A reduction in the proportion of regular smokers has probably contributed to this decline. Future trends in AMI incidence are difficult to predict in view of diverging trends in risk factors.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

A time trend of profile and surgical results in 1123 patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: A time trend for characteristics and prognoses of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who underwent surgical resection was investigated. METHODS: A series of 1123 consecutive patients with NSCLC who underwent surgical resection from 1975 to 1998 was reviewed with respect to changes in patient profile and surgical outcome among subgroups classified by clinicopathologic factors. RESULTS: With time, the proportion of female, elderly (> or =70 years), pathologic stage IA, nonsmoking, and adenocarcinoma patients increased significantly whereas pneumonectomy, incomplete resection, and pathologic stage IIIA patients decreased significantly. Overall survival showed an upward trend with 5-year survival rates of 30.0% in the 1970s, 41.6% in the 1980s, and 50.1% in the 1990s (P <.0001). This tendency was similar in every pathologic stage that was observed. The proportion of female patients with adenocarcinoma that exhibited the most favorable prognosis among subpopulations classified by gender and cell types was significantly higher in the 1990s (28.0%) than in the 1970s (14.0%). Multivariate analysis revealed that female gender, adenocarcinoma, complete resection, and early pathologic stage were independently favorable factors whereas advanced age was an unfavorable factor. CONCLUSIONS: The improved survival following surgical resection for NSCLC during the study period was associated with an increasing population of female patients with adenocarcinoma, more detection of early disease, and effective elimination of unresectable cases.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2005

Time trends in mortality for thiamethoxam and fipronil against Formosan subterranean termites and eastern subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae).

Time trends in mortality for the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, and eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), were determined for thiamethoxam and fipronil. Filter paper treated with 50 ppm thiamethoxam led to >80% mortality in 2-4 d for R. flavipes, whereas 5 ppm thiamethoxam resulted in >80% mortality in 2-3 d for C. formosanus. Filter paper treated with 1 ppm fipronil resulted in >80% mortality in 5 d for R. flavipes and 9 d for C. formosanus, indicating that thiamethoxam is faster acting than fipronil. As concentration decreases for slow-acting termiticides, the time required for adverse effects to be fully expressed increases.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Morbidity pattern and time trends of filaria cases at a PHC in Dakshina Kannada District.

A study on morbity pattern and time trends of filaria cases was carried out in a PHC of Dakshin Kannada District during November 2000 to January 2001. The age and sex distribution of all 416 filaria cases recorded revealed that 235 (56.49%) were females and maximum concentration of 263 (63.21%) was in the age group of 16-45 years. The seasonal distribution revealed that rainy season accounted the highest number of cases 197 (47.35%). The prevalence was highest, 1.96/1000 population in the year 1993 and lowest, 0.71/1000 population in the year 1995.

Age Distribution↗

PubMed1995

Time-trend analysis of mortality from malignant tumors of the nervous system in Spain, 1952-1986.

We analyzed time trends in mortality from malignant tumors of the nervous system (MTNS) in the adult Spanish population during the period 1952-1986, using Poisson regression analysis of age at death, year of birth and year of death. During such period, mortality rose especially in the elderly as well as among young and middle-aged men. We found two modest period effects, in both sexes attributed to changes in certification practice. An ascending effect in cohorts born up to 1920 in males and females was attributed to improvements in ascertainment. A positive, progressive, cohort effect in males born post-1920 was detected. Mortality from MTNS in Spain was medium-high with a tendency to rise, most likely due to improvements in diagnosis and registration. From this analysis, the existence of a true increase in incidence of brain glioma among young and middle-aged male adults during recent decades is suggested.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Time trends in incidence rates of first hip fracture in the Uppsala Health Care Region, Sweden, 1965-1983.

Time trends from 1965 through 1983 for age-specific and age-standardized rates of first hospital admission for a proximal femur fracture were studied in the Uppsala Health Care Region, Sweden, using a centralized register for inpatient care. During the 19-year study period, 29,277 hospital admissions for a first hip fracture were recorded in this population of about 1.5 million persons. The total number of first hip fracture admissions per year increased for both sexes. Age-standardized admission rates for both cervical and trochanteric fractures increased in men (average change per year of 1.8% and 2.6%, respectively) in contrast to the decreased admission rate for cervical fractures (-1.6% per year) and a stable rate for trochanteric fractures (0.4% per year) in women. The cumulative rate of cervical or trochanteric fracture at ages 30-79 years increased 46% in men (from 42/1,000 population in 1965 to 61.5/1,000 population in 1983) in contrast to a 24% decrease in women (from 134/1,000 population in 1965 to 101.5/1,000 population in 1983). The female:male ratio of age-standardized incidence rates decreased for both types of fracture during the study period. This finding of stable or decreasing rates of hip fracture in women contrasts with the findings of most previous studies.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Time trends in a study of 440 mass slayings/rampages occurring in public places.

We looked for variations in the timing of mass slayings/rampages (MS/R) committed in public places by solitary perpetrators. News reports on 440 MS/R from 1920 to 1996 yielded 379 onset times which were examined for temporal patterns. There was a dramatic increase in the number of MS/R from 1966 to 1995. We observed a significant monthly variation with peaks in July-August and December, and a bimodal daily rhythm for MS/R onset with a major peak at 11:00 a.m. and a minor peak at 8:00 p.m. Observed time trends for MS/R could help develop protective programs to reduce stress and violence in public places.

History, 20th Century↗

PubMed1989

Time trends in peptic ulcer surgery, 1956 to 1986. A nation-wide survey in Sweden.

To establish time trends in surgical rates for peptic ulcer disease, all surgical departments in Sweden were requested to complete a questionnaire regarding elective operations for gastric and duodenal ulcers and emergency operations for ulcer perforations performed in 1956, 1966, 1976, and 1986. A total of 8558 operations were reported for these years. The incidence of elective surgery declined steadily, the rates being 72.1, 45.0, 31.9, and 10.7 per 100,000 inhabitants. The male:female ratio fell from 4.2 to 1.5:1, while the duodenal/gastric ulcer ratio remained virtually unchanged. The operation rate for perforation decreased by 50%, from 12.8 to 6.4 per 100,000 inhabitants. We conclude that there has been a dramatic decline in elective peptic ulcer surgery in Sweden that began long before the advent of fiberoptic endoscopy, highly selective vagotomy, or H2-receptor antagonists. The comparable decline in emergency procedures suggests that true changes in the incidence or severity of the disease have occurred. In the future the few patients still needing elective surgery for peptic ulcer may have to be served by a small number of specialized centers.

Female↗

PubMed2004

Time trends in the incidence of myocardial infarction among professional drivers in Stockholm 1977-96.

AIMS: To investigate time trends in the incidence of first myocardial infarction (MI) among bus, taxi, and lorry drivers in Stockholm. METHODS: In this population based case-control study, all first events of acute MI among men aged 40-69 in Stockholm County 1977-96 were identified using registers of hospital discharges and deaths. Controls were selected randomly from the general population. National censuses were used for information on occupational titles. A total of 20,364 cases and 136,342 controls were included in the study. Among these, 1183 cases and 6072 controls had worked as drivers. RESULTS: During 1977-84 the MI incidence was higher in all three driver groups than among other manual workers. There was a decline in MI incidence among drivers as well as in the general population during the study period. The decline was greater among drivers than among other manual workers. During 1985-96 the relative risk remained increased compared to other manual workers among taxi and lorry drivers, but not among bus drivers. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a reduced MI incidence for professional drivers in recent years, preventive measures to reduce the risk of MI in these occupational groups, and in particular among taxi and lorry drivers, continue to be of importance.

Adult↗

PubMed2007

Time trends in failure to return for HIV test results.

GOAL: The purpose of this study was to examine time trends of failure to return for HIV test results among a mobile van population in Los Angeles. STUDY DESIGN: This study examined administrative records from 9340 patients of the Mobile HIV Testing van between January 1997 and December 2004. RESULTS: Between 1997 and 2004, a worsening trend was found in the percentage of clients who failed to return for HIV test results. Multivariate analyses showed that the adjusted odds of returning for test results significantly increased relative to 1997, the first year tested. The odds of returning for test results ranged from 1.56 (95% CI = 1.21, 2.00) in 1998 to 2.46 (95% CI = 1.89, 3.19) in 2004. CONCLUSION: The proportion of MoHOP clients failing to return for test results was high and increased substantially between 1997 and 2004. Given the importance of identifying HIV-infected persons, understanding ways to improve return rates for test results is critical, especially for public health officials, clinicians, and researchers implementing and evaluating HIV prevention strategies.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Time trends in target volumes for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer after stereotactic radiotherapy.

PURPOSE: To identify potential time trends in target volumes and tumor mobility after stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) for Stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Repeat planning computed tomography (CT) scans were performed for 40 tumors during fractionated SRT delivered in either three (n = 21), five (n = 14), or eight fractions (n = 5). The planning CT scans used to define internal target volumes (ITVs) consisted of either six multislice CT scans or a single four-dimensional CT scan. All repeat CT scans were coregistered with the initial (D0) scan to determine volumetric or spatial changes in target volume, and tumor mobility vectors were determined from each scan. RESULTS: A significant decrease in target volumes (ITVs and gross tumor volumes) relative to baseline values was observed starting at the fourth week of SRT (p = 0.015). No trends in tumor mobility were detected during SRT. Significant positional shifts in the ITV, of more than 5 mm, were seen in 26-43% of patients at different times during SRT. CONCLUSION: Significant changes in target volumes can occur during SRT for Stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. A failure to account for such changes e.g., by repeat CT planning or verification using on-board volumetric imaging can lead to inadequate target coverage.

Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung↗

PubMed1988

Current peptic ulcer time trends. An epidemiological profile.

There has been speculation that peptic ulcer is a vanishing disease. To determine current time trends for peptic ulcers, we examined data from the National Center for Health Statistics and the Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities covering the period 1970 to 1985. For duodenal ulcer, hospitalizations for uncomplicated cases continue to decline, but there has been no decrease in cases with complications (such as perforations or hemorrhages). Hospitalizations for gastric ulcer are increasing, especially for cases with hemorrhage. Duodenal and gastric ulcer death rates have remained fairly constant since 1979. Site-unspecified peptic ulcer death rates doubled in 1979 and have remained at this rate through 1983. This increase can largely be attributed to coding changes made in the 9th revision of the International Classification of Diseases.

Duodenal Ulcer↗

PubMed2002

Time trends of obesity in pre-school children in China from 1989 to 1997.

OBJECTIVE: To examine predictors and time trends of obesity in pre-school children in China. DESIGN: This study was based on data from China Health and Nutrition Survey, a longitudinal survey from 1989 to 1997. SUBJECTS: For cross-sectional analysis, we included 944, 1058, 903 and 483 children aged 2-6 y in 1989, 1991, 1993 and 1997, respectively. For longitudinal analysis, we included 944 children and 3146 measurements during four time periods. MEASURES: Overweight and obesity according to age- and sex-specific BMI cut-off points proposed by International Obesity Task Force. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of obesity increased from 4.2% in 1989 to 6.4% in 1997 among children aged 2-6 y. The increase largely occurred in urban areas, where the prevalence of obesity increased from 1.5% in 1989 to 12.6% in 1997 and prevalence of overweight increased from 14.6 to 28.9% at the same period. Longitudinal analysis shows BMI increased by 0.2 kg/m2 per year in urban areas and 0.1 kg/m2 per year in rural areas. In multivariate analysis, overweight in early childhood (2-6 y), parental overweight, high income and urban areas independently predicted overweight at age 10-14 y. CONCLUSION: A substantial increase in overweight and obesity among children aged 2-6 y was observed in urban areas in China from 1989 to 1997. Overweight in early childhood significantly predicted overweight during adolescence. Urgent public health strategies are needed to prevent childhood obesity in China.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1996

Amputation risk and survival after embolectomy for acute arterial ischaemia. Time trends in a defined Swedish population.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the outcome of embolectomy over an 19 year period. METHODS: Time trends in the outcome of acute arterial thrombo-embolectomy of the extremities were analysed in a population-based cohort of 1190 patients operated on between 1965-83. RESULTS: A total of 262 (22%) initial amputations were performed. The limb salvage rates at 5 years postoperatively were lower between 1975-79 (61%) than between 1965-69 (81%). A proportional hazards model revealed a relative hazard (RH) of amputation of 2.2 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3-3.3) for 1975-79 compared with 1965-69. Operation at any district hospital entailed a 70% higher risk of amputation (RH 1.7; 95% CI 1.3-2.5) compared with the University hospital. The relative survival rate at 5 years postoperatively decreased towards the end of the study period (33% between 1975-79 compared with 43% between 1965-69). Younger age-groups had a considerably lower risk of death in the University hospital compared with the county and district hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to the results in other hospital based reports no improvement in amputation or survival rates since 1965 could be demonstrated in this large series with no patient selection.

Acute Disease↗