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PubMed1994

Longitudinal relationship between incisal tooth wear and periodontal condition.

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between the longitudinal development of incisal tooth wear and periodontal conditions in 51 persons. Stone casts obtained at the ages of 15 and 27 yr were used to assess incisal wear according to a graded scale, the Incisal wear Index (IwI). The wear increase after 12 yr, delta IwI, was related to the various health index scores at the age of 15 yr, including the Plaque Index (PlI) and Gingival Index (GI) systems. The chi-square tests showed a statistically significant association between delta IwI and periodontal condition in 15-yr-olds. Thus, relatively low PlI and GI values were accompanied by relatively high delta IwI values. It was concluded that in 15-yr-olds, PlI and GI levels are clinical predictors of future wear (delta IwI) of maxillary and mandibular central incisors. Pocket depth (PD) was a less valuable clinical predictor of such wear.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Longitudinal study of incisal tooth wear in children and adolescents.

This report was derived from a longitudinal study of the development and progress of incisal tooth wear in children and adolescents. The study group was established in 1991/1992 and consisted of 79 participants between 8 and 15 yr. They were reexamined in 1993 and the time span between the first and second examination was 12-14 months. Assessment of incisal wear was made on stone casts based on silicone impression material according to the Incisal wear Index (IwI). The index used was shown to have good reproducibility. The results showed that the pattern of incisal wear had been maintained during the observation period. Prevalence and severity of incisal wear had increased significantly with age. The strength of the suggested linear relationship between age and incisal wear decreased during the observation period. At the same time the growth increments of wear, delta IwI, were negatively correlated with age, indicating that the progression of incisal wear slowed down with increasing age. Description of the true relationship between age and incisal wear outside the age range represented in the sample must await the results of forthcoming studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Tooth wear and dental pathology at the advent of agriculture: new evidence from the Levant.

Differences in patterns of diet and subsistence through the analysis of dental pathology and tooth wear were studied in skeletal populations of Natufian hunter-gatherers (10,500-8300 BC) and Neolithic populations (8300-5500 BC, noncalibrated) from the southern Levant. 1,160 Natufians and 804 Neolithic teeth were examined for rate of attrition, caries, antemortem tooth loss, calculus, periapical lesions, and periodontal processes. While the Natufian people manifest a higher rate of dental attrition and periodontal disease (36.4% vs. 19%), Neolithic people show a higher rate of calculus. Both populations manifested low and similar rates of caries (6.4% in the Natufian vs. 6.7% in the Neolithic), periapical lesions (not over 1.5%), and antemortem tooth loss (3.7% vs. 4.5%, respectively). Molar wear pattern in the Neolithic is different than in the Natufian. The current study shows that the dental picture obtained from the two populations is multifactorial in nature, and not exclusively of dietary origin, i.e., the higher rate and unique pattern of attrition seen in the Natufian could result from a greater consumption of fibrous plants, the use of pestles and mortars (which introduce large quantities of stone-dust to the food), and/or the use of teeth as a "third hand." The two major conclusions of this study are: 1) The transition from hunting and gathering to a food-producing economy in the Levant did not promote changes in dental health, as previously believed. This generally indicates that the Natufians and Neolithic people of the Levant may have differed in their ecosystem management (i.e., gathering vs. growing grains), but not in the type of food consumed. 2) Changes in food-preparation techniques and nondietary usage of the teeth explain much of the variation in tooth condition in populations before and after the agricultural revolution.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2001

Tooth wear: use of overlays with metallic structures.

This work is a clinical case report of a patient presenting with marked tooth wear in all teeth, a reduction in the vertical dimension of occlusion, and fatigue in the muscles of mastication. The treatment proposed and effected used a muscle-relaxing appliance and mandibular and maxillary overlay appliances which were adjusted according to the occlusal contacts, vertical dimension of occlusion, and the mandibular positioning. The results obtained were satisfactory in terms of relaxing the muscles involved, reestablishing the dimensions of the lower third of the face, and the functional activities of deglutition, mastication, and speech.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Characteristics of tooth wear in relation to different nutritional patterns including contemporary and medieval subjects.

The present study sought to evaluate the characteristics of tooth wear in subjects with an acidic diet in relation to subjects with substantially different nutritional patterns. The evaluation included medieval skulls (group 1, n = 102, abrasive nutrition), study models of individuals living on an acidic diet (group 2, n = 100) and randomly selected subjects (group 3, n = 100, average Western diet). Wear was visually recorded on oral, vestibular and occlusal/incisal surfaces using quantitative and morphological criteria. The mean age was 42.3 +/- 15.3 yr in group 1, 40.9 +/- 11.2 yr in group 2 and 36.7 +/- 11.7 yr in group 3. Group 1 exhibited the most pronounced substance loss, followed by groups 2 and 3. On occlusal surfaces, cupping was common in group 1 followed by group 2, but was rare in group 3. An inverse relation was found for facets. On buccal surfaces, no substance loss was observed in group 1, whereas in group 2, 63% had at least one tooth with a buccal lesion compared to 8% in group 3. The occlusal substance loss observed in subjects exposed to acids may be interpreted as increased abrasion/demastication of acid-softened dental hard tissues. The occurrence of concavities on smooth surfaces appears to be significant for the diagnosis of dental erosion.

Acids↗
PubMed2003

Rates of anterior tooth wear in Middle Pleistocene hominins from Sima de los Huesos (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain).

This study presents quantitative data on the rates of anterior tooth wear in a Pleistocene human population. The data were obtained for the hominin sample of the Sima de los Huesos site in Atapuerca, Spain. The fossil record belongs to a minimum of 28 individuals of the same biological population, assigned to the species Homo heidelbergensis. We have estimated the original and the preserved crown height of the mandibular incisors (I1 and I2) of 11 individuals, whose age at death can be ascertained from the mineralization stage and tooth eruption. Results provide a range of 0.276-0.348 and 0.288-0.360 mm per year for the mean wear rate of the mandibular I1 and I2, respectively, in individuals approximately 16-18 years old. These data suggest that incisors' crowns would be totally worn out toward the fifth decade of life. Thus, we expect the life expectancy of this population to be seriously limited. These data, which could be contrasted with results obtained on hominins at other sites, could be of interest for estimating the death age of adult individuals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Brief communication: interproximal tooth wear: a new observation.

Microscopic observations were made of wear on the proximal surfaces of tooth crowns of Australian Aboriginals and whites. Typical wear facets displayed well-defined borders within which vertical or near vertical furrows, ranging from about 0.1 to 0.5 mm in width, were noted. Furrows on the interproximal surface of one tooth seemed to "interdigitate" with those on the proximal surface of the adjacent tooth. These observations are not consistent with the commonly-held view that interproximal tooth wear results from a buccolingual movement of adjacent teeth that maintain contact through mesial migration. Vertical or near vertical movement of teeth, possibly including a tipping action, must be an important factor, although the precise nature of the movement requires further investigation.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

The role of erosion, abrasion and attrition in tooth wear.

There is increasing clinical awareness of erosion of enamel and dentine by dietary acids and the consequent increased susceptibility to physical wear. Enamel erosion is characterized by acid-mediated surface softening that, if unchecked, will progress to irreversible loss of surface tissue, potentially exposing the underlying dentine. In comparison, dentine erosion is less well understood as the composition and microstructure are more heterogeneous. Factors which affect the erosive potential of a solution include pH, titratable acidity, common ion concentrations, and frequency and method of exposure. Abrasion and attrition are sources of physical wear and are commonly associated with tooth brushing and tooth-to-tooth contact, respectively. A combination of erosion and abrasion or attrition exacerbates wear; however, further research is required to understand the role of fluoride in protecting mineralized tissues from such processes. Abrasive wear may be seen in a wide range of patients, whereas attritive loss is usually seen in individuals with bruxism. Wear processes are implicated in the development of dentine hypersensitivity. Saliva confers the major protective function against wear due to its role in pellicle formation, buffering, acid clearance, and hard tissue remineralization. This review focuses on the physiochemical factors impacting tooth wear.

Dental Enamel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tooth wear in children: an investigation of etiological factors in children with cerebral palsy and gastroesophageal reflux.

This investigation was undertaken to establish the prevalence and distribution of tooth wear in different groups of medically compromised children and to assess the possible influence of gastroesophageal reflux, dietary factors, and parafunctional activity. Four groups of children including twenty-one with cerebral palsy were clinically examined and had in-depth, structured interviews, including information on medical history, medication, gastroesophageal reflux, feeding and drinking habits, parafunctional activity, and tooth-brushing procedures. All the children with cerebral palsy also had twenty-four-hour gastroesophageal pH monitoring. Of the fifty-one children in total, twenty-five had moderate or severe levels of dental erosion. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups as far as dietary influences, feeding habits, and tooth-brushing procedures. There was a significant association, however, between gastroesophageal reflux and erosion. It is concluded that in children with cerebral palsy this reflux may be much more important in the etiology of tooth surface loss than the parafunctional activity, which has classically been regarded as the cause.

Beverages↗
PubMed1988

Measurements of tooth wear among Australian aborigines: II. Intrapopulational variation in patterns of dental attrition.

The possible implications of variations in dental attrition patterns have necessitated a detailed assessment of the types, ranges, and causes of tooth wear. Hear we employ measurements of postcanine occlusal wear facets from a sample population of extant Australian aborigines. A principal components analysis was applied as a tool in determining common types of attritional patterns. It was concluded that the range of intrapopulational variation in dental wear patterns must be attributed to a multiplicity of sources in addition to such commonly cited causes as dietary variations, gender, age, and developmental eruption sequences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Variation in tooth wear in young adults over a two-year period.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Although all the processes of loss of hard tissue are important, attrition on the occlusal surfaces commands our attention. PURPOSE OF STUDY: The enamel wear rate of 18 young adults over 2 consecutive years was measured independently by volume loss and mean depth loss. Any significant differences in tooth wear resulting from gender and a clinical diagnosis of bruxism were identified. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A strict protocol for dental impressions provided epoxy models, which were digitized with a null point contact stylus. AnSur software provided a complete morphologic description of changes in the wear facets. RESULTS: The mean loss for all teeth measured was 0.04 mm3 by volume and 10.7 microns by depth for the first year. CONCLUSIONS: These numbers were approximately doubled at 2 years of cumulative wear.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Tooth brushing, tooth wear and dentine hypersensitivity--are they associated?

Evidence suggests that patients suffer the painful symptoms of dentine hypersensitivity when dentine is exposed and the dentinal tubule system is opened to the oral cavity to allow stimuli to trigger a neural response in the pulp via a hydrodynamic mechanism. The processes needed to localise lesions of dentine hypersensitivity include loss of enamel and/or gingival recession. Whilst tooth brushing with or without toothpaste appears to cause minimal wear to enamel (in the absence of acids), circumstantial evidence implicates tooth brushing with gingival recession and exposure of dentine. Other tooth wear processes notably attrition and acid erosion cause loss of enamel and can expose dentine. Therefore sensitivity may result. How lesions of dentine hypersensitivity are initiated is a matter of conjecture and based on extrapolating data from studies, mainly in vitro, to affect in vivo. Again this circumstantial type of evidence suggests that abrasion by some toothpastes and erosion by dietary acid could open the tubule system. Little is known about the actual effect of desensitising toothpastes on lesions of dentine hypersensitivity even though they are formulated to either occlude dentinal tubules or block the neural response in the pulp. Clinical studies have produced contradictory findings for the efficacy of products and there have been extremely few evidence based reviews. In conclusion, available evidence supports a probable link of tooth brushing, with or without toothpaste and an acidic diet to both tooth wear and dentine hypersensitivity, and suggests also that dentine hypersensitivity is a tooth wear phenomenon. Although there is a need for more direct clinical and scientific evidence for these associations, it is recommended that they be taken into consideration when planning management strategies for the dentine hypersensitivity sufferer.

Dental Enamel↗
PubMed2006

Tooth brushing, tooth wear and dentine hypersensitivity--are they associated?

Evidence suggests that patients suffer the painful symptoms of dentine hypersensitivity when dentine is exposed and the dentinal tubule system is opened to the oral cavity to allow stimuli to trigger a neural response in the pulp via a hydrodynamic mechanism. The processes needed to localise lesions of dentine hypersensitivity include loss of enamel and/or gingival recession. Whilst tooth brushing with or without toothpaste appears to cause minimal wear to enamel (in the absence of acids), circumstantial evidence implicates tooth brushing with gingival recession and exposure of dentine. Other tooth wear processes, notably attrition and acid erosion, cause loss of enamel and can expose dentine. Therefore, sensitivity may result. How lesions of dentine hypersensitivity are initiated is a matter of conjecture and based on extrapolating data from studies, mainly in vitro, to effect in vivo. Again, this circumstantial type of evidence suggests that abrasion by some toothpastes and erosion by dietary acid could open the tubule system. Little is known about the actual effect of de-sensitising toothpastes on lesions of dentine hypersensitivity even though they are formulated to either occlude dentinal tubules or block the neural response in the pulp. Clinical studies have produced contradictory findings for the efficacy of products and there have been extremely few evidence-based reviews. In conclusion, available evidence supports a probable link of tooth brushing, with or without toothpaste and an acidic diet, to both tooth wear and dentine hypersensitivity, and also suggests that dentine hypersensitivity is a tooth wear phenomenon. Although there is a need for more direct clinical and scientific evidence for these associations, it is recommended that they be taken into consideration when planning management strategies for the dentine hypersensitivity sufferer.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Dimensions of the temporal glenoid fossa and tooth wear in prehistoric human skeletons.

Both the mandibular condyle and the glenoid fossa remodel in response to changes in the dentition during life, although the precise relationship between teeth and joint is not clear. This study was undertaken to ascertain changes, if any, occurring in the glenoid fossae in skeletons with much tooth wear. In a collection of skulls from an excavation site on the South African coast, occlusal wear was measured using the scale devised by Molnar. The dimensions of the glenoid fossae were measured using a reflex microscope. Profiles of the glenoid fossa at right angles to a line through its medial and lateral poles provided estimates of the slope of the articular eminence in three places: centrally, and midway between this slope and each of the poles. The mediolateral profile gave an estimate of the height and gabling of the fossa. Central and lateral slope angles showed weak correlation with molar wear, and the medial but not the lateral angel was significantly different from the central. The fossa appears to remodel in response to patterns of forces generated during function, but compared to the condyle, is not as strongly influenced. This may be accounted for if the relative load-bearing areas of the condyle and fossa are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Differences in functional variables, fillings, and tooth wear in two groups of 19-year-old individuals.

Fifty-one individuals (28 girls and 23 boys) who had received orthodontic treatment were compared with 47 subjects (19 girls and 28 boys) without such treatment as to maximal mandibular mobility, chewing muscle tenderness, morphologic occlusion, occlusal/incisal state, and degree of tooth wear. All were 19 years old. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups except for the number of teeth present and maximal mouth opening, which were both smallest in those who had received treatment. The first finding is evident, extraction of premolars being an accepted mode of orthodontic treatment. The reduced mouth opening capacity was related to an increased number of individuals with four or more palpably tender muscle sites in that group of individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Quantitative assessment of tooth wear, alveolar-crest height and continuing eruption in a Romano-British population.

Although measurements from cement-enamel junction (CEJ) to alveolar crest (AC) have been used in assessing changes in alveolar-crest height as age or chronic inflammatory periodontal disease (CIPD) progresses, there is evidence from ancient populations that the position of AC remains almost constant throughout life and continuing eruption to compensate for attrition may explain why CEJ-AC measurements increase with age. Measurements of occlusal attrition and relationship of CEJ to AC were made on the cheek teeth of 500 Romano-British skulls by direct measurement or by reference to the fixed line of the inferior alveolar canal (IAC) on radiographs. Direct measurements indicated that there were usually no statistical differences between the vertical amounts of tooth substance lost by attrition and the change in the distance CEJ-AC as age progressed. Measurements on radiographs showed that posterior teeth continued to erupt to compensate for attrition and the AC remained static as age progressed. Bone deposition at the AC was seen in the majority of ground sections. Thus tooth wear appears to be compensated by continuing movement of teeth in an occlusal direction. The position of the AC remained almost constant throughout life; AC bone lost by CIPD seemed to be replaced during continuing tooth eruption.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The association of acidic reflux above the upper oesophageal sphincter with palatal tooth wear.

This case-controlled clinical study, conducted at a secondary care unit, compared pH measurement at 2 cm above the upper oesophageal sphincter (UOS) in 31 patients complaining of extra-oesophageal symptoms of reflux to 7 control subjects. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory pH measurements were recorded and analysed at 5 cm above the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) and 2 cm above the UOS. In reflux patients the proportion of supine time when pH at 5 cm above the LOS was <4 was significantly greater than in controls. The proportion of time when pH at 2 cm above the UOS was <5.5 was also significantly greater in patients than in controls. Palatal tooth wear observed in the patient group correlated with acid reflux at night. In this group of patients presenting with symptoms of reflux, gastric acid passed through the upper oesophageal sphincter and increased the potential for erosion.

Adult↗