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At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Exercise, nutrition and immune function.

Strenuous bouts of prolonged exercise and heavy training are associated with depressed immune cell function. Furthermore, inadequate or inappropriate nutrition can compound the negative influence of heavy exertion on immunocompetence. Dietary deficiencies of protein and specific micronutrients have long been associated with immune dysfunction. An adequate intake of iron, zinc and vitamins A, E, B6 and B12 is particularly important for the maintenance of immune function, but excess intakes of some micronutrients can also impair immune function and have other adverse effects on health. Immune system depression has also been associated with an excess intake of fat. To maintain immune function, athletes should eat a well-balanced diet sufficient to meet their energy requirements. An athlete exercising in a carbohydrate-depleted state experiences larger increases in circulating stress hormones and a greater perturbation of several immune function indices. Conversely, consuming 30-60 g carbohydrate x h(-1) during sustained intensive exercise attenuates rises in stress hormones such as cortisol and appears to limit the degree of exercise-induced immune depression. Convincing evidence that so-called 'immune-boosting' supplements, including high doses of antioxidant vitamins, glutamine, zinc, probiotics and Echinacea, prevent exercise-induced immune impairment is currently lacking.

Exercise↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An evaluation of cold chain system for vaccines in Bangalore.

The cold chain plays a major role in the universal immunization programme which helps in preventing against six major killer diseases in children. We collected 144 study samples randomly from different parts of Bangalore to know the training status of personnel, refrigeration facilities, storage, monitoring and potency of vaccines. It was observed that 6.6% of general practitioners were trained under Universal Immunization Programme, monitoring was not satisfactory, and two of the OPV samples from medical practitioners had an unsatisfactory titre dose. Comprehensive orientation/training on cold chain is essential for medical practitioners and other professionals.

Cold Temperature↗
PubMed2002

A child-focused intervention for coping with procedural pain: are parent and nurse coaches necessary?

OBJECTIVE: To examine the efficacy of training children to cope with immunization pain without the assistance of trained coaches and determine whether untrained parents or nurses are more effective at decreasing children's distress. METHODS: We compared the procedural coping and distress behavior of 31 3- to 7-year-old children trained in coping skills to 30 who did not receive training. The behavior of the untrained parents and nurses was evaluated as it related to child coping and distress. RESULTS: Children demonstrated understanding of the training, but they did not use the coping skills during the procedure. In general, the nurses' behavior was associated with child coping and parents' behavior with child distress. CONCLUSIONS: More extensive child training or the involvement of coaches for procedural distress might be necessary. Nurses' behavior appears to center on encouraging child coping, and parents tend to comfort child distress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Susceptibility to varicella-zoster virus in applicants for nurse training in Scotland.

We investigated the immunity to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) of a cohort of applicants for nurse training and determined the relationship between immune status and history of chickenpox or shingles based on a self-completed questionnaire. Three hundred and fifty-six applicants for nurse training were enrolled at an occupational health department in NHS Scotland and 96% were immune to VZV. The positive predictive value of a history of VZV infection for seropositivity was 98% (286/292). The negative predictive value was 14% (9/64). History of chicken pox/shingles had a sensitivity of 84% (286/341) and specificity of 60% (9/15). Screening using past clinical history compatible with VZV infection would have missed 40% of those possibly susceptible to VZV on the basis of the ELISA IgG test. We conclude absence of past history of chickenpox or shingles is an unreliable identifier of susceptibility to VZV in healthcare workers. The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations 1999 require employers to make effective vaccines available for those employees who are not already immune to a biological agent to which they are exposed or liable to be exposed. Serological testing of healthcare workers would better identify those who are susceptible to VZV infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Immune status and respiratory illness for elite swimmers during a 12-week training cycle.

The impact of a 12-week training program by elite swimmers on systemic and mucosal immunity was studied prospectively to examine the relationship between changes in immune parameters and the incidence of respiratory illness. Saliva was collected before and after selected training sessions at 2 weekly intervals. There were significant decreases in salivary IgA (p=0.05) and salivary IgM (p < 0.0001) concentrations after individual training sessions, but no significant changes in salivary IgG or albumin concentrations. Over the 12-week training program there were small but statistically significant increases in pre-exercise concentrations of salivary IgA (p<0.001), IgM (p=0.015) and IgG (p=0.003) and post-exercise salivary IgA (p <0.001). There were no significant trends over the 12 weeks for any class of serum immunoglobulins but a significant fall in NK-cell numbers (p<0.001). There were no associations between serum or salivary immunoglobulin levels or NK-cell numbers and upper respiratory tract illness (URTI) during the 12-week program. The data indicated that despite changes in some immune parameters during this final training program prior to competition there were no associations detected with URTI for this cohort of elite swimmers.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Exercise training and mouse mammary tumour metastasis.

The present study was designed to address whether exercise influences the experimental metastasis of a mouse mammary tumour; a related issue was the impact of timing of exercise onset relative to tumour exposure on NK and LAK mediated cytotoxicity. After 8 weeks of forced treadmill exercise or voluntary wheel running or remaining sedentary, female BALB/c mice received an intravenous (i.v.) injection of female BALB/c mice received an intravenous (i.v.) injection of MMT line 66 tumour cells. Mice were then randomized into continuation of activity (TT, WW), cessation of activity (TS, WS), initiation of activity (ST, SW) and maintenance of sedentary condition (SS) for three weeks. Tumour control (TC) mice, who were matched to the SS mice for age, received an i.v. injection of heat-killed MMT 66 tumour cells. In total there were 8 groups including the tumour control. The average number of lung tumours did not differ by activity condition; however, the mice in the continuous treadmill group (TT) tended to have a higher tumour multiplicity (162 +/- 22) and those in the treadmill x sedentary condition (TS) tended to have lower tumour multiplicity (109 +/- 16) compared with the other groups except the SW group (95 +/- 15). The lymphokine activated killer activity in the spleen was significantly elevated in the TS (49 +/- 3%) and WS (44 +/- 3%) mice compared with the sedentary animals (30 +/- 3%) (p < 0.003 and 0.05, respectively). NK activity was lower in the mice that had stopped exercising (TS and WS) after injection of tumour compared with sedentary animals. These data suggest that although exercise training influences natural immune cytotoxic mechanisms in vitro, this may not translate into clinically significant changes in tumour burden. The dissociation between natural immunity and tumour outcome may reflect the relative resistance of the tumour line to lysis by natural killer cells. It remains to be tested if infusion of IL-2 (to induce LAK activity) in exercise trained animals results in fewer tumour metastases.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Asthma severity, psychophysiological indicators of arousal, and immune function in asthma patients undergoing biofeedback-assisted relaxation.

Asthma is characterized by airway hyper-responsiveness, inflammation, and reversible obstruction. Respiratory tract infection, allergies, air pollution, and psychosocial factors impact the severity and frequency of asthma symptoms. Pharmacotherapy and self-care are the major components in the management of asthma, but behavioral interventions also have the potential to affect asthma morbidity. We conducted a small, randomized controlled study, examining the effects of biofeedback-assisted relaxation in 16 nonsmokers with nonsteroid-dependent mild asthma. Data were collected on asthma symptoms, pulmonary function, indicators of arousal, and cellular immune factors. The trained group evidenced a decrease in forehead muscle tension in comparison to the controls, but no changes in peripheral skin temperature. Decreases in asthma severity and bronchodilator medication usage for the experimental group were observed. Pulmonary function testing revealed a significant difference between groups in FEV1/FVC at posttest, with the E group having a higher ratio than the controls. The cellular immune data showed no significant group differences in total white blood cell or lymphocyte counts, but decreases over time were observed. Significant differences were observed in the numbers of neutrophils and basophils in the trained group compared to controls, which supports the concept of decreased inflammation. Results of delayed-type hypersensitivity skin testing suggested enhanced function, but they were not conclusive. These findings, though limited by size of population, suggest a positive effect of biofeedback-assisted relaxation in young, nonsteroid-dependent asthmatics. The mechanisms underlying linkages between psychological, behavioral, and immune responses in asthma require further study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Modification of cellular immune functions in humans by endurance exercise training during beta-adrenergic blockade with atenolol or propranolol.

Young, healthy, previously inactive men were trained aerobically 40 to 50 min X d-1, 5 d X wk-1 for 15 wk. They were randomly assigned to one of three medication groups: placebo, propranolol (160 mg X d-1), or atenolol (100 mg X d-1). All subjects lost weight and decreased relative body fat as a result of training. Following training, submaximal steady-state heart rates were reduced in all groups. Maximal oxygen uptake and maximal treadmill times were also increased in all groups. The VO2max of the placebo increased 18.4%. While that of the atenolol group increased 19.4%, the propranolol group went up 17.0%. After training the maximal heart rate did not change in the placebo group, while treatment with propranolol and atenolol reduced at 24.6 and 21.9%, respectively. Training caused a significant decrease in the natural killer cell activity in all three groups. The placebo group had 38.8% +/- 3.8 (SD) before and 29.3 +/- 3.2% lysis of target cells by natural killer cells after physical conditioning, which was significantly lower (P less than 0.01). The groups treated with propranolol and atenolol were also similarly decreased. The use of propranolol or atenolol had no additional significant effect on natural killer cell activity. T-cell mitogenesis stimulated with a mitogen significantly increased with conditioning. The groups given atenolol or propranolol tended to increase somewhat more than the placebo group, although this difference was not statistically significant. There was no significant change in the percentage of total lymphocytes isolated due to training or beta-blockade.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The effect of exercise training on the kinetics of the antibody response to influenza vaccination.

The significance of in vitro changes in immune function accompanying exercise training is unclear. To determine the effect of exercise on the response of the intact immune system to a challenge in vivo, we measured the speed and overall immunoglobulin G (IgG) response to influenza vaccination in humans engaged in different intensities of activity. Male participants (n = 21) were split into heavy and light training groups. Venous blood samples were collected 0, 2, 4, 7, 10 and 14 days after vaccination with trivalent influenza vaccine, and also 12 months after initial vaccination. Serum IgG was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. There was a significant difference in baseline IgG between groups, but no difference in IgG concentration 14 days after vaccination. The IgG concentration remained elevated 12 months post-vaccination in the heavy training group. The results suggest a positive relationship between habitual physical activity and baseline antibody concentrations, which, in turn, affects the relative magnitude (fold or percentage increase) of the antibody response to vaccination. The training loads of the participants in this study had no effect on overall IgG measured 14 days after vaccination.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Infectious diseases and physical activity].

Moderate physical activity has a beneficial effect on health. On the other hand, physical and psychological stress may have a suppressive effect on the immune system, implying that intense physical activity may possibly enhance the appearance of infectious diseases. There are no studies showing any effect on the immune system, nor on the frequency of infections, from physical training of low to moderate intensity. However, in several cases, high intensity training has been shown to produce chronic overtraining, which may impair general health. It is suggested that the extreme physical exertion of elite athletic training may suppress the immune system and thus lead to enhanced susceptibility to infectious diseases. Furthermore physical activity during the incubation period of several serious infectious diseases seems to be especially disadvantageous for the course of the disease.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed2006

Trauma-induced systemic inflammatory response versus exercise-induced immunomodulatory effects.

Accidental trauma and heavy endurance exercise, both induce a kind of systemic inflammatory response, also called systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Exercise-related SIRS is conditioned by hyperthermia and concomitant heat shock responses, whereas trauma-induced SIRS manifests concomitantly with tissue necrosis and immune activation, secondarily followed by fever. Inflammatory cytokines are common denominators in both trauma and exercise, although there are marked quantitative differences. Different anti-inflammatory cytokines may be involved in the control of inflammation in trauma- and exercise-induced stress. Exercise leads to a balanced equilibrium between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. Intermittent states of rest, as well as anti-oxidant capacity, are lacking or minor in trauma but are high in exercising individuals. Regular training may enhance immune competence, whereas trauma-induced SIRS often paves the way for infectious complications, such as sepsis.

Brain Chemistry↗
PubMed1997

Hepatitis B Immunization of Athletic Trainers in NATA District IX.

OBJECTIVE: Preventive measures for transmission of bloodborne pathogens in athletic training should include hepatitis B virus (HBV) immunization of all certified athletic training staff and all student athletic trainers. Previously, no research has been undertaken to examine if athletic training programs follow these recommendations. The intent of this study was to investigate the number of certified athletic trainers (ATCs) and student athletic trainers (SATs) in the collegiate athletic training setting who have been immunized against HBV. DESIGN AND SETTING: Surveys were sent to all four-year institutions (n=173) in the National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA) District IX. Both certified and student athletic trainers at each institution were instructed to complete and return surveys. SUBJECTS: Certified and student athletic trainers working in four-year colleges and universities in the states (n=7) belonging to NATA District IX. MEASUREMENTS: Returned surveys were evaluated by simple descriptive statistics for prevalence of ATC and SAT immunization. Other variables examined on surveys were how immunizations were paid for, amount of contact with bloodborne pathogens, use of protective barriers when in contact with bodily fluids, and differences in immunization practices according to athletic affiliation. RESULTS: One hundred and six (61%) institutions returned 599 surveys. Of 375 SATs returning surveys, 189 (50%) identified themselves as immunized, while 168 of 223 (75%) ATCs claimed to be immunized. CONCLUSIONS: According to the findings of this study, more emphasis should be placed on HBV immunization in the collegiate athletic training setting for the prevention of infection, especially with regard to SATs.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Barriers to measles and pertussis immunization: the knowledge and attitudes of Pennsylvania primary care physicians.

OBJECTIVES: To understand the causes of low childhood immunization rates, physicians were interviewed about their knowledge, attitudes, and self-reported immunization practices. METHODS: Trained interviewers conducted a standardized telephone survey of physicians. A random sample of Pennsylvania family physicians, pediatricians, and general practitioners younger than 65 years of age who were in office-based practices was selected from the combined listings of the American Medical Association and American Osteopathic Association. Physicians seeing > or = 5 patients per week under age 6 years, seeing a total of > or = 15 patients per week, and having > or = 50% primary care patients were eligible. Of 383 eligible physicians, 70% (268) responded. The questionnaire was designed using the Health Belief Model, immunization barriers, and input from practitioners in primary care, pediatric infectious disease, maternal/ child health, and preventive medicine. RESULTS: Respondents were more likely to refer to public vaccine clinics those children without insurance (P < .001) or with Medicaid (P < .001) than children with insurance. Almost all (> 90%) respondents thought that vaccine efficacy was high and that the likelihood of serious side effects was low. However, only 37% gave estimates that corresponded with the literature regarding the likelihood of an infant with pertussis to need hospitalization. Many respondents used invalid vaccine contraindications; for instance, 37% would not administer MMR to a boy whose mother was pregnant. Many respondents (21%) would not administer four vaccines simultaneously. CONCLUSIONS: If the Healthy People 2000 goal to eliminate indigenous cases of measles is to be achieved, free vaccine supplies and increased provider education are needed.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2005

Beliefs and practices of Ontario midwives about influenza immunization.

With an increasing number of births in Ontario being conducted by midwives, we undertook a survey of the beliefs and practices of 256 licensed Ontario midwives and student midwives about immunization, particularly against influenza. Overall, 42.9% (48/112) of midwives considered that they knew a lot about immunization; however, 36.2% (38/105) reported no education about immunization during their training. A small majority (55.9%) were in favour of vaccination in general and only 2 of 113 reported spending more than 1h discussing vaccination with their clients. Only 26.9% reported having received influenza vaccine in the previous season (compared to 60% of all health care workers in Ontario). Overall, only 37% believed that influenza vaccine is effective, and 22% believed that the vaccine was a greater risk than influenza. Graduation in 1998 or prior was associated with belief in the effectiveness in vaccine, having been vaccinated, and recommending vaccine to clients. Midwives who reported being immunized themselves were more likely to believe in the safety and efficacy of influenza vaccine, and to recommend vaccination to their clients (26% versus 3%, p=0.001). If greater attention is not focused on promoting the utility of immunization to midwives, the success of population immunization programs may be compromised.

Confidence Intervals↗
PubMed1994

Pavlovian conditioning of morphine-induced alterations of immune status: evidence for opioid receptor involvement.

Prior work in our laboratory has shown that morphine's immunomodulatory effects can become conditioned to environmental stimuli that predict drug administration. These immune alterations include conditioned changes in natural killer cell activity, interleukin-2 production, and mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation. The present study examined the involvement of opioid receptor activity in the establishment and expression of conditioned morphine-induced alterations of immune status. During the training phase of the experiment, Lewis rats received two conditioning sessions during which a subcutaneous injection of 15 mg/kg morphine sulfate was paired with exposure to a distinctive environment. On the test day, animals were re-exposed to the distinctive environment alone prior to sacrifice. Saline or naltrexone (0.3, 1.0, 3.0 or 10.0 mg/kg) was administered during either the training or the test session. Administration of naltrexone prior to training antagonized the development of all of the conditioned alterations of immune status including changes in the mitogenic responsiveness of splenocytes, suppression of natural killer cell activity, and interleukin-2 production by splenocytes. Naltrexone administration prior to testing also was effective in antagonizing the expression of a subset of morphine-induced conditioned alterations in immune status. Taken together, these studies indicate that opioid receptor activity is involved in the establishment of conditioned morphine-induced immune alterations, as well as in the expression of a subset of these conditioned alterations of immune status.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Age-dependent changes of stress-related immunosuppression].

The present investigations on the influence of physical stress and physical training and on the influence of aging on 19-S-antibody producing spleen cells showed: 1. Physical stress causes a failing of immunity in mice, which had no training. The immune response can be diminished by physical stress before and after sensitization. The immunosuppressive effect of stress is greater, if it was placed after sensitization. There is a strict correlation between the immunosuppressive effect of physical stress and the time of maximum production of 19-S-antibodies. 2. The immunosuppressive effect of physical stress increases with increasing age. The protecting effect of physical training is lower in adult and old animals than in young mice. 3. There is an increase of antibody loaded spleen cells until an age of eight months. In elder mice the number of immunocytes decreases significantly. 4. The mortality rate is greater in stressed and trained young mice than in the adult and old animals. Supposing a better adaptation in young mice it is to be considered that the biologically better developed animals survived by selections.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

The impact of abbreviated progressive muscle relaxation on salivary cortisol.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether acute relaxation training, conducted on two separate occasions, would be associated with reliable reductions in subjective and physiological indices of stress. Forty-six experimental subjects were led through Abbreviated Progressive Relaxation Training (APRT) exercises during two laboratory sessions spaced exactly 1 week apart. Fifteen control subjects experienced two laboratory sessions where they sat quietly for an equal amount of time. Results indicated that a brief relaxation exercise led to experimental subjects having significantly lower levels of post-intervention heart rate, state anxiety, perceived stress, and salivary cortisol than control subjects, as well as increased levels of self-report levels of relaxation. The results of this study may have implications for the use of relaxation training in enhancing immune function.

Adult↗